diff --git a/packages/console/core/migrations/0024_early_black_crow.sql b/packages/console/core/migrations/0024_early_black_crow.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..903c32bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/console/core/migrations/0024_early_black_crow.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ALTER TABLE `user` DROP COLUMN `old_account_id`;--> statement-breakpoint
+ALTER TABLE `user` DROP COLUMN `old_email`;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/console/core/migrations/meta/0024_snapshot.json b/packages/console/core/migrations/meta/0024_snapshot.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f50945d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/console/core/migrations/meta/0024_snapshot.json
@@ -0,0 +1,724 @@
+{
+  "version": "5",
+  "dialect": "mysql",
+  "id": "6d546f3e-17b2-4195-bb10-7e6d91774bd7",
+  "prevId": "6857f409-1b5d-4752-9d65-a82ee70e6ad2",
+  "tables": {
+    "account": {
+      "name": "account",
+      "columns": {
+        "id": {
+          "name": "id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_created": {
+          "name": "time_created",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "(now())"
+        },
+        "time_updated": {
+          "name": "time_updated",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3) ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3)"
+        },
+        "time_deleted": {
+          "name": "time_deleted",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "email": {
+          "name": "email",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        }
+      },
+      "indexes": {
+        "email": {
+          "name": "email",
+          "columns": [
+            "email"
+          ],
+          "isUnique": true
+        }
+      },
+      "foreignKeys": {},
+      "compositePrimaryKeys": {},
+      "uniqueConstraints": {},
+      "checkConstraint": {}
+    },
+    "billing": {
+      "name": "billing",
+      "columns": {
+        "id": {
+          "name": "id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "workspace_id": {
+          "name": "workspace_id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_created": {
+          "name": "time_created",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "(now())"
+        },
+        "time_updated": {
+          "name": "time_updated",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3) ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3)"
+        },
+        "time_deleted": {
+          "name": "time_deleted",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "customer_id": {
+          "name": "customer_id",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "payment_method_id": {
+          "name": "payment_method_id",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "payment_method_last4": {
+          "name": "payment_method_last4",
+          "type": "varchar(4)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "balance": {
+          "name": "balance",
+          "type": "bigint",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "monthly_limit": {
+          "name": "monthly_limit",
+          "type": "int",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "monthly_usage": {
+          "name": "monthly_usage",
+          "type": "bigint",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_monthly_usage_updated": {
+          "name": "time_monthly_usage_updated",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "reload": {
+          "name": "reload",
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "reload_error": {
+          "name": "reload_error",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_reload_error": {
+          "name": "time_reload_error",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_reload_locked_till": {
+          "name": "time_reload_locked_till",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        }
+      },
+      "indexes": {
+        "global_customer_id": {
+          "name": "global_customer_id",
+          "columns": [
+            "customer_id"
+          ],
+          "isUnique": true
+        }
+      },
+      "foreignKeys": {},
+      "compositePrimaryKeys": {
+        "billing_workspace_id_id_pk": {
+          "name": "billing_workspace_id_id_pk",
+          "columns": [
+            "workspace_id",
+            "id"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "uniqueConstraints": {},
+      "checkConstraint": {}
+    },
+    "payment": {
+      "name": "payment",
+      "columns": {
+        "id": {
+          "name": "id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "workspace_id": {
+          "name": "workspace_id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_created": {
+          "name": "time_created",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "(now())"
+        },
+        "time_updated": {
+          "name": "time_updated",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3) ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3)"
+        },
+        "time_deleted": {
+          "name": "time_deleted",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "customer_id": {
+          "name": "customer_id",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "invoice_id": {
+          "name": "invoice_id",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "payment_id": {
+          "name": "payment_id",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "amount": {
+          "name": "amount",
+          "type": "bigint",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_refunded": {
+          "name": "time_refunded",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        }
+      },
+      "indexes": {},
+      "foreignKeys": {},
+      "compositePrimaryKeys": {
+        "payment_workspace_id_id_pk": {
+          "name": "payment_workspace_id_id_pk",
+          "columns": [
+            "workspace_id",
+            "id"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "uniqueConstraints": {},
+      "checkConstraint": {}
+    },
+    "usage": {
+      "name": "usage",
+      "columns": {
+        "id": {
+          "name": "id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "workspace_id": {
+          "name": "workspace_id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_created": {
+          "name": "time_created",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "(now())"
+        },
+        "time_updated": {
+          "name": "time_updated",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3) ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3)"
+        },
+        "time_deleted": {
+          "name": "time_deleted",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "model": {
+          "name": "model",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "provider": {
+          "name": "provider",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "input_tokens": {
+          "name": "input_tokens",
+          "type": "int",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "output_tokens": {
+          "name": "output_tokens",
+          "type": "int",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "reasoning_tokens": {
+          "name": "reasoning_tokens",
+          "type": "int",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "cache_read_tokens": {
+          "name": "cache_read_tokens",
+          "type": "int",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "cache_write_5m_tokens": {
+          "name": "cache_write_5m_tokens",
+          "type": "int",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "cache_write_1h_tokens": {
+          "name": "cache_write_1h_tokens",
+          "type": "int",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "cost": {
+          "name": "cost",
+          "type": "bigint",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        }
+      },
+      "indexes": {},
+      "foreignKeys": {},
+      "compositePrimaryKeys": {
+        "usage_workspace_id_id_pk": {
+          "name": "usage_workspace_id_id_pk",
+          "columns": [
+            "workspace_id",
+            "id"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "uniqueConstraints": {},
+      "checkConstraint": {}
+    },
+    "key": {
+      "name": "key",
+      "columns": {
+        "id": {
+          "name": "id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "workspace_id": {
+          "name": "workspace_id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_created": {
+          "name": "time_created",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "(now())"
+        },
+        "time_updated": {
+          "name": "time_updated",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3) ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3)"
+        },
+        "time_deleted": {
+          "name": "time_deleted",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "actor": {
+          "name": "actor",
+          "type": "json",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "name": "name",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "old_name": {
+          "name": "old_name",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "key": {
+          "name": "key",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_used": {
+          "name": "time_used",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        }
+      },
+      "indexes": {
+        "global_key": {
+          "name": "global_key",
+          "columns": [
+            "key"
+          ],
+          "isUnique": true
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "name": "name",
+          "columns": [
+            "workspace_id",
+            "name"
+          ],
+          "isUnique": true
+        }
+      },
+      "foreignKeys": {},
+      "compositePrimaryKeys": {
+        "key_workspace_id_id_pk": {
+          "name": "key_workspace_id_id_pk",
+          "columns": [
+            "workspace_id",
+            "id"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "uniqueConstraints": {},
+      "checkConstraint": {}
+    },
+    "user": {
+      "name": "user",
+      "columns": {
+        "id": {
+          "name": "id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "workspace_id": {
+          "name": "workspace_id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_created": {
+          "name": "time_created",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "(now())"
+        },
+        "time_updated": {
+          "name": "time_updated",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3) ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3)"
+        },
+        "time_deleted": {
+          "name": "time_deleted",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "account_id": {
+          "name": "account_id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "email": {
+          "name": "email",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "name": "name",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_seen": {
+          "name": "time_seen",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "color": {
+          "name": "color",
+          "type": "int",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "role": {
+          "name": "role",
+          "type": "enum('admin','member')",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        }
+      },
+      "indexes": {
+        "user_account_id": {
+          "name": "user_account_id",
+          "columns": [
+            "workspace_id",
+            "account_id"
+          ],
+          "isUnique": true
+        },
+        "user_email": {
+          "name": "user_email",
+          "columns": [
+            "workspace_id",
+            "email"
+          ],
+          "isUnique": true
+        },
+        "global_account_id": {
+          "name": "global_account_id",
+          "columns": [
+            "account_id"
+          ],
+          "isUnique": false
+        },
+        "global_email": {
+          "name": "global_email",
+          "columns": [
+            "email"
+          ],
+          "isUnique": false
+        }
+      },
+      "foreignKeys": {},
+      "compositePrimaryKeys": {
+        "user_workspace_id_id_pk": {
+          "name": "user_workspace_id_id_pk",
+          "columns": [
+            "workspace_id",
+            "id"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "uniqueConstraints": {},
+      "checkConstraint": {}
+    },
+    "workspace": {
+      "name": "workspace",
+      "columns": {
+        "id": {
+          "name": "id",
+          "type": "varchar(30)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "slug": {
+          "name": "slug",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "name": "name",
+          "type": "varchar(255)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        },
+        "time_created": {
+          "name": "time_created",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "(now())"
+        },
+        "time_updated": {
+          "name": "time_updated",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": true,
+          "autoincrement": false,
+          "default": "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3) ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3)"
+        },
+        "time_deleted": {
+          "name": "time_deleted",
+          "type": "timestamp(3)",
+          "primaryKey": false,
+          "notNull": false,
+          "autoincrement": false
+        }
+      },
+      "indexes": {
+        "slug": {
+          "name": "slug",
+          "columns": [
+            "slug"
+          ],
+          "isUnique": true
+        }
+      },
+      "foreignKeys": {},
+      "compositePrimaryKeys": {
+        "workspace_id": {
+          "name": "workspace_id",
+          "columns": [
+            "id"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "uniqueConstraints": {},
+      "checkConstraint": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "views": {},
+  "_meta": {
+    "schemas": {},
+    "tables": {},
+    "columns": {}
+  },
+  "internal": {
+    "tables": {},
+    "indexes": {}
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/console/core/migrations/meta/_journal.json b/packages/console/core/migrations/meta/_journal.json
index eec9455b..a325f80e 100644
--- a/packages/console/core/migrations/meta/_journal.json
+++ b/packages/console/core/migrations/meta/_journal.json
@@ -169,6 +169,13 @@
       "when": 1759444220653,
       "tag": "0023_optimal_paibok",
       "breakpoints": true
+    },
+    {
+      "idx": 24,
+      "version": "5",
+      "when": 1759522925614,
+      "tag": "0024_early_black_crow",
+      "breakpoints": true
     }
   ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/console/core/src/schema/user.sql.ts b/packages/console/core/src/schema/user.sql.ts
index cce0cb98..121199f7 100644
--- a/packages/console/core/src/schema/user.sql.ts
+++ b/packages/console/core/src/schema/user.sql.ts
@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ export const UserTable = mysqlTable(
     ...workspaceColumns,
     ...timestamps,
     accountID: ulid("account_id"),
-    oldAccountID: ulid("old_account_id"),
     email: varchar("email", { length: 255 }),
-    oldEmail: varchar("old_email", { length: 255 }),
     name: varchar("name", { length: 255 }).notNull(),
     timeSeen: utc("time_seen"),
     color: int("color"),
diff --git a/packages/console/core/src/user.ts b/packages/console/core/src/user.ts
index 590f4427..58f02b8d 100644
--- a/packages/console/core/src/user.ts
+++ b/packages/console/core/src/user.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { AWS } from "./aws"
 import { Account } from "./account"
 import { AccountTable } from "./schema/account.sql"
 import { Key } from "./key"
+import { KeyTable } from "./schema/key.sql"
 
 export namespace User {
   const assertAdmin = async () => {
@@ -70,66 +71,41 @@ export namespace User {
     }),
     async ({ email, role }) => {
       await assertAdmin()
-
       const workspaceID = Actor.workspace()
-      await Database.transaction(async (tx) => {
-        const account = await Account.fromEmail(email)
-        const existing = await tx
-          .select()
-          .from(UserTable)
-          .where(
-            and(
-              eq(UserTable.workspaceID, Actor.workspace()),
-              account ? eq(UserTable.oldAccountID, account.id) : eq(UserTable.oldEmail, email),
-            ),
-          )
-          .then((rows) => rows[0])
 
-        // case: previously invited and removed
-        if (existing) {
-          await tx
-            .update(UserTable)
-            .set({
+      // create user
+      const account = await Account.fromEmail(email)
+      await Database.use((tx) =>
+        tx
+          .insert(UserTable)
+          .values({
+            id: Identifier.create("user"),
+            name: "",
+            ...(account
+              ? {
+                  accountID: account.id,
+                }
+              : {
+                  email,
+                }),
+            workspaceID,
+            role,
+          })
+          .onDuplicateKeyUpdate({
+            set: {
               role,
               timeDeleted: null,
-              ...(account
-                ? {
-                    oldAccountID: null,
-                    accountID: account.id,
-                  }
-                : {
-                    oldEmail: null,
-                    email,
-                  }),
-            })
-            .where(and(eq(UserTable.workspaceID, existing.workspaceID), eq(UserTable.id, existing.id)))
-        }
-        // case: account previously not invited
-        else {
-          await tx
-            .insert(UserTable)
-            .values({
-              id: Identifier.create("user"),
-              name: "",
-              ...(account
-                ? {
-                    accountID: account.id,
-                  }
-                : {
-                    email,
-                  }),
-              workspaceID,
-              role,
-            })
-            .catch((e: any) => {
-              if (e.message.match(/Duplicate entry '.*' for key 'user.user_account_id'/))
-                throw new Error("A user with this email has already been invited.")
-              if (e.message.match(/Duplicate entry '.*' for key 'user.user_email'/))
-                throw new Error("A user with this email has already been invited.")
-              throw e
-            })
-        }
-      })
+            },
+          }),
+      )
+
+      // create api key
+      //if (account) {
+      //  const existing = await Database.use(tx => {
+      //    const key = tx.select().from(KeyTable).where(and(eq(KeyTable.workspaceID, workspaceID), eq(KeyTable, account.id))).then((rows) => rows[0])
+      //    return key
+      //  })
+      //}
 
       // send email, ignore errors
       try {
@@ -208,25 +184,13 @@ export namespace User {
     await assertAdmin()
     assertNotSelf(id)
 
-    return await Database.transaction(async (tx) => {
-      const user = await fromID(id)
-      if (!user) throw new Error("User not found")
-
-      await tx
+    return await Database.use((tx) =>
+      tx
         .update(UserTable)
         .set({
-          ...(user.email
-            ? {
-                oldEmail: user.email,
-                email: null,
-              }
-            : {
-                oldAccountID: user.accountID,
-                accountID: null,
-              }),
           timeDeleted: sql`now()`,
         })
-        .where(and(eq(UserTable.id, id), eq(UserTable.workspaceID, Actor.workspace())))
-    })
+        .where(and(eq(UserTable.id, id), eq(UserTable.workspaceID, Actor.workspace()))),
+    )
   })
 }