diff --git a/core/translate/expr.rs b/core/translate/expr.rs
index 41d70e9f7..9ea943a8f 100644
--- a/core/translate/expr.rs
+++ b/core/translate/expr.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
     schema::{Schema, Table, Type},
     translate::select::{ColumnInfo, Select, SrcTable},
     util::normalize_ident,
-    vdbe::{BranchOffset, Insn, ProgramBuilder},
+    vdbe::{BranchOffset, Insn, builder::ProgramBuilder},
 };
 
 pub fn build_select<'a>(schema: &Schema, select: &'a ast::Select) -> Result<Select<'a>> {
diff --git a/core/translate/mod.rs b/core/translate/mod.rs
index 074e01ef5..68fa38d04 100644
--- a/core/translate/mod.rs
+++ b/core/translate/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::translate::where_clause::{
 };
 use crate::types::{OwnedRecord, OwnedValue};
 use crate::util::normalize_ident;
-use crate::vdbe::{BranchOffset, Insn, Program, ProgramBuilder};
+use crate::vdbe::{BranchOffset, Insn, Program, builder::ProgramBuilder};
 use anyhow::Result;
 use expr::{build_select, maybe_apply_affinity, translate_expr};
 use sqlite3_parser::ast::{self, Literal};
diff --git a/core/translate/where_clause.rs b/core/translate/where_clause.rs
index 30e29ca25..062d0f124 100644
--- a/core/translate/where_clause.rs
+++ b/core/translate/where_clause.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
     translate::expr::{resolve_ident_qualified, resolve_ident_table, translate_expr},
     function::SingleRowFunc,
     translate::select::Select,
-    vdbe::{BranchOffset, Insn, ProgramBuilder},
+    vdbe::{BranchOffset, Insn, builder::ProgramBuilder},
 };
 
 const HARDCODED_CURSOR_LEFT_TABLE: usize = 0;
diff --git a/core/vdbe/builder.rs b/core/vdbe/builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9305b65da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/vdbe/builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+use super::{BranchOffset, CursorID, Insn, InsnReference, Program, Table};
+
+pub struct ProgramBuilder {
+    next_free_register: usize,
+    next_free_label: BranchOffset,
+    next_free_cursor_id: usize,
+    insns: Vec<Insn>,
+    // for temporarily storing instructions that will be put after Transaction opcode
+    constant_insns: Vec<Insn>,
+    // Each label has a list of InsnReferences that must
+    // be resolved. Lists are indexed by: label.abs() - 1
+    unresolved_labels: Vec<Vec<InsnReference>>,
+    next_insn_label: Option<BranchOffset>,
+    // Cursors that are referenced by the program. Indexed by CursorID.
+    pub cursor_ref: Vec<(Option<String>, Option<Table>)>,
+    // List of deferred label resolutions. Each entry is a pair of (label, insn_reference).
+    deferred_label_resolutions: Vec<(BranchOffset, InsnReference)>,
+}
+
+impl ProgramBuilder {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            next_free_register: 1,
+            next_free_label: 0,
+            next_free_cursor_id: 0,
+            insns: Vec::new(),
+            unresolved_labels: Vec::new(),
+            next_insn_label: None,
+            cursor_ref: Vec::new(),
+            constant_insns: Vec::new(),
+            deferred_label_resolutions: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn alloc_register(&mut self) -> usize {
+        let reg = self.next_free_register;
+        self.next_free_register += 1;
+        reg
+    }
+
+    pub fn alloc_registers(&mut self, amount: usize) -> usize {
+        let reg = self.next_free_register;
+        self.next_free_register += amount;
+        reg
+    }
+
+    pub fn next_free_register(&self) -> usize {
+        self.next_free_register
+    }
+
+    pub fn alloc_cursor_id(
+        &mut self,
+        table_identifier: Option<String>,
+        table: Option<Table>,
+    ) -> usize {
+        let cursor = self.next_free_cursor_id;
+        self.next_free_cursor_id += 1;
+        self.cursor_ref.push((table_identifier, table));
+        assert!(self.cursor_ref.len() == self.next_free_cursor_id);
+        cursor
+    }
+
+    pub fn emit_insn(&mut self, insn: Insn) {
+        self.insns.push(insn);
+        if let Some(label) = self.next_insn_label {
+            self.next_insn_label = None;
+            self.resolve_label(label, (self.insns.len() - 1) as BranchOffset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Emit an instruction that will be put at the end of the program (after Transaction statement).
+    // This is useful for instructions that otherwise will be unnecessarily repeated in a loop.
+    // Example: In `SELECT * from users where name='John'`, it is unnecessary to set r[1]='John' as we SCAN users table.
+    // We could simply set it once before the SCAN started.
+    pub fn mark_last_insn_constant(&mut self) {
+        self.constant_insns.push(self.insns.pop().unwrap());
+    }
+
+    pub fn emit_constant_insns(&mut self) {
+        self.insns.append(&mut self.constant_insns);
+    }
+
+    pub fn emit_insn_with_label_dependency(&mut self, insn: Insn, label: BranchOffset) {
+        self.insns.push(insn);
+        self.add_label_dependency(label, (self.insns.len() - 1) as BranchOffset);
+    }
+
+    pub fn offset(&self) -> BranchOffset {
+        self.insns.len() as BranchOffset
+    }
+
+    pub fn allocate_label(&mut self) -> BranchOffset {
+        self.next_free_label -= 1;
+        self.unresolved_labels.push(Vec::new());
+        self.next_free_label
+    }
+
+    // Effectively a GOTO <next insn> without the need to emit an explicit GOTO instruction.
+    // Useful when you know you need to jump to "the next part", but the exact offset is unknowable
+    // at the time of emitting the instruction.
+    pub fn preassign_label_to_next_insn(&mut self, label: BranchOffset) {
+        self.next_insn_label = Some(label);
+    }
+
+    fn label_to_index(&self, label: BranchOffset) -> usize {
+        (label.abs() - 1) as usize
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_label_dependency(&mut self, label: BranchOffset, insn_reference: BranchOffset) {
+        assert!(insn_reference >= 0);
+        assert!(label < 0);
+        let label_index = self.label_to_index(label);
+        assert!(label_index < self.unresolved_labels.len());
+        let insn_reference = insn_reference as InsnReference;
+        let label_references = &mut self.unresolved_labels[label_index];
+        label_references.push(insn_reference);
+    }
+
+    pub fn defer_label_resolution(&mut self, label: BranchOffset, insn_reference: InsnReference) {
+        self.deferred_label_resolutions
+            .push((label, insn_reference));
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolve_label(&mut self, label: BranchOffset, to_offset: BranchOffset) {
+        assert!(label < 0);
+        assert!(to_offset >= 0);
+        let label_index = self.label_to_index(label);
+        assert!(
+            label_index < self.unresolved_labels.len(),
+            "Forbidden resolve of an unexistent label!"
+        );
+
+        let label_references = &mut self.unresolved_labels[label_index];
+        for insn_reference in label_references.iter() {
+            let insn = &mut self.insns[*insn_reference];
+            match insn {
+                Insn::Init { target_pc } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::Eq {
+                    lhs: _lhs,
+                    rhs: _rhs,
+                    target_pc,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::Ne {
+                    lhs: _lhs,
+                    rhs: _rhs,
+                    target_pc,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::Lt {
+                    lhs: _lhs,
+                    rhs: _rhs,
+                    target_pc,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::Le {
+                    lhs: _lhs,
+                    rhs: _rhs,
+                    target_pc,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::Gt {
+                    lhs: _lhs,
+                    rhs: _rhs,
+                    target_pc,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::Ge {
+                    lhs: _lhs,
+                    rhs: _rhs,
+                    target_pc,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::If {
+                    reg: _reg,
+                    target_pc,
+                    null_reg: _,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::IfNot {
+                    reg: _reg,
+                    target_pc,
+                    null_reg: _,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::RewindAwait {
+                    cursor_id: _cursor_id,
+                    pc_if_empty,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*pc_if_empty < 0);
+                    *pc_if_empty = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::Goto { target_pc } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::DecrJumpZero {
+                    reg: _reg,
+                    target_pc,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::SorterNext {
+                    cursor_id: _cursor_id,
+                    pc_if_next,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*pc_if_next < 0);
+                    *pc_if_next = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::SorterSort { pc_if_empty, .. } => {
+                    assert!(*pc_if_empty < 0);
+                    *pc_if_empty = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::NotNull {
+                    reg: _reg,
+                    target_pc,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                Insn::IfPos { target_pc, .. } => {
+                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
+                    *target_pc = to_offset;
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    todo!("missing resolve_label for {:?}", insn);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        label_references.clear();
+    }
+
+    // translate table to cursor id
+    pub fn resolve_cursor_id(
+        &self,
+        table_identifier: &str,
+        cursor_hint: Option<CursorID>,
+    ) -> CursorID {
+        if let Some(cursor_hint) = cursor_hint {
+            return cursor_hint;
+        }
+        self.cursor_ref
+            .iter()
+            .position(|(t_ident, _)| {
+                t_ident
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .is_some_and(|ident| ident == table_identifier)
+            })
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolve_deferred_labels(&mut self) {
+        for i in 0..self.deferred_label_resolutions.len() {
+            let (label, insn_reference) = self.deferred_label_resolutions[i];
+            self.resolve_label(label, insn_reference as BranchOffset);
+        }
+        self.deferred_label_resolutions.clear();
+    }
+
+    pub fn build(self) -> Program {
+        assert!(
+            self.deferred_label_resolutions.is_empty(),
+            "deferred_label_resolutions is not empty when build() is called, did you forget to call resolve_deferred_labels()?"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            self.constant_insns.is_empty(),
+            "constant_insns is not empty when build() is called, did you forget to call emit_constant_insns()?"
+        );
+        Program {
+            max_registers: self.next_free_register,
+            insns: self.insns,
+            cursor_ref: self.cursor_ref,
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/vdbe/mod.rs b/core/vdbe/mod.rs
index 68ddb5fff..68ee2e256 100644
--- a/core/vdbe/mod.rs
+++ b/core/vdbe/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+pub mod builder;
+
 use crate::btree::BTreeCursor;
 use crate::function::{AggFunc, SingleRowFunc};
 use crate::pager::Pager;
@@ -259,300 +261,6 @@ pub enum Insn {
 // Index of insn in list of insns
 type InsnReference = usize;
 
-pub struct ProgramBuilder {
-    next_free_register: usize,
-    next_free_label: BranchOffset,
-    next_free_cursor_id: usize,
-    insns: Vec<Insn>,
-    // for temporarily storing instructions that will be put after Transaction opcode
-    constant_insns: Vec<Insn>,
-    // Each label has a list of InsnReferences that must
-    // be resolved. Lists are indexed by: label.abs() - 1
-    unresolved_labels: Vec<Vec<InsnReference>>,
-    next_insn_label: Option<BranchOffset>,
-    // Cursors that are referenced by the program. Indexed by CursorID.
-    pub cursor_ref: Vec<(Option<String>, Option<Table>)>,
-    // List of deferred label resolutions. Each entry is a pair of (label, insn_reference).
-    deferred_label_resolutions: Vec<(BranchOffset, InsnReference)>,
-}
-
-impl ProgramBuilder {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            next_free_register: 1,
-            next_free_label: 0,
-            next_free_cursor_id: 0,
-            insns: Vec::new(),
-            unresolved_labels: Vec::new(),
-            next_insn_label: None,
-            cursor_ref: Vec::new(),
-            constant_insns: Vec::new(),
-            deferred_label_resolutions: Vec::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn alloc_register(&mut self) -> usize {
-        let reg = self.next_free_register;
-        self.next_free_register += 1;
-        reg
-    }
-
-    pub fn alloc_registers(&mut self, amount: usize) -> usize {
-        let reg = self.next_free_register;
-        self.next_free_register += amount;
-        reg
-    }
-
-    pub fn next_free_register(&self) -> usize {
-        self.next_free_register
-    }
-
-    pub fn alloc_cursor_id(
-        &mut self,
-        table_identifier: Option<String>,
-        table: Option<Table>,
-    ) -> usize {
-        let cursor = self.next_free_cursor_id;
-        self.next_free_cursor_id += 1;
-        self.cursor_ref.push((table_identifier, table));
-        assert!(self.cursor_ref.len() == self.next_free_cursor_id);
-        cursor
-    }
-
-    pub fn emit_insn(&mut self, insn: Insn) {
-        self.insns.push(insn);
-        if let Some(label) = self.next_insn_label {
-            self.next_insn_label = None;
-            self.resolve_label(label, (self.insns.len() - 1) as BranchOffset);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Emit an instruction that will be put at the end of the program (after Transaction statement).
-    // This is useful for instructions that otherwise will be unnecessarily repeated in a loop.
-    // Example: In `SELECT * from users where name='John'`, it is unnecessary to set r[1]='John' as we SCAN users table.
-    // We could simply set it once before the SCAN started.
-    pub fn mark_last_insn_constant(&mut self) {
-        self.constant_insns.push(self.insns.pop().unwrap());
-    }
-
-    pub fn emit_constant_insns(&mut self) {
-        self.insns.append(&mut self.constant_insns);
-    }
-
-    pub fn emit_insn_with_label_dependency(&mut self, insn: Insn, label: BranchOffset) {
-        self.insns.push(insn);
-        self.add_label_dependency(label, (self.insns.len() - 1) as BranchOffset);
-    }
-
-    pub fn offset(&self) -> BranchOffset {
-        self.insns.len() as BranchOffset
-    }
-
-    pub fn allocate_label(&mut self) -> BranchOffset {
-        self.next_free_label -= 1;
-        self.unresolved_labels.push(Vec::new());
-        self.next_free_label
-    }
-
-    // Effectively a GOTO <next insn> without the need to emit an explicit GOTO instruction.
-    // Useful when you know you need to jump to "the next part", but the exact offset is unknowable
-    // at the time of emitting the instruction.
-    pub fn preassign_label_to_next_insn(&mut self, label: BranchOffset) {
-        self.next_insn_label = Some(label);
-    }
-
-    fn label_to_index(&self, label: BranchOffset) -> usize {
-        (label.abs() - 1) as usize
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_label_dependency(&mut self, label: BranchOffset, insn_reference: BranchOffset) {
-        assert!(insn_reference >= 0);
-        assert!(label < 0);
-        let label_index = self.label_to_index(label);
-        assert!(label_index < self.unresolved_labels.len());
-        let insn_reference = insn_reference as InsnReference;
-        let label_references = &mut self.unresolved_labels[label_index];
-        label_references.push(insn_reference);
-    }
-
-    pub fn defer_label_resolution(&mut self, label: BranchOffset, insn_reference: InsnReference) {
-        self.deferred_label_resolutions
-            .push((label, insn_reference));
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_label(&mut self, label: BranchOffset, to_offset: BranchOffset) {
-        assert!(label < 0);
-        assert!(to_offset >= 0);
-        let label_index = self.label_to_index(label);
-        assert!(
-            label_index < self.unresolved_labels.len(),
-            "Forbidden resolve of an unexistent label!"
-        );
-
-        let label_references = &mut self.unresolved_labels[label_index];
-        for insn_reference in label_references.iter() {
-            let insn = &mut self.insns[*insn_reference];
-            match insn {
-                Insn::Init { target_pc } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::Eq {
-                    lhs: _lhs,
-                    rhs: _rhs,
-                    target_pc,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::Ne {
-                    lhs: _lhs,
-                    rhs: _rhs,
-                    target_pc,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::Lt {
-                    lhs: _lhs,
-                    rhs: _rhs,
-                    target_pc,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::Le {
-                    lhs: _lhs,
-                    rhs: _rhs,
-                    target_pc,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::Gt {
-                    lhs: _lhs,
-                    rhs: _rhs,
-                    target_pc,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::Ge {
-                    lhs: _lhs,
-                    rhs: _rhs,
-                    target_pc,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::If {
-                    reg: _reg,
-                    target_pc,
-                    null_reg: _,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::IfNot {
-                    reg: _reg,
-                    target_pc,
-                    null_reg: _,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::RewindAwait {
-                    cursor_id: _cursor_id,
-                    pc_if_empty,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*pc_if_empty < 0);
-                    *pc_if_empty = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::Goto { target_pc } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::DecrJumpZero {
-                    reg: _reg,
-                    target_pc,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::SorterNext {
-                    cursor_id: _cursor_id,
-                    pc_if_next,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*pc_if_next < 0);
-                    *pc_if_next = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::SorterSort { pc_if_empty, .. } => {
-                    assert!(*pc_if_empty < 0);
-                    *pc_if_empty = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::NotNull {
-                    reg: _reg,
-                    target_pc,
-                } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                Insn::IfPos { target_pc, .. } => {
-                    assert!(*target_pc < 0);
-                    *target_pc = to_offset;
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    todo!("missing resolve_label for {:?}", insn);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        label_references.clear();
-    }
-
-    // translate table to cursor id
-    pub fn resolve_cursor_id(
-        &self,
-        table_identifier: &str,
-        cursor_hint: Option<CursorID>,
-    ) -> CursorID {
-        if let Some(cursor_hint) = cursor_hint {
-            return cursor_hint;
-        }
-        self.cursor_ref
-            .iter()
-            .position(|(t_ident, _)| {
-                t_ident
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .is_some_and(|ident| ident == table_identifier)
-            })
-            .unwrap()
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_deferred_labels(&mut self) {
-        for i in 0..self.deferred_label_resolutions.len() {
-            let (label, insn_reference) = self.deferred_label_resolutions[i];
-            self.resolve_label(label, insn_reference as BranchOffset);
-        }
-        self.deferred_label_resolutions.clear();
-    }
-
-    pub fn build(self) -> Program {
-        assert!(
-            self.deferred_label_resolutions.is_empty(),
-            "deferred_label_resolutions is not empty when build() is called, did you forget to call resolve_deferred_labels()?"
-        );
-        assert!(
-            self.constant_insns.is_empty(),
-            "constant_insns is not empty when build() is called, did you forget to call emit_constant_insns()?"
-        );
-        Program {
-            max_registers: self.next_free_register,
-            insns: self.insns,
-            cursor_ref: self.cursor_ref,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 pub enum StepResult<'a> {
     Done,
     IO,