diff --git a/core/function.rs b/core/function.rs
index 779c2bd5c..b061dbd39 100644
--- a/core/function.rs
+++ b/core/function.rs
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ pub enum JsonFunc {
     JsonType,
     JsonErrorPosition,
     JsonValid,
+    JsonPatch,
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "json")]
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ impl Display for JsonFunc {
                 Self::JsonType => "json_type".to_string(),
                 Self::JsonErrorPosition => "json_error_position".to_string(),
                 Self::JsonValid => "json_valid".to_string(),
+                Self::JsonPatch => "json_patch".to_string(),
             }
         )
     }
@@ -526,6 +528,8 @@ impl Func {
             "json_error_position" => Ok(Self::Json(JsonFunc::JsonErrorPosition)),
             #[cfg(feature = "json")]
             "json_valid" => Ok(Self::Json(JsonFunc::JsonValid)),
+            #[cfg(feature = "json")]
+            "json_patch" => Ok(Self::Json(JsonFunc::JsonPatch)),
             "unixepoch" => Ok(Self::Scalar(ScalarFunc::UnixEpoch)),
             "julianday" => Ok(Self::Scalar(ScalarFunc::JulianDay)),
             "hex" => Ok(Self::Scalar(ScalarFunc::Hex)),
diff --git a/core/json/json_operations.rs b/core/json/json_operations.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..185aba00c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/json/json_operations.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+
+use crate::types::OwnedValue;
+
+use super::{convert_json_to_db_type, get_json_value, Val};
+
+/// Represents a single patch operation in the merge queue.
+///
+/// Used internally by the `merge_patch` function to track the path and value
+/// for each pending merge operation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct PatchOperation {
+    path_start: usize,
+    path_len: usize,
+    patch: Val,
+}
+
+/// The function follows RFC 7386 JSON Merge Patch semantics:
+/// * If the patch is null, the target is replaced with null
+/// * If the patch contains a scalar value, the target is replaced with that value
+/// * If both target and patch are objects, the patch is recursively applied
+/// * null values in the patch result in property removal from the target
+pub fn json_patch(target: &OwnedValue, patch: &OwnedValue) -> crate::Result<OwnedValue> {
+    match (target, patch) {
+        (OwnedValue::Blob(_), _) | (_, OwnedValue::Blob(_)) => {
+            crate::bail_constraint_error!("blob is not supported!");
+        }
+        _ => (),
+    }
+
+    let mut parsed_target = get_json_value(target)?;
+    let parsed_patch = get_json_value(patch)?;
+    let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(16);
+    patcher.apply_patch(&mut parsed_target, parsed_patch);
+
+    convert_json_to_db_type(&parsed_target, false)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct JsonPatcher {
+    queue: VecDeque<PatchOperation>,
+    path_storage: Vec<usize>,
+}
+
+impl JsonPatcher {
+    fn new(queue_capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            queue: VecDeque::with_capacity(queue_capacity),
+            path_storage: Vec::with_capacity(256),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn apply_patch(&mut self, target: &mut Val, patch: Val) {
+        self.queue.push_back(PatchOperation {
+            path_start: 0,
+            path_len: 0,
+            patch,
+        });
+
+        while let Some(op) = self.queue.pop_front() {
+            if let Some(current) = self.navigate_to_target(target, op.path_start, op.path_len) {
+                self.apply_operation(current, op);
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn navigate_to_target<'a>(
+        &self,
+        target: &'a mut Val,
+        path_start: usize,
+        path_len: usize,
+    ) -> Option<&'a mut Val> {
+        let mut current = target;
+        for i in 0..path_len {
+            let key = self.path_storage[path_start + i];
+            if let Val::Object(ref mut obj) = current {
+                current = &mut obj
+                    .get_mut(key)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        panic!("Invalid path at depth {}: key '{}' not found", i, key)
+                    })
+                    .1;
+            } else {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        Some(current)
+    }
+
+    fn apply_operation(&mut self, current: &mut Val, operation: PatchOperation) {
+        let path_start = operation.path_start;
+        let path_len = operation.path_len;
+        match (current, operation.patch) {
+            (current_val, Val::Null) => *current_val = Val::Removed,
+            (Val::Object(target_map), Val::Object(patch_map)) => {
+                self.merge_objects(target_map, patch_map, path_start, path_len);
+            }
+            (current_val, patch_val) => *current_val = patch_val,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn merge_objects(
+        &mut self,
+        target_map: &mut Vec<(String, Val)>,
+        patch_map: Vec<(String, Val)>,
+        path_start: usize,
+        path_len: usize,
+    ) {
+        for (key, patch_val) in patch_map {
+            self.process_key_value(target_map, key, patch_val, path_start, path_len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn process_key_value(
+        &mut self,
+        target_map: &mut Vec<(String, Val)>,
+        key: String,
+        patch_val: Val,
+        path_start: usize,
+        path_len: usize,
+    ) {
+        if let Some(pos) = target_map
+            .iter()
+            .position(|(target_key, _)| target_key == &key)
+        {
+            self.queue_nested_patch(pos, patch_val, path_start, path_len);
+        } else if !matches!(patch_val, Val::Null) {
+            target_map.push((key, Val::Object(vec![])));
+            self.queue_nested_patch(target_map.len() - 1, patch_val, path_start, path_len)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn queue_nested_patch(&mut self, pos: usize, val: Val, path_start: usize, path_len: usize) {
+        let new_path_start = self.path_storage.len();
+        let new_path_len = path_len + 1;
+        for i in 0..path_len {
+            self.path_storage.push(self.path_storage[path_start + i]);
+        }
+        self.path_storage.push(pos);
+        self.queue.push_back(PatchOperation {
+            path_start: new_path_start,
+            path_len: new_path_len,
+            patch: val,
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::rc::Rc;
+
+    use crate::types::LimboText;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn create_text(s: &str) -> OwnedValue {
+        OwnedValue::Text(LimboText::new(Rc::new(s.to_string())))
+    }
+
+    fn create_json(s: &str) -> OwnedValue {
+        OwnedValue::Text(LimboText::json(Rc::new(s.to_string())))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_new_patcher() {
+        let patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        assert_eq!(patcher.queue.capacity(), 10);
+        assert_eq!(patcher.path_storage.capacity(), 256);
+        assert!(patcher.queue.is_empty());
+        assert!(patcher.path_storage.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_simple_value_replacement() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![("key1".to_string(), Val::String("old".to_string()))]);
+        let patch = Val::Object(vec![("key1".to_string(), Val::String("new".to_string()))]);
+
+        patcher.apply_patch(&mut target, patch);
+
+        if let Val::Object(map) = target {
+            assert_eq!(map[0].1, Val::String("new".to_string()));
+        } else {
+            panic!("Expected object");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nested_object_patch() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "a".to_string(),
+            Val::Object(vec![("b".to_string(), Val::String("old".to_string()))]),
+        )]);
+        let patch = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "a".to_string(),
+            Val::Object(vec![("b".to_string(), Val::String("new".to_string()))]),
+        )]);
+
+        patcher.apply_patch(&mut target, patch);
+
+        if let Val::Object(map) = target {
+            if let Val::Object(nested) = &map[0].1 {
+                assert_eq!(nested[0].1, Val::String("new".to_string()));
+            } else {
+                panic!("Expected nested object");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_null_removal() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![
+            ("keep".to_string(), Val::String("value".to_string())),
+            ("remove".to_string(), Val::String("value".to_string())),
+        ]);
+        let patch = Val::Object(vec![("remove".to_string(), Val::Null)]);
+
+        patcher.apply_patch(&mut target, patch);
+
+        if let Val::Object(map) = target {
+            assert_eq!(map[0].1, Val::String("value".to_string()));
+            assert_eq!(map[1].1, Val::Removed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_duplicate_keys_first_occurrence() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![
+            ("key".to_string(), Val::String("first".to_string())),
+            ("key".to_string(), Val::String("second".to_string())),
+            ("key".to_string(), Val::String("third".to_string())),
+        ]);
+        let patch = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "key".to_string(),
+            Val::String("modified".to_string()),
+        )]);
+
+        patcher.apply_patch(&mut target, patch);
+
+        if let Val::Object(map) = target {
+            assert_eq!(map[0].1, Val::String("modified".to_string()));
+            assert_eq!(map[1].1, Val::String("second".to_string()));
+            assert_eq!(map[2].1, Val::String("third".to_string()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_add_new_key() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "existing".to_string(),
+            Val::String("value".to_string()),
+        )]);
+        let patch = Val::Object(vec![("new".to_string(), Val::String("value".to_string()))]);
+
+        patcher.apply_patch(&mut target, patch);
+
+        if let Val::Object(map) = target {
+            assert_eq!(map.len(), 2);
+            assert_eq!(map[1].0, "new");
+            assert_eq!(map[1].1, Val::String("value".to_string()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_nested_patch() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "level1".to_string(),
+            Val::Object(vec![(
+                "level2".to_string(),
+                Val::Object(vec![("level3".to_string(), Val::String("old".to_string()))]),
+            )]),
+        )]);
+        let patch = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "level1".to_string(),
+            Val::Object(vec![(
+                "level2".to_string(),
+                Val::Object(vec![("level3".to_string(), Val::String("new".to_string()))]),
+            )]),
+        )]);
+
+        patcher.apply_patch(&mut target, patch);
+
+        if let Val::Object(l1) = target {
+            if let Val::Object(l2) = &l1[0].1 {
+                if let Val::Object(l3) = &l2[0].1 {
+                    assert_eq!(l3[0].1, Val::String("new".to_string()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_null_patch_on_nonexistent_key() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "existing".to_string(),
+            Val::String("value".to_string()),
+        )]);
+        let patch = Val::Object(vec![("nonexistent".to_string(), Val::Null)]);
+
+        patcher.apply_patch(&mut target, patch);
+
+        if let Val::Object(map) = target {
+            assert_eq!(map.len(), 1); // Should not add new key for null patch
+            assert_eq!(map[0].0, "existing");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nested_duplicate_keys() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "outer".to_string(),
+            Val::Object(vec![
+                ("inner".to_string(), Val::String("first".to_string())),
+                ("inner".to_string(), Val::String("second".to_string())),
+            ]),
+        )]);
+        let patch = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "outer".to_string(),
+            Val::Object(vec![(
+                "inner".to_string(),
+                Val::String("modified".to_string()),
+            )]),
+        )]);
+
+        patcher.apply_patch(&mut target, patch);
+
+        if let Val::Object(outer) = target {
+            if let Val::Object(inner) = &outer[0].1 {
+                assert_eq!(inner[0].1, Val::String("modified".to_string()));
+                assert_eq!(inner[1].1, Val::String("second".to_string()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "Invalid path")]
+    fn test_invalid_path_navigation() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![("a".to_string(), Val::Object(vec![]))]);
+        patcher.path_storage.push(0);
+        patcher.path_storage.push(999); // Invalid index
+
+        patcher.navigate_to_target(&mut target, 0, 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merge_empty_objects() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![]);
+        let patch = Val::Object(vec![]);
+
+        patcher.apply_patch(&mut target, patch);
+
+        if let Val::Object(map) = target {
+            assert!(map.is_empty());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_path_storage_growth() {
+        let mut patcher = JsonPatcher::new(10);
+        let mut target = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "a".to_string(),
+            Val::Object(vec![("b".to_string(), Val::Object(vec![]))]),
+        )]);
+        let patch = Val::Object(vec![(
+            "a".to_string(),
+            Val::Object(vec![("b".to_string(), Val::String("value".to_string()))]),
+        )]);
+
+        patcher.apply_patch(&mut target, patch);
+
+        // Path storage should contain [0, 0] for accessing a.b
+        assert_eq!(patcher.path_storage.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(patcher.path_storage[0], 0);
+        assert_eq!(patcher.path_storage[1], 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_basic_text_replacement() {
+        let target = create_text(r#"{"name":"John","age":"30"}"#);
+        let patch = create_text(r#"{"age":"31"}"#);
+
+        let result = json_patch(&target, &patch).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, create_json(r#"{"name":"John","age":"31"}"#));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_null_field_removal() {
+        let target = create_text(r#"{"name":"John","email":"john@example.com"}"#);
+        let patch = create_text(r#"{"email":null}"#);
+
+        let result = json_patch(&target, &patch).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, create_json(r#"{"name":"John"}"#));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nested_object_merge() {
+        let target =
+            create_text(r#"{"user":{"name":"John","details":{"age":"30","score":"95.5"}}}"#);
+
+        let patch = create_text(r#"{"user":{"details":{"score":"97.5"}}}"#);
+
+        let result = json_patch(&target, &patch).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            create_json(r#"{"user":{"name":"John","details":{"age":"30","score":"97.5"}}}"#)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "blob is not supported!")]
+    fn test_blob_not_supported() {
+        let target = OwnedValue::Blob(Rc::new(vec![1, 2, 3]));
+        let patch = create_text("{}");
+        json_patch(&target, &patch).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_null_replacement() {
+        let target = create_text(r#"{"level1":{"level2":{"keep":"value","remove":"value"}}}"#);
+
+        let patch = create_text(r#"{"level1":{"level2":{"remove":null}}}"#);
+
+        let result = json_patch(&target, &patch).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            create_json(r#"{"level1":{"level2":{"keep":"value"}}}"#)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_empty_patch() {
+        let target = create_json(r#"{"name":"John","age":"30"}"#);
+        let patch = create_text("{}");
+
+        let result = json_patch(&target, &patch).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, target);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_add_new_field() {
+        let target = create_text(r#"{"existing":"value"}"#);
+        let patch = create_text(r#"{"new":"field"}"#);
+
+        let result = json_patch(&target, &patch).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, create_json(r#"{"existing":"value","new":"field"}"#));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_complete_object_replacement() {
+        let target = create_text(r#"{"old":{"nested":"value"}}"#);
+        let patch = create_text(r#"{"old":"new_value"}"#);
+
+        let result = json_patch(&target, &patch).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, create_json(r#"{"old":"new_value"}"#));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/core/json/mod.rs b/core/json/mod.rs
index 8b271c8e1..65e90697f 100644
--- a/core/json/mod.rs
+++ b/core/json/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 mod de;
 mod error;
+mod json_operations;
 mod json_path;
 mod ser;
 
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 pub use crate::json::de::from_str;
 use crate::json::de::ordered_object;
 use crate::json::error::Error as JsonError;
+pub use crate::json::json_operations::json_patch;
 use crate::json::json_path::{json_path, JsonPath, PathElement};
 pub use crate::json::ser::to_string;
 use crate::types::{LimboText, OwnedValue, TextSubtype};
diff --git a/core/translate/expr.rs b/core/translate/expr.rs
index cb637a489..94a33756e 100644
--- a/core/translate/expr.rs
+++ b/core/translate/expr.rs
@@ -937,6 +937,17 @@ pub fn translate_expr(
                         target_register,
                         func_ctx,
                     ),
+                    JsonFunc::JsonPatch => {
+                        let args = expect_arguments_exact!(args, 2, j);
+                        translate_function(
+                            program,
+                            args,
+                            referenced_tables,
+                            resolver,
+                            target_register,
+                            func_ctx,
+                        )
+                    }
                 },
                 Func::Scalar(srf) => {
                     match srf {
diff --git a/core/vdbe/mod.rs b/core/vdbe/mod.rs
index c472da4ec..d3034c2af 100644
--- a/core/vdbe/mod.rs
+++ b/core/vdbe/mod.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@ use crate::vdbe::insn::Insn;
 use crate::{
     function::JsonFunc, json::get_json, json::is_json_valid, json::json_array,
     json::json_array_length, json::json_arrow_extract, json::json_arrow_shift_extract,
-    json::json_error_position, json::json_extract, json::json_object, json::json_type,
+    json::json_error_position, json::json_extract, json::json_object, json::json_patch,
+    json::json_type,
 };
 use crate::{resolve_ext_path, Connection, Result, TransactionState, DATABASE_VERSION};
 use datetime::{
@@ -1747,6 +1748,13 @@ impl Program {
                                 let json_value = &state.registers[*start_reg];
                                 state.registers[*dest] = is_json_valid(json_value)?;
                             }
+                            JsonFunc::JsonPatch => {
+                                assert_eq!(arg_count, 2);
+                                assert!(*start_reg + 1 < state.registers.len());
+                                let target = &state.registers[*start_reg];
+                                let patch = &state.registers[*start_reg + 1];
+                                state.registers[*dest] = json_patch(target, patch)?;
+                            }
                         },
                         crate::function::Func::Scalar(scalar_func) => match scalar_func {
                             ScalarFunc::Cast => {
diff --git a/testing/json.test b/testing/json.test
index 5817a8c55..751d26bc7 100755
--- a/testing/json.test
+++ b/testing/json.test
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ do_execsql_test json5-ecma-script-1 {
 } {{{"a":5,"b":6}}}
 
 do_execsql_test json5-ecma-script-2 {
+    select json('{a:5,a:3}') ;
+} {{{"a":5,"a":3}}}
+
+do_execsql_test json5-ecma-script-3 {
    SELECT json('{ MNO_123$xyz : 789 }');
 } {{{"MNO_123$xyz":789}}}
 
@@ -576,3 +580,99 @@ do_execsql_test json_valid_3 {
 do_execsql_test json_valid_9 {
     SELECT json_valid(NULL);
 } {}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-basic-1 {
+    select json_patch('{"a":1}', '{"b":2}');
+} {{{"a":1,"b":2}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-basic-2 {
+    select json_patch('{"x":100,"y":200}', '{"z":300}');
+} {{{"x":100,"y":200,"z":300}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-preserve-duplicates-1 {
+    select json_patch('{"x":100,"x":200}', '{"z":300}');
+} {{{"x":100,"x":200,"z":300}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-preserve-duplicates-2 {
+    select json_patch('{"x":100,"x":200}', '{"x":900}');
+} {{{"x":900,"x":200}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-last-update-wins {
+    select json_patch('{"x":100,"c":200}', '{"x":900, "x":null}');
+} {{{"c":200}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-override-1 {
+    select json_patch('{"a":1,"b":2}', '{"b":3}');
+} {{{"a":1,"b":3}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-override-2 {
+    select json_patch('{"name":"john","age":25}', '{"age":26,"city":"NYC"}');
+} {{{"name":"john","age":26,"city":"NYC"}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-nested-1 {
+    select json_patch('{"user":{"name":"john"}}', '{"user":{"age":30}}');
+} {{{"user":{"name":"john","age":30}}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-nested-2 {
+    select json_patch('{"settings":{"theme":"dark"}}', '{"settings":{"theme":"light","font":"arial"}}');
+} {{{"settings":{"theme":"light","font":"arial"}}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-array-1 {
+    select json_patch('{"arr":[1,2,3]}', '{"arr":[4,5,6]}');
+} {{{"arr":[4,5,6]}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-array-2 {
+    select json_patch('{"list":["a","b"]}', '{"list":["c"]}');
+} {{{"list":["c"]}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-empty-1 {
+    select json_patch('{}', '{"a":1}');
+} {{{"a":1}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-empty-2 {
+    select json_patch('{"a":1}', '{}');
+} {{{"a":1}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-deep-nested-1 {
+    select json_patch(
+        '{"level1":{"level2":{"value":100}}}',
+        '{"level1":{"level2":{"newValue":200}}}'
+    );
+} {{{"level1":{"level2":{"value":100,"newValue":200}}}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-mixed-types-1 {
+    select json_patch(
+        '{"str":"hello","num":42,"bool":true}',
+        '{"arr":[1,2,3],"obj":{"x":1}}'
+    );
+} {{{"str":"hello","num":42,"bool":true,"arr":[1,2,3],"obj":{"x":1}}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-add-all-dup-keys-from-patch {
+    select json_patch(
+        '{"x":100,"x":200}',
+        '{"z":{}, "z":5, "z":100}'
+    );
+} {{{"x":100,"x":200,"z":100}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-first-occurance-patch {
+    select json_patch('{"x":100,"x":200}','{"x":{}, "x":5, "x":100}');
+} {{{"x":100,"x":200}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-complex-nested-dup-keys {
+    select json_patch(
+        '{"a":{"x":1,"x":2},"a":{"y":3},"b":[{"z":4,"z":5}]}',
+        '{"a":{"w":6},"b":[{"z":7,"z":8}],"b":{"z":9}}'
+    );
+} {{{"a":{"x":1,"x":2,"w":6},"a":{"y":3},"b":{"z":9}}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-unicode-dup-keys {
+    select json_patch(
+        '{"🔑":1,"🔑":2}',
+        '{"🗝️":3,"🗝️":4}'
+    );
+} {{{"🔑":1,"🔑":2,"🗝️":4}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-empty-string-dup-keys {
+    select json_patch(
+        '{"":1,"":2}',
+        '{"":3,"":4}'
+    );
+} {{{"":4,"":2}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-multiple-types-dup-keys {
+    select json_patch(
+        '{"x":100,"x":"str","x":true,"x":null}',
+        '{"y":1,"y":{},"y":[],"y":false}'
+    );
+} {{{"x":100,"x":"str","x":true,"x":null,"y":false}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-deep-nested-dup-keys {
+    select json_patch(
+        '{"a":{"b":{"c":1}},"a":{"b":{"c":2}},"a":{"b":{"d":3}}}',
+        '{"x":{"y":{"z":4}},"x":{"y":{"z":5}}}'
+    );
+} {{{"a":{"b":{"c":1}},"a":{"b":{"c":2}},"a":{"b":{"d":3}},"x":{"y":{"z":5}}}}}
+do_execsql_test json-patch-abomination {
+    select json_patch(
+        '{"a":{"b":{"x":1,"x":2,"y":{"z":3,"z":{"w":4}}},"b":[{"c":5,"c":6},{"d":{"e":7,"e":null}}],"f":{"g":[1,2,3],"g":{"h":8,"h":[4,5,6]}},"i":{"j":true,"j":{"k":false,"k":{"l":null,"l":"string"}}},"m":{"n":{"o":{"p":9,"p":{"q":10}},"o":{"r":11}}},"m":[{"s":{"t":12}},{"s":{"t":13,"t":{"u":14}}}]},"a":{"v":{"w":{"x":{"y":{"z":15}}}},"v":{"w":{"x":16,"x":{"y":17}}},"aa":[{"bb":{"cc":18,"cc":{"dd":19}}},{"bb":{"cc":{"dd":20},"cc":21}}]}}',
+        '{"a":{"b":{"x":{"new":"value"},"y":null},"b":{"c":{"updated":true},"d":{"e":{"replaced":100}}},"f":{"g":{"h":{"nested":"deep"}}},"i":{"j":{"k":{"l":{"modified":false}}}},"m":{"n":{"o":{"p":{"q":{"extra":"level"}}}},"s":null},"aa":[{"bb":{"cc":{"dd":{"ee":"new"}}}},{"bb":{"cc":{"dd":{"ff":"value"}}}}],"v":{"w":{"x":{"y":{"z":{"final":"update"}}}}}},"newTop":{"level":{"key":{"with":{"deep":{"nesting":true}}},"key":[{"array":{"in":{"deep":{"structure":null}}}}]}}}'
+    );
+} {{{"a":{"b":{"x":{"new":"value"},"x":2,"c":{"updated":true},"d":{"e":{"replaced":100}}},"b":[{"c":5,"c":6},{"d":{"e":7,"e":null}}],"f":{"g":{"h":{"nested":"deep"}},"g":{"h":8,"h":[4,5,6]}},"i":{"j":{"k":{"l":{"modified":false}}},"j":{"k":false,"k":{"l":null,"l":"string"}}},"m":{"n":{"o":{"p":{"q":{"extra":"level"}},"p":{"q":10}},"o":{"r":11}}},"m":[{"s":{"t":12}},{"s":{"t":13,"t":{"u":14}}}],"aa":[{"bb":{"cc":{"dd":{"ee":"new"}}}},{"bb":{"cc":{"dd":{"ff":"value"}}}}],"v":{"w":{"x":{"y":{"z":{"final":"update"}}}}}},"a":{"v":{"w":{"x":{"y":{"z":15}}}},"v":{"w":{"x":16,"x":{"y":17}}},"aa":[{"bb":{"cc":18,"cc":{"dd":19}}},{"bb":{"cc":{"dd":20},"cc":21}}]},"newTop":{"level":{"key":[{"array":{"in":{"deep":{"structure":null}}}}]}}}}}