2bf5eb84cf
Closes #3892 Closes #3888 Stuff like: ```sql turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select case (select y, z from t2) when 1 then 'one' else 'other' end from t1; × Parse error: base expression in CASE must return 1 value turso> create table t(x, y); insert into t values (1, 2); select (select x, y from t) as result; × Parse error: result column must return 1 value, got 2 turso> create table t1(x,y); create table t2(y); insert into t1 values (1,1); insert into t2 values (1); select * from t2 where y = (select x,y from t1); × Parse error: all arguments to binary operator = must return the same number of │ values. Got: (1) = (2) turso> create table orders(customer_id, amount); create table thresholds(min_amount, max_amount); insert into orders values (100, 50), (100, 150); insert into thresholds values (100, 200); select customer_id, sum(amount) as total from orders group by customer_id having total > (select min_amount, max_amount from thresholds); × Parse error: all arguments to binary operator > must return the same number of │ values. Got: (1) > (2) turso> create table items(id); create table config(max_results, other_col); insert into items values (1), (2), (3); insert into config values (2, 3); select * from items limit (select max_results, other_col from config); × Parse error: limit expression must return 1 value, got 2 turso> create table items(id); create table config(skip_count, other_col); insert into items values (1), (2), (3); insert into config values (1, 2); select * from items limit 1 offset (select skip_count, other_col from config); × Parse error: offset expression must return 1 value, got 2 turso> create table items(id, name); create table sort_order(priority, other_col); insert into items values (1, 'a'), (2, 'b'); insert into sort_order values (1, 2); select * from items order by (select priority, other_col from sort_order); × Parse error: order by expression must return 1 value, got 2 turso> create table sales(product_id, amount); create table grouping(category, other_col); insert into sales values (1, 100), (2, 200); insert into grouping values (1, 2); select sum(amount) from sales group by (select category, other_col from grouping); × Parse error: group by expression must return 1 value, got 2 turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select case when (select y, z from t2) then 'yes' else 'no' end from t1; × Parse error: when expression in CASE must return 1 value. Got: (2) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select case when x = 1 then (select y, z from t2) else 0 end from t1; × Parse error: then expression in CASE must return 1 value. Got: (2) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select case when x = 2 then 0 else (select y, z from t2) end from t1; × Parse error: else expression in CASE must return 1 value. Got: (2) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select max((select y, z from t2)) from t1; × Parse error: argument 0 to function call max must return 1 value. Got: (2) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select x + (select y, z from t2) from t1; × Parse error: all arguments to binary operator + must return the same number of │ values. Got: (1) + (2) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (5); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select * from t1 where x between (select y, z from t2) and 10; × Parse error: all arguments to binary operator <= must return the same number of │ values. Got: (2) <= (1) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select cast((select y, z from t2) as integer) from t1; × Parse error: argument to CAST must return 1 value. Got: (2) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values ('a', 'b'); select (select y, z from t2) collate nocase from t1; × Parse error: argument to COLLATE must return 1 value. Got: (2) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select * from t1 where (select y, z from t2) is null; × Parse error: all arguments to binary operator IS must return the same number of │ values. Got: (2) IS (1) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select * from t1 where (select y, z from t2) not null; × Parse error: argument to NOT NULL must return 1 value. Got: (2) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values ('a', 'b'); select * from t1 where (select y, z from t2) like 'a%'; × Parse error: left operand of LIKE must return 1 value. Got: (2) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select -(select y, z from t2) from t1; × Parse error: argument to unary operator - must return 1 value. Got: (2) turso> create table t1(x); create table t2(y, z); insert into t1 values (1); insert into t2 values (1, 2); select abs((select y, z from t2)) from t1; × Parse error: argument 0 to function call abs must return 1 value. Got: (2) ``` Closes #3906
Turso Database
An in-process SQL database, compatible with SQLite.
About
Turso Database is an in-process SQL database written in Rust, compatible with SQLite.
⚠️ Warning: This software is in BETA. It may still contain bugs and unexpected behavior. Use caution with production data and ensure you have backups.
Features and Roadmap
- SQLite compatibility for SQL dialect, file formats, and the C API [see document for details]
- Change data capture (CDC) for real-time tracking of database changes.
- Multi-language support for
- Asynchronous I/O support on Linux with
io_uring - Cross-platform support for Linux, macOS, Windows and browsers (through WebAssembly)
- Vector support support including exact search and vector manipulation
- Improved schema management including extended
ALTERsupport and faster schema changes.
The database has the following experimental features:
BEGIN CONCURRENTfor improved write throughput using multi-version concurrency control (MVCC).- Encryption at rest for protecting the data locally.
- Incremental computation using DBSP for incremental view mainatenance and query subscriptions.
The following features are on our current roadmap:
- Vector indexing for fast approximate vector search, similar to libSQL vector search.
Getting Started
Please see the Turso Database Manual for more information.
💻 Command Line
You can install the latest `turso` release with:
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -LsSf \
https://github.com/tursodatabase/turso/releases/latest/download/turso_cli-installer.sh | sh
Then launch the interactive shell:
$ tursodb
This will start the Turso interactive shell where you can execute SQL statements:
Turso
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
Connected to a transient in-memory database.
Use ".open FILENAME" to reopen on a persistent database
turso> CREATE TABLE users (id INT, username TEXT);
turso> INSERT INTO users VALUES (1, 'alice');
turso> INSERT INTO users VALUES (2, 'bob');
turso> SELECT * FROM users;
1|alice
2|bob
You can also build and run the latest development version with:
cargo run
If you like docker, we got you covered. Simply run this in the root folder:
make docker-cli-build && \
make docker-cli-run
🦀 Rust
cargo add turso
Example usage:
let db = Builder::new_local("sqlite.db").build().await?;
let conn = db.connect()?;
let res = conn.query("SELECT * FROM users", ()).await?;
✨ JavaScript
npm i @tursodatabase/database
Example usage:
import { connect } from '@tursodatabase/database';
const db = await connect('sqlite.db');
const stmt = db.prepare('SELECT * FROM users');
const users = stmt.all();
console.log(users);
🐍 Python
uv pip install pyturso
Example usage:
import turso
con = turso.connect("sqlite.db")
cur = con.cursor()
res = cur.execute("SELECT * FROM users")
print(res.fetchone())
🦫 Go
go get github.com/tursodatabase/turso-go
go install github.com/tursodatabase/turso-go
Example usage:
import (
"database/sql"
_ "github.com/tursodatabase/turso-go"
)
conn, _ = sql.Open("turso", "sqlite.db")
defer conn.Close()
stmt, _ := conn.Prepare("select * from users")
defer stmt.Close()
rows, _ = stmt.Query()
for rows.Next() {
var id int
var username string
_ := rows.Scan(&id, &username)
fmt.Printf("User: ID: %d, Username: %s\n", id, username)
}
☕️ Java
We integrated Turso Database into JDBC. For detailed instructions on how to use Turso Database with java, please refer to the README.md under bindings/java.
🤖 MCP Server Mode
The Turso CLI includes a built-in Model Context Protocol (MCP) server that allows AI assistants to interact with your databases.
Start the MCP server with:
tursodb your_database.db --mcp
Configuration
Add Turso to your MCP client configuration:
{
"mcpServers": {
"turso": {
"command": "/path/to/.turso/tursodb",
"args": ["/path/to/your/database.db", "--mcp"]
}
}
}
Available Tools
The MCP server provides nine tools for database interaction:
open_database- Open a new databasecurrent_database- Describe the current databaselist_tables- List all tables in the databasedescribe_table- Describe the structure of a specific tableexecute_query- Execute read-only SELECT queriesinsert_data- Insert new data into tablesupdate_data- Update existing data in tablesdelete_data- Delete data from tablesschema_change- Execute schema modification statements (CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE)
Once connected, you can ask your AI assistant:
- "Show me all tables in the database"
- "What's the schema for the users table?"
- "Find all posts with more than 100 upvotes"
- "Insert a new user with name 'Alice' and email 'alice@example.com'"
MCP Clients
Claude Code
If you're using Claude Code, you can easily connect to your Turso MCP server using the built-in MCP management commands:
Quick Setup
-
Add the MCP server to Claude Code:
claude mcp add my-database -- tursodb ./path/to/your/database.db --mcp -
Restart Claude Code to activate the connection
-
Start querying your database through natural language!
Command Breakdown
claude mcp add my-database -- tursodb ./path/to/your/database.db --mcp
# ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
# | | | |
# Name | Database path MCP flag
# Separator
my-database- Choose any name for your MCP server--- Required separator between Claude options and your commandtursodb- The Turso database CLI./path/to/your/database.db- Path to your SQLite database file--mcp- Enables MCP server mode
Example Usage
# For a local project database
cd /your/project
claude mcp add my-project-db -- tursodb ./data/app.db --mcp
# For an absolute path
claude mcp add analytics-db -- tursodb /Users/you/databases/analytics.db --mcp
# For a specific project (local scope)
claude mcp add project-db --local -- tursodb ./database.db --mcp
Managing MCP Servers
# List all configured MCP servers
claude mcp list
# Get details about a specific server
claude mcp get my-database
# Remove an MCP server
claude mcp remove my-database
Claude Desktop
For Claude Desktop, add the configuration to your claude_desktop_config.json file:
{
"mcpServers": {
"turso": {
"command": "/path/to/.turso/tursodb",
"args": ["./path/to/your/database.db.db", "--mcp"]
}
}
}
Cursor
For Cursor, configure MCP in your settings:
- Open Cursor settings
- Navigate to Extensions → MCP
- Add a new server with:
- Name:
turso - Command:
/path/to/.turso/tursodb - Args:
["./path/to/your/database.db.db", "--mcp"]
- Name:
Alternatively, you can add it to your Cursor configuration file directly.
Direct JSON-RPC Usage
The MCP server runs as a single process that handles multiple JSON-RPC requests over stdin/stdout. Here's how to interact with it directly:
Example with In-Memory Database
cat << 'EOF' | tursodb --mcp
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "method": "initialize", "params": {"protocolVersion": "2024-11-05", "capabilities": {}, "clientInfo": {"name": "client", "version": "1.0"}}}
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 2, "method": "tools/call", "params": {"name": "schema_change", "arguments": {"query": "CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER, name TEXT, email TEXT)"}}}
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 3, "method": "tools/call", "params": {"name": "list_tables", "arguments": {}}}
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 4, "method": "tools/call", "params": {"name": "insert_data", "arguments": {"query": "INSERT INTO users VALUES (1, 'Alice', 'alice@example.com')"}}}
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 5, "method": "tools/call", "params": {"name": "execute_query", "arguments": {"query": "SELECT * FROM users"}}}
EOF
Example with Existing Database
# Working with an existing database file
cat << 'EOF' | tursodb mydb.db --mcp
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "method": "initialize", "params": {"protocolVersion": "2024-11-05", "capabilities": {}, "clientInfo": {"name": "client", "version": "1.0"}}}
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 2, "method": "tools/call", "params": {"name": "list_tables", "arguments": {}}}
EOF
Contributing
We'd love to have you contribute to Turso Database! Please check out the contribution guide to get started.
Found a data corruption bug? Get up to $1,000.00
SQLite is loved because it is the most reliable database in the world. The next evolution of SQLite has to match or surpass this level of reliability. Turso is built with Deterministic Simulation Testing from the ground up, and is also tested by Antithesis.
Even during Alpha, if you find a bug that leads to a data corruption and demonstrate how our simulator failed to catch it, you can get up to $1,000.00. As the project matures we will increase the size of the prize, and the scope of the bugs.
List of rewarded cases:
- B-Tree interior cell replacement issue in btrees with depth >=3 (#2106)
- Don't allow autovacuum to be flipped on non-empty databases (#3830)
More details here.
Turso core staff are not eligible.
FAQ
Is Turso Database ready for production use?
Turso Database is currently under heavy development and is not ready for production use.
How is Turso Database different from Turso's libSQL?
Turso Database is a project to build the next evolution of SQLite in Rust, with a strong open contribution focus and features like native async support, vector search, and more. The libSQL project is also an attempt to evolve SQLite in a similar direction, but through a fork rather than a rewrite.
Rewriting SQLite in Rust started as an unassuming experiment, and due to its incredible success, replaces libSQL as our intended direction. At this point, libSQL is production ready, Turso Database is not - although it is evolving rapidly. More details here.
Publications
- Pekka Enberg, Sasu Tarkoma, Jon Crowcroft Ashwin Rao (2024). Serverless Runtime / Database Co-Design With Asynchronous I/O. In EdgeSys ‘24. [PDF]
- Pekka Enberg, Sasu Tarkoma, and Ashwin Rao (2023). Towards Database and Serverless Runtime Co-Design. In CoNEXT-SW ’23. [PDF] [Slides]
License
This project is licensed under the MIT license.
Contribution
Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in Turso Database by you, shall be licensed as MIT, without any additional terms or conditions.
Partners
Thanks to all the partners of Turso!
Contributors
Thanks to all the contributors to Turso Database!