Currently, when MVCC is enabled, every transaction mode supports
concurrent reads and writes, which makes it hard to adopt for existing
applications that use `BEGIN DEFERRED` or `BEGIN IMMEDIATE`.
Therefore, add support for `BEGIN CONCURRENT` transactions when MVCC is
enabled. The transaction mode allows multiple concurrent read/write
transactions that don't block each other, with conflicts resolved at
commit time. Furthermore, implement the correct semantics for `BEGIN
DEFERRED` and `BEGIN IMMEDIATE` by taking advantage of the pager level
write lock when transaction upgrades to write. This means that now
concurrent MVCC transactions are serialized against the legacy ones when
needed.
The implementation includes:
- Parser support for CONCURRENT keyword in BEGIN statements
- New Concurrent variant in TransactionMode to distinguish from regular
read/write transactions
- MVCC store tracking of exclusive transactions to support IMMEDIATE and
EXCLUSIVE modes alongside CONCURRENT
- Proper transaction state management for all transaction types in MVCC
This enables better concurrency for applications that can handle
optimistic concurrency control, while still supporting traditional
SQLite transaction semantics via IMMEDIATE and EXCLUSIVE modes.
Two of the opcodes we implement (OpenRead and Transaction) should have
an opcode specifying the database to use, but they don't.
Add it, and for now always use 0 (the main database).
As explained in docs: https://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html
"BEGIN DEFERRED statement merely sets a flag on the database connection that turns off the automatic commit that would normally occur when the last statement finishes."
The transaction upgrade (read -> write) is already handled by the VDBE
After reading the fine print, SQLite documentation explains that `BEGIN
IMMEDIATE` and `BEGIN EXCLUSIVE` are the same thing in WAL mode:
https://www.sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html
As that's the only mode we support, let's just add code generation for
`BEGIN EXCLUSIVE`.
Fixes#1002
Emit the following code sequence for `BEGIN IMMEDIATE`:
```
limbo> EXPLAIN BEGIN IMMEDIATE;
addr opcode p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 comment
---- ----------------- ---- ---- ---- ------------- -- -------
0 Init 0 4 0 0 Start at 4
1 Transaction 0 1 0 0
2 AutoCommit 0 0 0 0 auto_commit=false, rollback=false
3 Halt 0 0 0 0
4 Goto 0 1 0 0
```
Please note that SQLite emits *two* transaction instructions -- one for
main database and one for temporary tables. However, since we don't
support the latter, we only emit one transaction instruction.
