diff --git a/core/lib.rs b/core/lib.rs
index da49b2b80..e4874e755 100644
--- a/core/lib.rs
+++ b/core/lib.rs
@@ -423,6 +423,7 @@ impl Database {
             closed: Cell::new(false),
             attached_databases: RefCell::new(DatabaseCatalog::new()),
             query_only: Cell::new(false),
+            mv_tx_id: Cell::new(None),
             view_transaction_states: RefCell::new(HashMap::new()),
             metrics: RefCell::new(ConnectionMetrics::new()),
             is_nested_stmt: Cell::new(false),
@@ -826,6 +827,7 @@ pub struct Connection {
     database_schemas: RefCell<std::collections::HashMap<usize, Arc<Schema>>>,
     /// Whether to automatically commit transaction
     auto_commit: Cell<bool>,
+    /// Transactions that are in progress.
     mv_transactions: RefCell<Vec<crate::mvcc::database::TxID>>,
     transaction_state: Cell<TransactionState>,
     last_insert_rowid: Cell<i64>,
@@ -845,6 +847,7 @@ pub struct Connection {
     /// Attached databases
     attached_databases: RefCell<DatabaseCatalog>,
     query_only: Cell<bool>,
+    pub(crate) mv_tx_id: Cell<Option<crate::mvcc::database::TxID>>,
 
     /// Per-connection view transaction states for uncommitted changes. This represents
     /// one entry per view that was touched in the transaction.
@@ -1966,7 +1969,7 @@ impl Statement {
     }
 
     pub fn set_mv_tx_id(&mut self, mv_tx_id: Option<u64>) {
-        self.state.mv_tx_id = mv_tx_id;
+        self.program.connection.mv_tx_id.set(mv_tx_id);
     }
 
     pub fn interrupt(&mut self) {
diff --git a/core/mvcc/database/mod.rs b/core/mvcc/database/mod.rs
index 8d950d221..bb1a0608e 100644
--- a/core/mvcc/database/mod.rs
+++ b/core/mvcc/database/mod.rs
@@ -1127,6 +1127,7 @@ impl<Clock: LogicalClock> MvStore<Clock> {
         pager: Rc<Pager>,
         connection: &Arc<Connection>,
     ) -> Result<StateMachine<CommitStateMachine<Clock>>> {
+        tracing::trace!("commit_tx(tx_id={})", tx_id);
         let state_machine: StateMachine<CommitStateMachine<Clock>> = StateMachine::<
             CommitStateMachine<Clock>,
         >::new(
diff --git a/core/mvcc/database/tests.rs b/core/mvcc/database/tests.rs
index 9972c7aca..438e897ec 100644
--- a/core/mvcc/database/tests.rs
+++ b/core/mvcc/database/tests.rs
@@ -1198,3 +1198,48 @@ fn get_record_value(row: &Row) -> ImmutableRecord {
     record.start_serialization(&row.data);
     record
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_interactive_transaction() {
+    let db = MvccTestDbNoConn::new_with_random_db();
+    let conn = db.connect();
+
+    // do some transaction
+    conn.execute("BEGIN").unwrap();
+    conn.execute("CREATE TABLE test (x)").unwrap();
+    conn.execute("INSERT INTO test (x) VALUES (1)").unwrap();
+    conn.execute("INSERT INTO test (x) VALUES (2)").unwrap();
+    conn.execute("COMMIT").unwrap();
+
+    // expect other transaction to see the changes
+    let rows = get_rows(&conn, "SELECT * FROM test");
+    assert_eq!(rows, vec![vec![Value::Integer(1)], vec![Value::Integer(2)]]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_commit_without_tx() {
+    let db = MvccTestDbNoConn::new_with_random_db();
+    let conn = db.connect();
+    // do not start interactive transaction
+    conn.execute("CREATE TABLE test (x)").unwrap();
+    conn.execute("INSERT INTO test (x) VALUES (1)").unwrap();
+
+    // expect error on trying to commit a non-existent interactive transaction
+    let err = conn.execute("COMMIT").unwrap_err();
+    if let LimboError::TxError(e) = err {
+        assert_eq!(e.to_string(), "cannot commit - no transaction is active");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected TxError");
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_rows(conn: &Arc<Connection>, query: &str) -> Vec<Vec<Value>> {
+    let mut stmt = conn.prepare(query).unwrap();
+    let mut rows = Vec::new();
+    while let StepResult::Row = stmt.step().unwrap() {
+        let row = stmt.row().unwrap();
+        let values = row.get_values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        rows.push(values);
+    }
+    rows
+}
diff --git a/core/vdbe/execute.rs b/core/vdbe/execute.rs
index aa96ec520..b6ecf885d 100644
--- a/core/vdbe/execute.rs
+++ b/core/vdbe/execute.rs
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ pub fn op_open_read(
     let pager = program.get_pager_from_database_index(db);
 
     let (_, cursor_type) = program.cursor_ref.get(*cursor_id).unwrap();
-    let mv_cursor = match state.mv_tx_id {
+    let mv_cursor = match program.connection.mv_tx_id.get() {
         Some(tx_id) => {
             let table_id = *root_page as u64;
             let mv_store = mv_store.unwrap().clone();
@@ -2061,7 +2061,7 @@ pub fn op_transaction(
         // In MVCC we don't have write exclusivity, therefore we just need to start a transaction if needed.
         // Programs can run Transaction twice, first with read flag and then with write flag. So a single txid is enough
         // for both.
-        if state.mv_tx_id.is_none() {
+        if program.connection.mv_tx_id.get().is_none() {
             // We allocate the first page lazily in the first transaction.
             return_if_io!(pager.maybe_allocate_page1());
             // TODO: when we fix MVCC enable schema cookie detection for reprepare statements
@@ -2073,7 +2073,7 @@ pub fn op_transaction(
             // }
             let tx_id = mv_store.begin_tx(pager.clone());
             conn.mv_transactions.borrow_mut().push(tx_id);
-            state.mv_tx_id = Some(tx_id);
+            program.connection.mv_tx_id.set(Some(tx_id));
         }
     } else {
         if updated && matches!(current_state, TransactionState::None) {
@@ -6195,7 +6195,7 @@ pub fn op_open_write(
         CursorType::BTreeIndex(index) => Some(index),
         _ => None,
     };
-    let mv_cursor = match state.mv_tx_id {
+    let mv_cursor = match program.connection.mv_tx_id.get() {
         Some(tx_id) => {
             let table_id = root_page;
             let mv_store = mv_store.unwrap().clone();
@@ -6466,7 +6466,7 @@ pub fn op_parse_schema(
                 stmt,
                 schema,
                 &conn.syms.borrow(),
-                state.mv_tx_id,
+                program.connection.mv_tx_id.get(),
                 existing_views,
             )
         })
@@ -6481,7 +6481,7 @@ pub fn op_parse_schema(
                 stmt,
                 schema,
                 &conn.syms.borrow(),
-                state.mv_tx_id,
+                program.connection.mv_tx_id.get(),
                 existing_views,
             )
         })
@@ -6860,7 +6860,7 @@ pub fn op_open_ephemeral(
             let root_page = return_if_io!(pager.btree_create(flag));
 
             let (_, cursor_type) = program.cursor_ref.get(cursor_id).unwrap();
-            let mv_cursor = match state.mv_tx_id {
+            let mv_cursor = match program.connection.mv_tx_id.get() {
                 Some(tx_id) => {
                     let table_id = root_page as u64;
                     let mv_store = mv_store.unwrap().clone();
diff --git a/core/vdbe/mod.rs b/core/vdbe/mod.rs
index 09a083456..b99c17cd5 100644
--- a/core/vdbe/mod.rs
+++ b/core/vdbe/mod.rs
@@ -250,7 +250,6 @@ pub struct ProgramState {
     /// Indicate whether an [Insn::Once] instruction at a given program counter position has already been executed, well, once.
     once: SmallVec<u32, 4>,
     regex_cache: RegexCache,
-    pub(crate) mv_tx_id: Option<crate::mvcc::database::TxID>,
     interrupted: bool,
     pub parameters: HashMap<NonZero<usize>, Value>,
     commit_state: CommitState,
@@ -289,7 +288,6 @@ impl ProgramState {
             ended_coroutine: Bitfield::new(),
             once: SmallVec::<u32, 4>::new(),
             regex_cache: RegexCache::new(),
-            mv_tx_id: None,
             interrupted: false,
             parameters: HashMap::new(),
             commit_state: CommitState::Ready,
@@ -546,6 +544,8 @@ impl Program {
                     }
                     assert!(state_machine.is_finalized());
                 }
+                conn.mv_tx_id.set(None);
+                conn.transaction_state.replace(TransactionState::None);
                 mv_transactions.clear();
             }
             Ok(IOResult::Done(()))