diff --git a/core/translate/alter.rs b/core/translate/alter.rs
index d3170fdbe..c07781f35 100644
--- a/core/translate/alter.rs
+++ b/core/translate/alter.rs
@@ -207,6 +207,13 @@ pub fn translate_alter_table(
                 }
             }
 
+            let new_column_name = column.name.as_ref().unwrap();
+            if btree.get_column(new_column_name).is_some() {
+                return Err(LimboError::ParseError(
+                    "duplicate column name: ".to_string() + new_column_name,
+                ));
+            }
+
             // TODO: All quoted ids will be quoted with `[]`, we should store some info from the parsed AST
             btree.columns.push(column.clone());
 
diff --git a/testing/alter_table.test b/testing/alter_table.test
index e9e83c403..26f79cd67 100755
--- a/testing/alter_table.test
+++ b/testing/alter_table.test
@@ -133,6 +133,17 @@ do_execsql_test_in_memory_any_error fail-alter-table-drop-unique-column-constrai
     ALTER TABLE t DROP b;
 }
 
+
+# refer https://github.com/tursodatabase/turso/issues/3231
+do_execsql_test_in_memory_any_error fail-alter-table-add-duplicate-column {
+    CREATE TABLE t1 (a);
+    ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN a;
+}
+do_execsql_test_in_memory_any_error fail-alter-table-add-duplicate-column-case-insensitive {
+    CREATE TABLE t1 (a);
+    ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN A;
+}
+
 do_execsql_test_in_memory_any_error fail-alter-table-drop-primary-key-column {
     CREATE TABLE t (a PRIMARY KEY, b);
     ALTER TABLE t DROP a;