Merge branch 'modelcontextprotocol:main' into patch-1

2025-12-20 15:24:25 +01:00 · 2025-03-06 13:24:01 +08:00
parent 1395607583 775f879813
commit f67c3ee6c0
37 changed files with 2066 additions and 155 deletions
--- a/.git-blame-ignore-revs
+++ b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
--- a/.github/workflows/check-lock.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check-lock.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: Check uv.lock
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - "pyproject.toml"
+      - "uv.lock"
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - "pyproject.toml"
+      - "uv.lock"
+
+jobs:
+  check-lock:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install uv
+        run: |
+          curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
+          echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+
+      - name: Check uv.lock is up to date
+        run: uv lock --check
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 .DS_Store
+scratch/

 # Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
 __pycache__/
@@ -162,3 +163,6 @@ cython_debug/
 #  and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file.  For a more nuclear
 #  option (not recommended) you can uncomment the following to ignore the entire idea folder.
 #.idea/
+
+# vscode
+.vscode/
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -13,3 +13,12 @@ repos:
      - id: ruff-format
      - id: ruff
        args: [--fix, --exit-non-zero-on-fix]
+
+  - repo: local
+    hooks:
+      - id: uv-lock-check
+        name: Check uv.lock is up to date
+        entry: uv lock --check
+        language: system
+        files: ^(pyproject\.toml|uv\.lock)$
+        pass_filenames: false
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -128,6 +128,9 @@ The [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io) lets you bui
 The FastMCP server is your core interface to the MCP protocol. It handles connection management, protocol compliance, and message routing:

 ```python
+# Add lifespan support for startup/shutdown with strong typing
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import AsyncIterator
 from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

 # Create a named server
@@ -135,6 +138,31 @@ mcp = FastMCP("My App")

 # Specify dependencies for deployment and development
 mcp = FastMCP("My App", dependencies=["pandas", "numpy"])
+
+@dataclass
+class AppContext:
+    db: Database  # Replace with your actual DB type
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def app_lifespan(server: FastMCP) -> AsyncIterator[AppContext]:
+    """Manage application lifecycle with type-safe context"""
+    try:
+        # Initialize on startup
+        await db.connect()
+        yield AppContext(db=db)
+    finally:
+        # Cleanup on shutdown
+        await db.disconnect()
+
+# Pass lifespan to server
+mcp = FastMCP("My App", lifespan=app_lifespan)
+
+# Access type-safe lifespan context in tools
+@mcp.tool()
+def query_db(ctx: Context) -> str:
+    """Tool that uses initialized resources"""
+    db = ctx.request_context.lifespan_context["db"]
+    return db.query()
 ```

 ### Resources
@@ -334,7 +362,38 @@ def query_data(sql: str) -> str:

 ### Low-Level Server

-For more control, you can use the low-level server implementation directly. This gives you full access to the protocol and allows you to customize every aspect of your server:
+For more control, you can use the low-level server implementation directly. This gives you full access to the protocol and allows you to customize every aspect of your server, including lifecycle management through the lifespan API:
+
+```python
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from typing import AsyncIterator
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def server_lifespan(server: Server) -> AsyncIterator[dict]:
+    """Manage server startup and shutdown lifecycle."""
+    try:
+        # Initialize resources on startup
+        await db.connect()
+        yield {"db": db}
+    finally:
+        # Clean up on shutdown
+        await db.disconnect()
+
+# Pass lifespan to server
+server = Server("example-server", lifespan=server_lifespan)
+
+# Access lifespan context in handlers
+@server.call_tool()
+async def query_db(name: str, arguments: dict) -> list:
+    ctx = server.request_context
+    db = ctx.lifespan_context["db"]
+    return await db.query(arguments["query"])
+```
+
+The lifespan API provides:
+- A way to initialize resources when the server starts and clean them up when it stops
+- Access to initialized resources through the request context in handlers
+- Type-safe context passing between lifespan and request handlers

 ```python
 from mcp.server.lowlevel import Server, NotificationOptions
@@ -417,9 +476,21 @@ server_params = StdioServerParameters(
    env=None # Optional environment variables
 )

+# Optional: create a sampling callback
+async def handle_sampling_message(message: types.CreateMessageRequestParams) -> types.CreateMessageResult:
+    return types.CreateMessageResult(
+        role="assistant",
+        content=types.TextContent(
+            type="text",
+            text="Hello, world! from model",
+        ),
+        model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
+        stopReason="endTurn",
+    )
+
 async def run():
    async with stdio_client(server_params) as (read, write):
-        async with ClientSession(read, write) as session:
+        async with ClientSession(read, write, sampling_callback=handle_sampling_message) as session:
            # Initialize the connection
            await session.initialize()

--- a/examples/clients/simple-chatbot/uv.lock
+++ b/examples/clients/simple-chatbot/uv.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+version = 1
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
+
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+    { name = "h11" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
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+]
--- a/examples/servers/simple-resource/mcp_simple_resource/server.py
+++ b/examples/servers/simple-resource/mcp_simple_resource/server.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import anyio
 import click
 import mcp.types as types
 from mcp.server.lowlevel import Server
-from pydantic import AnyUrl
+from pydantic import FileUrl

 SAMPLE_RESOURCES = {
    "greeting": "Hello! This is a sample text resource.",
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def main(port: int, transport: str) -> int:
    async def list_resources() -> list[types.Resource]:
        return [
            types.Resource(
-                uri=AnyUrl(f"file:///{name}.txt"),
+                uri=FileUrl(f"file:///{name}.txt"),
                name=name,
                description=f"A sample text resource named {name}",
                mimeType="text/plain",
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ def main(port: int, transport: str) -> int:
        ]

    @app.read_resource()
-    async def read_resource(uri: AnyUrl) -> str | bytes:
-        assert uri.path is not None
+    async def read_resource(uri: FileUrl) -> str | bytes:
        name = uri.path.replace(".txt", "").lstrip("/")

        if name not in SAMPLE_RESOURCES:
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "mcp"
-version = "1.3.0.dev0"
+version = "1.4.0.dev0"
 description = "Model Context Protocol SDK"
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.10"
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ dependencies = [
    "anyio>=4.5",
    "httpx>=0.27",
    "httpx-sse>=0.4",
-    "pydantic>=2.10.1,<3.0.0",
+    "pydantic>=2.7.2,<3.0.0",
    "starlette>=0.27",
    "sse-starlette>=1.6.1",
-    "pydantic-settings>=2.6.1",
-    "uvicorn>=0.30",
+    "pydantic-settings>=2.5.2",
+    "uvicorn>=0.23.1",
 ]

 [project.optional-dependencies]
--- a/src/mcp/client/session.py
+++ b/src/mcp/client/session.py
@@ -1,13 +1,51 @@
 from datetime import timedelta
+from typing import Any, Protocol

 from anyio.streams.memory import MemoryObjectReceiveStream, MemoryObjectSendStream
-from pydantic import AnyUrl
+from pydantic import AnyUrl, TypeAdapter

 import mcp.types as types
-from mcp.shared.session import BaseSession
+from mcp.shared.context import RequestContext
+from mcp.shared.session import BaseSession, RequestResponder
 from mcp.shared.version import SUPPORTED_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS


+class SamplingFnT(Protocol):
+    async def __call__(
+        self,
+        context: RequestContext["ClientSession", Any],
+        params: types.CreateMessageRequestParams,
+    ) -> types.CreateMessageResult | types.ErrorData: ...
+
+
+class ListRootsFnT(Protocol):
+    async def __call__(
+        self, context: RequestContext["ClientSession", Any]
+    ) -> types.ListRootsResult | types.ErrorData: ...
+
+
+async def _default_sampling_callback(
+    context: RequestContext["ClientSession", Any],
+    params: types.CreateMessageRequestParams,
+) -> types.CreateMessageResult | types.ErrorData:
+    return types.ErrorData(
+        code=types.INVALID_REQUEST,
+        message="Sampling not supported",
+    )
+
+
+async def _default_list_roots_callback(
+    context: RequestContext["ClientSession", Any],
+) -> types.ListRootsResult | types.ErrorData:
+    return types.ErrorData(
+        code=types.INVALID_REQUEST,
+        message="List roots not supported",
+    )
+
+
+ClientResponse = TypeAdapter(types.ClientResult | types.ErrorData)
+
+
 class ClientSession(
    BaseSession[
        types.ClientRequest,
@@ -22,6 +60,8 @@ class ClientSession(
        read_stream: MemoryObjectReceiveStream[types.JSONRPCMessage | Exception],
        write_stream: MemoryObjectSendStream[types.JSONRPCMessage],
        read_timeout_seconds: timedelta | None = None,
+        sampling_callback: SamplingFnT | None = None,
+        list_roots_callback: ListRootsFnT | None = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(
            read_stream,
@@ -30,8 +70,24 @@ class ClientSession(
            types.ServerNotification,
            read_timeout_seconds=read_timeout_seconds,
        )
+        self._sampling_callback = sampling_callback or _default_sampling_callback
+        self._list_roots_callback = list_roots_callback or _default_list_roots_callback

    async def initialize(self) -> types.InitializeResult:
+        sampling = (
+            types.SamplingCapability() if self._sampling_callback is not None else None
+        )
+        roots = (
+            types.RootsCapability(
+                # TODO: Should this be based on whether we
+                # _will_ send notifications, or only whether
+                # they're supported?
+                listChanged=True,
+            )
+            if self._list_roots_callback is not None
+            else None
+        )
+
        result = await self.send_request(
            types.ClientRequest(
                types.InitializeRequest(
@@ -39,14 +95,9 @@ class ClientSession(
                    params=types.InitializeRequestParams(
                        protocolVersion=types.LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
                        capabilities=types.ClientCapabilities(
-                            sampling=None,
+                            sampling=sampling,
                            experimental=None,
-                            roots=types.RootsCapability(
-                                # TODO: Should this be based on whether we
-                                # _will_ send notifications, or only whether
-                                # they're supported?
-                                listChanged=True
-                            ),
+                            roots=roots,
                        ),
                        clientInfo=types.Implementation(name="mcp", version="0.1.0"),
                    ),
@@ -120,6 +171,17 @@ class ClientSession(
            types.ListResourcesResult,
        )

+    async def list_resource_templates(self) -> types.ListResourceTemplatesResult:
+        """Send a resources/templates/list request."""
+        return await self.send_request(
+            types.ClientRequest(
+                types.ListResourceTemplatesRequest(
+                    method="resources/templates/list",
+                )
+            ),
+            types.ListResourceTemplatesResult,
+        )
+
    async def read_resource(self, uri: AnyUrl) -> types.ReadResourceResult:
        """Send a resources/read request."""
        return await self.send_request(
@@ -232,3 +294,32 @@ class ClientSession(
                )
            )
        )
+
+    async def _received_request(
+        self, responder: RequestResponder[types.ServerRequest, types.ClientResult]
+    ) -> None:
+        ctx = RequestContext[ClientSession, Any](
+            request_id=responder.request_id,
+            meta=responder.request_meta,
+            session=self,
+            lifespan_context=None,
+        )
+
+        match responder.request.root:
+            case types.CreateMessageRequest(params=params):
+                with responder:
+                    response = await self._sampling_callback(ctx, params)
+                    client_response = ClientResponse.validate_python(response)
+                    await responder.respond(client_response)
+
+            case types.ListRootsRequest():
+                with responder:
+                    response = await self._list_roots_callback(ctx)
+                    client_response = ClientResponse.validate_python(response)
+                    await responder.respond(client_response)
+
+            case types.PingRequest():
+                with responder:
+                    return await responder.respond(
+                        types.ClientResult(root=types.EmptyResult())
+                    )
--- a/src/mcp/server/fastmcp/server.py
+++ b/src/mcp/server/fastmcp/server.py
@@ -3,8 +3,13 @@
 import inspect
 import json
 import re
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterable
+from contextlib import (
+    AbstractAsyncContextManager,
+    asynccontextmanager,
+)
 from itertools import chain
-from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable, Generic, Literal, Sequence

 import anyio
 import pydantic_core
@@ -19,12 +24,22 @@ from mcp.server.fastmcp.resources import FunctionResource, Resource, ResourceMan
 from mcp.server.fastmcp.tools import ToolManager
 from mcp.server.fastmcp.utilities.logging import configure_logging, get_logger
 from mcp.server.fastmcp.utilities.types import Image
-from mcp.server.lowlevel import Server as MCPServer
 from mcp.server.lowlevel.helper_types import ReadResourceContents
+from mcp.server.lowlevel.server import (
+    LifespanResultT,
+)
+from mcp.server.lowlevel.server import (
+    Server as MCPServer,
+)
+from mcp.server.lowlevel.server import (
+    lifespan as default_lifespan,
+)
+from mcp.server.session import ServerSession
 from mcp.server.sse import SseServerTransport
 from mcp.server.stdio import stdio_server
 from mcp.shared.context import RequestContext
 from mcp.types import (
+    AnyFunction,
    EmbeddedResource,
    GetPromptResult,
    ImageContent,
@@ -49,7 +64,7 @@ from mcp.types import (
 logger = get_logger(__name__)


-class Settings(BaseSettings):
+class Settings(BaseSettings, Generic[LifespanResultT]):
    """FastMCP server settings.

    All settings can be configured via environment variables with the prefix FASTMCP_.
@@ -84,13 +99,36 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
        description="List of dependencies to install in the server environment",
    )

+    lifespan: (
+        Callable[["FastMCP"], AbstractAsyncContextManager[LifespanResultT]] | None
+    ) = Field(None, description="Lifespan context manager")
+
+
+def lifespan_wrapper(
+    app: "FastMCP",
+    lifespan: Callable[["FastMCP"], AbstractAsyncContextManager[LifespanResultT]],
+) -> Callable[[MCPServer], AbstractAsyncContextManager[object]]:
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def wrap(s: MCPServer) -> AsyncIterator[object]:
+        async with lifespan(app) as context:
+            yield context
+
+    return wrap
+

 class FastMCP:
    def __init__(
        self, name: str | None = None, instructions: str | None = None, **settings: Any
    ):
        self.settings = Settings(**settings)
-        self._mcp_server = MCPServer(name=name or "FastMCP", instructions=instructions)
+
+        self._mcp_server = MCPServer(
+            name=name or "FastMCP",
+            instructions=instructions,
+            lifespan=lifespan_wrapper(self, self.settings.lifespan)
+            if self.settings.lifespan
+            else default_lifespan,
+        )
        self._tool_manager = ToolManager(
            warn_on_duplicate_tools=self.settings.warn_on_duplicate_tools
        )
@@ -165,7 +203,7 @@ class FastMCP:
        return Context(request_context=request_context, fastmcp=self)

    async def call_tool(
-        self, name: str, arguments: dict
+        self, name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]
    ) -> Sequence[TextContent | ImageContent | EmbeddedResource]:
        """Call a tool by name with arguments."""
        context = self.get_context()
@@ -198,7 +236,7 @@ class FastMCP:
            for template in templates
        ]

-    async def read_resource(self, uri: AnyUrl | str) -> ReadResourceContents:
+    async def read_resource(self, uri: AnyUrl | str) -> Iterable[ReadResourceContents]:
        """Read a resource by URI."""

        resource = await self._resource_manager.get_resource(uri)
@@ -207,14 +245,14 @@ class FastMCP:

        try:
            content = await resource.read()
-            return ReadResourceContents(content=content, mime_type=resource.mime_type)
+            return [ReadResourceContents(content=content, mime_type=resource.mime_type)]
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Error reading resource {uri}: {e}")
            raise ResourceError(str(e))

    def add_tool(
        self,
-        fn: Callable,
+        fn: AnyFunction,
        name: str | None = None,
        description: str | None = None,
    ) -> None:
@@ -230,7 +268,9 @@ class FastMCP:
        """
        self._tool_manager.add_tool(fn, name=name, description=description)

-    def tool(self, name: str | None = None, description: str | None = None) -> Callable:
+    def tool(
+        self, name: str | None = None, description: str | None = None
+    ) -> Callable[[AnyFunction], AnyFunction]:
        """Decorator to register a tool.

        Tools can optionally request a Context object by adding a parameter with the
@@ -263,7 +303,7 @@ class FastMCP:
                "Did you forget to call it? Use @tool() instead of @tool"
            )

-        def decorator(fn: Callable) -> Callable:
+        def decorator(fn: AnyFunction) -> AnyFunction:
            self.add_tool(fn, name=name, description=description)
            return fn

@@ -284,7 +324,7 @@ class FastMCP:
        name: str | None = None,
        description: str | None = None,
        mime_type: str | None = None,
-    ) -> Callable:
+    ) -> Callable[[AnyFunction], AnyFunction]:
        """Decorator to register a function as a resource.

        The function will be called when the resource is read to generate its content.
@@ -328,7 +368,7 @@ class FastMCP:
                "Did you forget to call it? Use @resource('uri') instead of @resource"
            )

-        def decorator(fn: Callable) -> Callable:
+        def decorator(fn: AnyFunction) -> AnyFunction:
            # Check if this should be a template
            has_uri_params = "{" in uri and "}" in uri
            has_func_params = bool(inspect.signature(fn).parameters)
@@ -376,7 +416,7 @@ class FastMCP:

    def prompt(
        self, name: str | None = None, description: str | None = None
-    ) -> Callable:
+    ) -> Callable[[AnyFunction], AnyFunction]:
        """Decorator to register a prompt.

        Args:
@@ -417,7 +457,7 @@ class FastMCP:
                "Did you forget to call it? Use @prompt() instead of @prompt"
            )

-        def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+        def decorator(func: AnyFunction) -> AnyFunction:
            prompt = Prompt.from_function(func, name=name, description=description)
            self.add_prompt(prompt)
            return func
@@ -558,7 +598,7 @@ class Context(BaseModel):
    The context is optional - tools that don't need it can omit the parameter.
    """

-    _request_context: RequestContext | None
+    _request_context: RequestContext[ServerSession, Any] | None
    _fastmcp: FastMCP | None

    def __init__(
@@ -602,14 +642,14 @@ class Context(BaseModel):
            else None
        )

-        if not progress_token:
+        if progress_token is None:
            return

        await self.request_context.session.send_progress_notification(
            progress_token=progress_token, progress=progress, total=total
        )

-    async def read_resource(self, uri: str | AnyUrl) -> ReadResourceContents:
+    async def read_resource(self, uri: str | AnyUrl) -> Iterable[ReadResourceContents]:
        """Read a resource by URI.

        Args:
--- a/src/mcp/server/lowlevel/server.py
+++ b/src/mcp/server/lowlevel/server.py
@@ -67,9 +67,11 @@ messages from the client.
 import contextvars
 import logging
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
-from typing import Any, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Iterable
+from contextlib import AbstractAsyncContextManager, AsyncExitStack, asynccontextmanager
+from typing import Any, AsyncIterator, Generic, TypeVar

+import anyio
 from anyio.streams.memory import MemoryObjectReceiveStream, MemoryObjectSendStream
 from pydantic import AnyUrl

@@ -84,7 +86,10 @@ from mcp.shared.session import RequestResponder

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

-request_ctx: contextvars.ContextVar[RequestContext[ServerSession]] = (
+LifespanResultT = TypeVar("LifespanResultT")
+
+# This will be properly typed in each Server instance's context
+request_ctx: contextvars.ContextVar[RequestContext[ServerSession, Any]] = (
    contextvars.ContextVar("request_ctx")
 )

@@ -101,13 +106,33 @@ class NotificationOptions:
        self.tools_changed = tools_changed


-class Server:
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def lifespan(server: "Server") -> AsyncIterator[object]:
+    """Default lifespan context manager that does nothing.
+
+    Args:
+        server: The server instance this lifespan is managing
+
+    Returns:
+        An empty context object
+    """
+    yield {}
+
+
+class Server(Generic[LifespanResultT]):
    def __init__(
-        self, name: str, version: str | None = None, instructions: str | None = None
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        version: str | None = None,
+        instructions: str | None = None,
+        lifespan: Callable[
+            ["Server"], AbstractAsyncContextManager[LifespanResultT]
+        ] = lifespan,
    ):
        self.name = name
        self.version = version
        self.instructions = instructions
+        self.lifespan = lifespan
        self.request_handlers: dict[
            type, Callable[..., Awaitable[types.ServerResult]]
        ] = {
@@ -188,7 +213,7 @@ class Server:
        )

    @property
-    def request_context(self) -> RequestContext[ServerSession]:
+    def request_context(self) -> RequestContext[ServerSession, LifespanResultT]:
        """If called outside of a request context, this will raise a LookupError."""
        return request_ctx.get()

@@ -254,7 +279,9 @@ class Server:

    def read_resource(self):
        def decorator(
-            func: Callable[[AnyUrl], Awaitable[str | bytes | ReadResourceContents]],
+            func: Callable[
+                [AnyUrl], Awaitable[str | bytes | Iterable[ReadResourceContents]]
+            ],
        ):
            logger.debug("Registering handler for ReadResourceRequest")

@@ -282,13 +309,22 @@ class Server:
                    case str() | bytes() as data:
                        warnings.warn(
                            "Returning str or bytes from read_resource is deprecated. "
-                            "Use ReadResourceContents instead.",
+                            "Use Iterable[ReadResourceContents] instead.",
                            DeprecationWarning,
                            stacklevel=2,
                        )
                        content = create_content(data, None)
-                    case ReadResourceContents() as contents:
-                        content = create_content(contents.content, contents.mime_type)
+                    case Iterable() as contents:
+                        contents_list = [
+                            create_content(content_item.content, content_item.mime_type)
+                            for content_item in contents
+                            if isinstance(content_item, ReadResourceContents)
+                        ]
+                        return types.ServerResult(
+                            types.ReadResourceResult(
+                                contents=contents_list,
+                            )
+                        )
                    case _:
                        raise ValueError(
                            f"Unexpected return type from read_resource: {type(result)}"
@@ -362,7 +398,7 @@ class Server:
            func: Callable[
                ...,
                Awaitable[
-                    Sequence[
+                    Iterable[
                        types.TextContent | types.ImageContent | types.EmbeddedResource
                    ]
                ],
@@ -445,31 +481,54 @@ class Server:
        # in-process servers.
        raise_exceptions: bool = False,
    ):
-        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
-            async with ServerSession(
-                read_stream, write_stream, initialization_options
-            ) as session:
+        async with AsyncExitStack() as stack:
+            lifespan_context = await stack.enter_async_context(self.lifespan(self))
+            session = await stack.enter_async_context(
+                ServerSession(read_stream, write_stream, initialization_options)
+            )
+
+            async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
                async for message in session.incoming_messages:
                    logger.debug(f"Received message: {message}")

-                    match message:
-                        case RequestResponder(request=types.ClientRequest(root=req)):
-                            await self._handle_request(
-                                message, req, session, raise_exceptions
-                            )
-                        case types.ClientNotification(root=notify):
-                            await self._handle_notification(notify)
+                    tg.start_soon(
+                        self._handle_message,
+                        message,
+                        session,
+                        lifespan_context,
+                        raise_exceptions,
+                    )

-                    for warning in w:
-                        logger.info(
-                            f"Warning: {warning.category.__name__}: {warning.message}"
+    async def _handle_message(
+        self,
+        message: RequestResponder[types.ClientRequest, types.ServerResult]
+        | types.ClientNotification
+        | Exception,
+        session: ServerSession,
+        lifespan_context: LifespanResultT,
+        raise_exceptions: bool = False,
+    ):
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            match message:
+                case (
+                    RequestResponder(request=types.ClientRequest(root=req)) as responder
+                ):
+                    with responder:
+                        await self._handle_request(
+                            message, req, session, lifespan_context, raise_exceptions
                        )
+                case types.ClientNotification(root=notify):
+                    await self._handle_notification(notify)
+
+            for warning in w:
+                logger.info(f"Warning: {warning.category.__name__}: {warning.message}")

    async def _handle_request(
        self,
        message: RequestResponder,
        req: Any,
        session: ServerSession,
+        lifespan_context: LifespanResultT,
        raise_exceptions: bool,
    ):
        logger.info(f"Processing request of type {type(req).__name__}")
@@ -486,6 +545,7 @@ class Server:
                        message.request_id,
                        message.request_meta,
                        session,
+                        lifespan_context,
                    )
                )
                response = await handler(req)
--- a/src/mcp/server/session.py
+++ b/src/mcp/server/session.py
@@ -126,19 +126,20 @@ class ServerSession(
            case types.InitializeRequest(params=params):
                self._initialization_state = InitializationState.Initializing
                self._client_params = params
-                await responder.respond(
-                    types.ServerResult(
-                        types.InitializeResult(
-                            protocolVersion=types.LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
-                            capabilities=self._init_options.capabilities,
-                            serverInfo=types.Implementation(
-                                name=self._init_options.server_name,
-                                version=self._init_options.server_version,
-                            ),
-                            instructions=self._init_options.instructions,
+                with responder:
+                    await responder.respond(
+                        types.ServerResult(
+                            types.InitializeResult(
+                                protocolVersion=types.LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+                                capabilities=self._init_options.capabilities,
+                                serverInfo=types.Implementation(
+                                    name=self._init_options.server_name,
+                                    version=self._init_options.server_version,
+                                ),
+                                instructions=self._init_options.instructions,
+                            )
                        )
                    )
-                )
            case _:
                if self._initialization_state != InitializationState.Initialized:
                    raise RuntimeError(
--- a/src/mcp/server/stdio.py
+++ b/src/mcp/server/stdio.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ Example usage:

 import sys
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from io import TextIOWrapper

 import anyio
 import anyio.lowlevel
@@ -38,11 +39,13 @@ async def stdio_server(
    from the current process' stdin and writing to stdout.
    """
    # Purposely not using context managers for these, as we don't want to close
-    # standard process handles.
+    # standard process handles. Encoding of stdin/stdout as text streams on
+    # python is platform-dependent (Windows is particularly problematic), so we
+    # re-wrap the underlying binary stream to ensure UTF-8.
    if not stdin:
-        stdin = anyio.wrap_file(sys.stdin)
+        stdin = anyio.wrap_file(TextIOWrapper(sys.stdin.buffer, encoding="utf-8"))
    if not stdout:
-        stdout = anyio.wrap_file(sys.stdout)
+        stdout = anyio.wrap_file(TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer, encoding="utf-8"))

    read_stream: MemoryObjectReceiveStream[types.JSONRPCMessage | Exception]
    read_stream_writer: MemoryObjectSendStream[types.JSONRPCMessage | Exception]
--- a/src/mcp/shared/context.py
+++ b/src/mcp/shared/context.py
@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@ from mcp.shared.session import BaseSession
 from mcp.types import RequestId, RequestParams

 SessionT = TypeVar("SessionT", bound=BaseSession)
+LifespanContextT = TypeVar("LifespanContextT")


@dataclass
-class RequestContext(Generic[SessionT]):
+class RequestContext(Generic[SessionT, LifespanContextT]):
    request_id: RequestId
    meta: RequestParams.Meta | None
    session: SessionT
+    lifespan_context: LifespanContextT
--- a/src/mcp/shared/memory.py
+++ b/src/mcp/shared/memory.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from typing import AsyncGenerator
 import anyio
 from anyio.streams.memory import MemoryObjectReceiveStream, MemoryObjectSendStream

-from mcp.client.session import ClientSession
+from mcp.client.session import ClientSession, ListRootsFnT, SamplingFnT
 from mcp.server import Server
 from mcp.types import JSONRPCMessage

@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ async def create_client_server_memory_streams() -> (
 async def create_connected_server_and_client_session(
    server: Server,
    read_timeout_seconds: timedelta | None = None,
+    sampling_callback: SamplingFnT | None = None,
+    list_roots_callback: ListRootsFnT | None = None,
    raise_exceptions: bool = False,
 ) -> AsyncGenerator[ClientSession, None]:
    """Creates a ClientSession that is connected to a running MCP server."""
@@ -80,6 +82,8 @@ async def create_connected_server_and_client_session(
                    read_stream=client_read,
                    write_stream=client_write,
                    read_timeout_seconds=read_timeout_seconds,
+                    sampling_callback=sampling_callback,
+                    list_roots_callback=list_roots_callback,
                ) as client_session:
                    await client_session.initialize()
                    yield client_session
--- a/src/mcp/shared/session.py
+++ b/src/mcp/shared/session.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+import logging
 from contextlib import AbstractAsyncContextManager
 from datetime import timedelta
-from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+from typing import Any, Callable, Generic, TypeVar

 import anyio
 import anyio.lowlevel
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel

 from mcp.shared.exceptions import McpError
 from mcp.types import (
+    CancelledNotification,
    ClientNotification,
    ClientRequest,
    ClientResult,
@@ -38,27 +40,98 @@ RequestId = str | int


 class RequestResponder(Generic[ReceiveRequestT, SendResultT]):
+    """Handles responding to MCP requests and manages request lifecycle.
+
+    This class MUST be used as a context manager to ensure proper cleanup and
+    cancellation handling:
+
+    Example:
+        with request_responder as resp:
+            await resp.respond(result)
+
+    The context manager ensures:
+    1. Proper cancellation scope setup and cleanup
+    2. Request completion tracking
+    3. Cleanup of in-flight requests
+    """
+
    def __init__(
        self,
        request_id: RequestId,
        request_meta: RequestParams.Meta | None,
        request: ReceiveRequestT,
        session: "BaseSession",
+        on_complete: Callable[["RequestResponder[ReceiveRequestT, SendResultT]"], Any],
    ) -> None:
        self.request_id = request_id
        self.request_meta = request_meta
        self.request = request
        self._session = session
-        self._responded = False
+        self._completed = False
+        self._cancel_scope = anyio.CancelScope()
+        self._on_complete = on_complete
+        self._entered = False  # Track if we're in a context manager
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "RequestResponder[ReceiveRequestT, SendResultT]":
+        """Enter the context manager, enabling request cancellation tracking."""
+        self._entered = True
+        self._cancel_scope = anyio.CancelScope()
+        self._cancel_scope.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb) -> None:
+        """Exit the context manager, performing cleanup and notifying completion."""
+        try:
+            if self._completed:
+                self._on_complete(self)
+        finally:
+            self._entered = False
+            if not self._cancel_scope:
+                raise RuntimeError("No active cancel scope")
+            self._cancel_scope.__exit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)

    async def respond(self, response: SendResultT | ErrorData) -> None:
-        assert not self._responded, "Request already responded to"
-        self._responded = True
+        """Send a response for this request.

+        Must be called within a context manager block.
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: If not used within a context manager
+            AssertionError: If request was already responded to
+        """
+        if not self._entered:
+            raise RuntimeError("RequestResponder must be used as a context manager")
+        assert not self._completed, "Request already responded to"
+
+        if not self.cancelled:
+            self._completed = True
+
+            await self._session._send_response(
+                request_id=self.request_id, response=response
+            )
+
+    async def cancel(self) -> None:
+        """Cancel this request and mark it as completed."""
+        if not self._entered:
+            raise RuntimeError("RequestResponder must be used as a context manager")
+        if not self._cancel_scope:
+            raise RuntimeError("No active cancel scope")
+
+        self._cancel_scope.cancel()
+        self._completed = True  # Mark as completed so it's removed from in_flight
+        # Send an error response to indicate cancellation
        await self._session._send_response(
-            request_id=self.request_id, response=response
+            request_id=self.request_id,
+            response=ErrorData(code=0, message="Request cancelled", data=None),
        )

+    @property
+    def in_flight(self) -> bool:
+        return not self._completed and not self.cancelled
+
+    @property
+    def cancelled(self) -> bool:
+        return self._cancel_scope is not None and self._cancel_scope.cancel_called
+

 class BaseSession(
    AbstractAsyncContextManager,
@@ -82,6 +155,7 @@ class BaseSession(
        RequestId, MemoryObjectSendStream[JSONRPCResponse | JSONRPCError]
    ]
    _request_id: int
+    _in_flight: dict[RequestId, RequestResponder[ReceiveRequestT, SendResultT]]

    def __init__(
        self,
@@ -99,6 +173,7 @@ class BaseSession(
        self._receive_request_type = receive_request_type
        self._receive_notification_type = receive_notification_type
        self._read_timeout_seconds = read_timeout_seconds
+        self._in_flight = {}

        self._incoming_message_stream_writer, self._incoming_message_stream_reader = (
            anyio.create_memory_object_stream[
@@ -219,6 +294,7 @@ class BaseSession(
                            by_alias=True, mode="json", exclude_none=True
                        )
                    )
+
                    responder = RequestResponder(
                        request_id=message.root.id,
                        request_meta=validated_request.root.params.meta
@@ -226,20 +302,37 @@ class BaseSession(
                        else None,
                        request=validated_request,
                        session=self,
+                        on_complete=lambda r: self._in_flight.pop(r.request_id, None),
                    )

+                    self._in_flight[responder.request_id] = responder
                    await self._received_request(responder)
-                    if not responder._responded:
+                    if not responder._completed:
                        await self._incoming_message_stream_writer.send(responder)
-                elif isinstance(message.root, JSONRPCNotification):
-                    notification = self._receive_notification_type.model_validate(
-                        message.root.model_dump(
-                            by_alias=True, mode="json", exclude_none=True
-                        )
-                    )

-                    await self._received_notification(notification)
-                    await self._incoming_message_stream_writer.send(notification)
+                elif isinstance(message.root, JSONRPCNotification):
+                    try:
+                        notification = self._receive_notification_type.model_validate(
+                            message.root.model_dump(
+                                by_alias=True, mode="json", exclude_none=True
+                            )
+                        )
+                        # Handle cancellation notifications
+                        if isinstance(notification.root, CancelledNotification):
+                            cancelled_id = notification.root.params.requestId
+                            if cancelled_id in self._in_flight:
+                                await self._in_flight[cancelled_id].cancel()
+                        else:
+                            await self._received_notification(notification)
+                            await self._incoming_message_stream_writer.send(
+                                notification
+                            )
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        # For other validation errors, log and continue
+                        logging.warning(
+                            f"Failed to validate notification: {e}. "
+                            f"Message was: {message.root}"
+                        )
                else:  # Response or error
                    stream = self._response_streams.pop(message.root.id, None)
                    if stream:
--- a/src/mcp/types.py
+++ b/src/mcp/types.py
@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
-from typing import Annotated, Any, Generic, Literal, TypeVar
+from typing import (
+    Annotated,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Generic,
+    Literal,
+    TypeAlias,
+    TypeVar,
+)

 from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, FileUrl, RootModel
-from pydantic.networks import AnyUrl
+from pydantic.networks import AnyUrl, UrlConstraints

 """
 Model Context Protocol bindings for Python
@@ -27,6 +35,7 @@ ProgressToken = str | int
 Cursor = str
 Role = Literal["user", "assistant"]
 RequestId = str | int
+AnyFunction: TypeAlias = Callable[..., Any]


 class RequestParams(BaseModel):
@@ -352,7 +361,7 @@ class Annotations(BaseModel):
 class Resource(BaseModel):
    """A known resource that the server is capable of reading."""

-    uri: AnyUrl
+    uri: Annotated[AnyUrl, UrlConstraints(host_required=False)]
    """The URI of this resource."""
    name: str
    """A human-readable name for this resource."""
@@ -414,7 +423,7 @@ class ListResourceTemplatesResult(PaginatedResult):
 class ReadResourceRequestParams(RequestParams):
    """Parameters for reading a resource."""

-    uri: AnyUrl
+    uri: Annotated[AnyUrl, UrlConstraints(host_required=False)]
    """
    The URI of the resource to read. The URI can use any protocol; it is up to the
    server how to interpret it.
@@ -432,7 +441,7 @@ class ReadResourceRequest(Request):
 class ResourceContents(BaseModel):
    """The contents of a specific resource or sub-resource."""

-    uri: AnyUrl
+    uri: Annotated[AnyUrl, UrlConstraints(host_required=False)]
    """The URI of this resource."""
    mimeType: str | None = None
    """The MIME type of this resource, if known."""
@@ -475,7 +484,7 @@ class ResourceListChangedNotification(Notification):
 class SubscribeRequestParams(RequestParams):
    """Parameters for subscribing to a resource."""

-    uri: AnyUrl
+    uri: Annotated[AnyUrl, UrlConstraints(host_required=False)]
    """
    The URI of the resource to subscribe to. The URI can use any protocol; it is up to
    the server how to interpret it.
@@ -496,7 +505,7 @@ class SubscribeRequest(Request):
 class UnsubscribeRequestParams(RequestParams):
    """Parameters for unsubscribing from a resource."""

-    uri: AnyUrl
+    uri: Annotated[AnyUrl, UrlConstraints(host_required=False)]
    """The URI of the resource to unsubscribe from."""
    model_config = ConfigDict(extra="allow")

@@ -514,7 +523,7 @@ class UnsubscribeRequest(Request):
 class ResourceUpdatedNotificationParams(NotificationParams):
    """Parameters for resource update notifications."""

-    uri: AnyUrl
+    uri: Annotated[AnyUrl, UrlConstraints(host_required=False)]
    """
    The URI of the resource that has been updated. This might be a sub-resource of the
    one that the client actually subscribed to.
--- a/tests/client/test_list_roots_callback.py
+++ b/tests/client/test_list_roots_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import pytest
+from pydantic import FileUrl
+
+from mcp.client.session import ClientSession
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.server import Context
+from mcp.shared.context import RequestContext
+from mcp.shared.memory import (
+    create_connected_server_and_client_session as create_session,
+)
+from mcp.types import (
+    ListRootsResult,
+    Root,
+    TextContent,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_list_roots_callback():
+    from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
+
+    server = FastMCP("test")
+
+    callback_return = ListRootsResult(
+        roots=[
+            Root(
+                uri=FileUrl("file://users/fake/test"),
+                name="Test Root 1",
+            ),
+            Root(
+                uri=FileUrl("file://users/fake/test/2"),
+                name="Test Root 2",
+            ),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    async def list_roots_callback(
+        context: RequestContext[ClientSession, None],
+    ) -> ListRootsResult:
+        return callback_return
+
+    @server.tool("test_list_roots")
+    async def test_list_roots(context: Context, message: str):
+        roots = await context.session.list_roots()
+        assert roots == callback_return
+        return True
+
+    # Test with list_roots callback
+    async with create_session(
+        server._mcp_server, list_roots_callback=list_roots_callback
+    ) as client_session:
+        # Make a request to trigger sampling callback
+        result = await client_session.call_tool(
+            "test_list_roots", {"message": "test message"}
+        )
+        assert result.isError is False
+        assert isinstance(result.content[0], TextContent)
+        assert result.content[0].text == "true"
+
+    # Test without list_roots callback
+    async with create_session(server._mcp_server) as client_session:
+        # Make a request to trigger sampling callback
+        result = await client_session.call_tool(
+            "test_list_roots", {"message": "test message"}
+        )
+        assert result.isError is True
+        assert isinstance(result.content[0], TextContent)
+        assert (
+            result.content[0].text
+            == "Error executing tool test_list_roots: List roots not supported"
+        )
--- a/tests/client/test_sampling_callback.py
+++ b/tests/client/test_sampling_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import pytest
+
+from mcp.client.session import ClientSession
+from mcp.shared.context import RequestContext
+from mcp.shared.memory import (
+    create_connected_server_and_client_session as create_session,
+)
+from mcp.types import (
+    CreateMessageRequestParams,
+    CreateMessageResult,
+    SamplingMessage,
+    TextContent,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_sampling_callback():
+    from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
+
+    server = FastMCP("test")
+
+    callback_return = CreateMessageResult(
+        role="assistant",
+        content=TextContent(
+            type="text", text="This is a response from the sampling callback"
+        ),
+        model="test-model",
+        stopReason="endTurn",
+    )
+
+    async def sampling_callback(
+        context: RequestContext[ClientSession, None],
+        params: CreateMessageRequestParams,
+    ) -> CreateMessageResult:
+        return callback_return
+
+    @server.tool("test_sampling")
+    async def test_sampling_tool(message: str):
+        value = await server.get_context().session.create_message(
+            messages=[
+                SamplingMessage(
+                    role="user", content=TextContent(type="text", text=message)
+                )
+            ],
+            max_tokens=100,
+        )
+        assert value == callback_return
+        return True
+
+    # Test with sampling callback
+    async with create_session(
+        server._mcp_server, sampling_callback=sampling_callback
+    ) as client_session:
+        # Make a request to trigger sampling callback
+        result = await client_session.call_tool(
+            "test_sampling", {"message": "Test message for sampling"}
+        )
+        assert result.isError is False
+        assert isinstance(result.content[0], TextContent)
+        assert result.content[0].text == "true"
+
+    # Test without sampling callback
+    async with create_session(server._mcp_server) as client_session:
+        # Make a request to trigger sampling callback
+        result = await client_session.call_tool(
+            "test_sampling", {"message": "Test message for sampling"}
+        )
+        assert result.isError is True
+        assert isinstance(result.content[0], TextContent)
+        assert (
+            result.content[0].text
+            == "Error executing tool test_sampling: Sampling not supported"
+        )
--- a/tests/client/test_stdio.py
+++ b/tests/client/test_stdio.py
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
+import shutil
+
 import pytest

 from mcp.client.stdio import StdioServerParameters, stdio_client
 from mcp.types import JSONRPCMessage, JSONRPCRequest, JSONRPCResponse

+tee: str = shutil.which("tee")  # type: ignore
+

@pytest.mark.anyio
+@pytest.mark.skipif(tee is None, reason="could not find tee command")
 async def test_stdio_client():
-    server_parameters = StdioServerParameters(command="/usr/bin/tee")
+    server_parameters = StdioServerParameters(command=tee)

    async with stdio_client(server_parameters) as (read_stream, write_stream):
        # Test sending and receiving messages
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -1,32 +1,4 @@
 import pytest
-from pydantic import AnyUrl
-
-from mcp.server.lowlevel import Server
-from mcp.server.models import InitializationOptions
-from mcp.types import Resource, ServerCapabilities
-
-TEST_INITIALIZATION_OPTIONS = InitializationOptions(
-    server_name="my_mcp_server",
-    server_version="0.1.0",
-    capabilities=ServerCapabilities(),
-)
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def mcp_server() -> Server:
-    server = Server(name="test_server")
-
-    @server.list_resources()
-    async def handle_list_resources():
-        return [
-            Resource(
-                uri=AnyUrl("memory://test"),
-                name="Test Resource",
-                description="A test resource",
-            )
-        ]
-
-    return server


@pytest.fixture
--- a/tests/issues/test_141_resource_templates.py
+++ b/tests/issues/test_141_resource_templates.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+import pytest
+from pydantic import AnyUrl
+
+from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
+from mcp.shared.memory import (
+    create_connected_server_and_client_session as client_session,
+)
+from mcp.types import (
+    ListResourceTemplatesResult,
+    TextResourceContents,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_resource_template_edge_cases():
+    """Test server-side resource template validation"""
+    mcp = FastMCP("Demo")
+
+    # Test case 1: Template with multiple parameters
+    @mcp.resource("resource://users/{user_id}/posts/{post_id}")
+    def get_user_post(user_id: str, post_id: str) -> str:
+        return f"Post {post_id} by user {user_id}"
+
+    # Test case 2: Template with optional parameter (should fail)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Mismatch between URI parameters"):
+
+        @mcp.resource("resource://users/{user_id}/profile")
+        def get_user_profile(user_id: str, optional_param: str | None = None) -> str:
+            return f"Profile for user {user_id}"
+
+    # Test case 3: Template with mismatched parameters
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Mismatch between URI parameters"):
+
+        @mcp.resource("resource://users/{user_id}/profile")
+        def get_user_profile_mismatch(different_param: str) -> str:
+            return f"Profile for user {different_param}"
+
+    # Test case 4: Template with extra function parameters
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Mismatch between URI parameters"):
+
+        @mcp.resource("resource://users/{user_id}/profile")
+        def get_user_profile_extra(user_id: str, extra_param: str) -> str:
+            return f"Profile for user {user_id}"
+
+    # Test case 5: Template with missing function parameters
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Mismatch between URI parameters"):
+
+        @mcp.resource("resource://users/{user_id}/profile/{section}")
+        def get_user_profile_missing(user_id: str) -> str:
+            return f"Profile for user {user_id}"
+
+    # Verify valid template works
+    result = await mcp.read_resource("resource://users/123/posts/456")
+    result_list = list(result)
+    assert len(result_list) == 1
+    assert result_list[0].content == "Post 456 by user 123"
+    assert result_list[0].mime_type == "text/plain"
+
+    # Verify invalid parameters raise error
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown resource"):
+        await mcp.read_resource("resource://users/123/posts")  # Missing post_id
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown resource"):
+        await mcp.read_resource(
+            "resource://users/123/posts/456/extra"
+        )  # Extra path component
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_resource_template_client_interaction():
+    """Test client-side resource template interaction"""
+    mcp = FastMCP("Demo")
+
+    # Register some templated resources
+    @mcp.resource("resource://users/{user_id}/posts/{post_id}")
+    def get_user_post(user_id: str, post_id: str) -> str:
+        return f"Post {post_id} by user {user_id}"
+
+    @mcp.resource("resource://users/{user_id}/profile")
+    def get_user_profile(user_id: str) -> str:
+        return f"Profile for user {user_id}"
+
+    async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as session:
+        # Initialize the session
+        await session.initialize()
+
+        # List available resources
+        resources = await session.list_resource_templates()
+        assert isinstance(resources, ListResourceTemplatesResult)
+        assert len(resources.resourceTemplates) == 2
+
+        # Verify resource templates are listed correctly
+        templates = [r.uriTemplate for r in resources.resourceTemplates]
+        assert "resource://users/{user_id}/posts/{post_id}" in templates
+        assert "resource://users/{user_id}/profile" in templates
+
+        # Read a resource with valid parameters
+        result = await session.read_resource(AnyUrl("resource://users/123/posts/456"))
+        contents = result.contents[0]
+        assert isinstance(contents, TextResourceContents)
+        assert contents.text == "Post 456 by user 123"
+        assert contents.mimeType == "text/plain"
+
+        # Read another resource with valid parameters
+        result = await session.read_resource(AnyUrl("resource://users/789/profile"))
+        contents = result.contents[0]
+        assert isinstance(contents, TextResourceContents)
+        assert contents.text == "Profile for user 789"
+        assert contents.mimeType == "text/plain"
+
+        # Verify invalid resource URIs raise appropriate errors
+        with pytest.raises(Exception):  # Specific exception type may vary
+            await session.read_resource(
+                AnyUrl("resource://users/123/posts")
+            )  # Missing post_id
+
+        with pytest.raises(Exception):  # Specific exception type may vary
+            await session.read_resource(
+                AnyUrl("resource://users/123/invalid")
+            )  # Invalid template
--- a/tests/issues/test_152_resource_mime_type.py
+++ b/tests/issues/test_152_resource_mime_type.py
@@ -99,11 +99,11 @@ async def test_lowlevel_resource_mime_type():
    @server.read_resource()
    async def handle_read_resource(uri: AnyUrl):
        if str(uri) == "test://image":
-            return ReadResourceContents(content=base64_string, mime_type="image/png")
+            return [ReadResourceContents(content=base64_string, mime_type="image/png")]
        elif str(uri) == "test://image_bytes":
-            return ReadResourceContents(
-                content=bytes(image_bytes), mime_type="image/png"
-            )
+            return [
+                ReadResourceContents(content=bytes(image_bytes), mime_type="image/png")
+            ]
        raise Exception(f"Resource not found: {uri}")

    # Test that resources are listed with correct mime type
--- a/tests/issues/test_176_progress_token.py
+++ b/tests/issues/test_176_progress_token.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock
+
+import pytest
+
+from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context
+from mcp.shared.context import RequestContext
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.anyio
+
+
+async def test_progress_token_zero_first_call():
+    """Test that progress notifications work when progress_token is 0 on first call."""
+
+    # Create mock session with progress notification tracking
+    mock_session = AsyncMock()
+    mock_session.send_progress_notification = AsyncMock()
+
+    # Create request context with progress token 0
+    mock_meta = MagicMock()
+    mock_meta.progressToken = 0  # This is the key test case - token is 0
+
+    request_context = RequestContext(
+        request_id="test-request",
+        session=mock_session,
+        meta=mock_meta,
+        lifespan_context=None,
+    )
+
+    # Create context with our mocks
+    ctx = Context(request_context=request_context, fastmcp=MagicMock())
+
+    # Test progress reporting
+    await ctx.report_progress(0, 10)  # First call with 0
+    await ctx.report_progress(5, 10)  # Middle progress
+    await ctx.report_progress(10, 10)  # Complete
+
+    # Verify progress notifications
+    assert (
+        mock_session.send_progress_notification.call_count == 3
+    ), "All progress notifications should be sent"
+    mock_session.send_progress_notification.assert_any_call(
+        progress_token=0, progress=0.0, total=10.0
+    )
+    mock_session.send_progress_notification.assert_any_call(
+        progress_token=0, progress=5.0, total=10.0
+    )
+    mock_session.send_progress_notification.assert_any_call(
+        progress_token=0, progress=10.0, total=10.0
+    )
--- a/tests/issues/test_188_concurrency.py
+++ b/tests/issues/test_188_concurrency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import anyio
+import pytest
+from pydantic import AnyUrl
+
+from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
+from mcp.shared.memory import (
+    create_connected_server_and_client_session as create_session,
+)
+
+_sleep_time_seconds = 0.01
+_resource_name = "slow://slow_resource"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_messages_are_executed_concurrently():
+    server = FastMCP("test")
+
+    @server.tool("sleep")
+    async def sleep_tool():
+        await anyio.sleep(_sleep_time_seconds)
+        return "done"
+
+    @server.resource(_resource_name)
+    async def slow_resource():
+        await anyio.sleep(_sleep_time_seconds)
+        return "slow"
+
+    async with create_session(server._mcp_server) as client_session:
+        start_time = anyio.current_time()
+        async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+            for _ in range(10):
+                tg.start_soon(client_session.call_tool, "sleep")
+                tg.start_soon(client_session.read_resource, AnyUrl(_resource_name))
+
+        end_time = anyio.current_time()
+
+        duration = end_time - start_time
+        assert duration < 3 * _sleep_time_seconds
+        print(duration)
+
+
+def main():
+    anyio.run(test_messages_are_executed_concurrently)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import logging
+
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+    main()
--- a/tests/issues/test_192_request_id.py
+++ b/tests/issues/test_192_request_id.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import anyio
+import pytest
+
+from mcp.server.lowlevel import NotificationOptions, Server
+from mcp.server.models import InitializationOptions
+from mcp.types import (
+    LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+    ClientCapabilities,
+    Implementation,
+    InitializeRequestParams,
+    JSONRPCMessage,
+    JSONRPCNotification,
+    JSONRPCRequest,
+    NotificationParams,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_request_id_match() -> None:
+    """Test that the server preserves request IDs in responses."""
+    server = Server("test")
+    custom_request_id = "test-123"
+
+    # Create memory streams for communication
+    client_writer, client_reader = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(1)
+    server_writer, server_reader = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(1)
+
+    # Server task to process the request
+    async def run_server():
+        async with client_reader, server_writer:
+            await server.run(
+                client_reader,
+                server_writer,
+                InitializationOptions(
+                    server_name="test",
+                    server_version="1.0.0",
+                    capabilities=server.get_capabilities(
+                        notification_options=NotificationOptions(),
+                        experimental_capabilities={},
+                    ),
+                ),
+                raise_exceptions=True,
+            )
+
+    # Start server task
+    async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+        tg.start_soon(run_server)
+
+        # Send initialize request
+        init_req = JSONRPCRequest(
+            id="init-1",
+            method="initialize",
+            params=InitializeRequestParams(
+                protocolVersion=LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+                capabilities=ClientCapabilities(),
+                clientInfo=Implementation(name="test-client", version="1.0.0"),
+            ).model_dump(by_alias=True, exclude_none=True),
+            jsonrpc="2.0",
+        )
+
+        await client_writer.send(JSONRPCMessage(root=init_req))
+        await server_reader.receive()  # Get init response but don't need to check it
+
+        # Send initialized notification
+        initialized_notification = JSONRPCNotification(
+            method="notifications/initialized",
+            params=NotificationParams().model_dump(by_alias=True, exclude_none=True),
+            jsonrpc="2.0",
+        )
+        await client_writer.send(JSONRPCMessage(root=initialized_notification))
+
+        # Send ping request with custom ID
+        ping_request = JSONRPCRequest(
+            id=custom_request_id, method="ping", params={}, jsonrpc="2.0"
+        )
+
+        await client_writer.send(JSONRPCMessage(root=ping_request))
+
+        # Read response
+        response = await server_reader.receive()
+
+        # Verify response ID matches request ID
+        assert (
+            response.root.id == custom_request_id
+        ), "Response ID should match request ID"
+
+        # Cancel server task
+        tg.cancel_scope.cancel()
--- a/tests/issues/test_88_random_error.py
+++ b/tests/issues/test_88_random_error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+"""Test to reproduce issue #88: Random error thrown on response."""
+
+from datetime import timedelta
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Sequence
+
+import anyio
+import pytest
+
+from mcp.client.session import ClientSession
+from mcp.server.lowlevel import Server
+from mcp.shared.exceptions import McpError
+from mcp.types import (
+    EmbeddedResource,
+    ImageContent,
+    TextContent,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_notification_validation_error(tmp_path: Path):
+    """Test that timeouts are handled gracefully and don't break the server.
+
+    This test verifies that when a client request times out:
+    1. The server task stays alive
+    2. The server can still handle new requests
+    3. The client can make new requests
+    4. No resources are leaked
+    """
+
+    server = Server(name="test")
+    request_count = 0
+    slow_request_started = anyio.Event()
+    slow_request_complete = anyio.Event()
+
+    @server.call_tool()
+    async def slow_tool(
+        name: str, arg
+    ) -> Sequence[TextContent | ImageContent | EmbeddedResource]:
+        nonlocal request_count
+        request_count += 1
+
+        if name == "slow":
+            # Signal that slow request has started
+            slow_request_started.set()
+            # Long enough to ensure timeout
+            await anyio.sleep(0.2)
+            # Signal completion
+            slow_request_complete.set()
+            return [TextContent(type="text", text=f"slow {request_count}")]
+        elif name == "fast":
+            # Fast enough to complete before timeout
+            await anyio.sleep(0.01)
+            return [TextContent(type="text", text=f"fast {request_count}")]
+        return [TextContent(type="text", text=f"unknown {request_count}")]
+
+    async def server_handler(read_stream, write_stream):
+        await server.run(
+            read_stream,
+            write_stream,
+            server.create_initialization_options(),
+            raise_exceptions=True,
+        )
+
+    async def client(read_stream, write_stream):
+        # Use a timeout that's:
+        # - Long enough for fast operations (>10ms)
+        # - Short enough for slow operations (<200ms)
+        # - Not too short to avoid flakiness
+        async with ClientSession(
+            read_stream, write_stream, read_timeout_seconds=timedelta(milliseconds=50)
+        ) as session:
+            await session.initialize()
+
+            # First call should work (fast operation)
+            result = await session.call_tool("fast")
+            assert result.content == [TextContent(type="text", text="fast 1")]
+            assert not slow_request_complete.is_set()
+
+            # Second call should timeout (slow operation)
+            with pytest.raises(McpError) as exc_info:
+                await session.call_tool("slow")
+            assert "Timed out while waiting" in str(exc_info.value)
+
+            # Wait for slow request to complete in the background
+            with anyio.fail_after(1):  # Timeout after 1 second
+                await slow_request_complete.wait()
+
+            # Third call should work (fast operation),
+            # proving server is still responsive
+            result = await session.call_tool("fast")
+            assert result.content == [TextContent(type="text", text="fast 3")]
+
+    # Run server and client in separate task groups to avoid cancellation
+    server_writer, server_reader = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(1)
+    client_writer, client_reader = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(1)
+
+    server_ready = anyio.Event()
+
+    async def wrapped_server_handler(read_stream, write_stream):
+        server_ready.set()
+        await server_handler(read_stream, write_stream)
+
+    async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+        tg.start_soon(wrapped_server_handler, server_reader, client_writer)
+        # Wait for server to start and initialize
+        with anyio.fail_after(1):  # Timeout after 1 second
+            await server_ready.wait()
+        # Run client in a separate task to avoid cancellation
+        async with anyio.create_task_group() as client_tg:
+            client_tg.start_soon(client, client_reader, server_writer)
--- a/tests/server/fastmcp/servers/test_file_server.py
+++ b/tests/server/fastmcp/servers/test_file_server.py
@@ -88,7 +88,10 @@ async def test_list_resources(mcp: FastMCP):

@pytest.mark.anyio
 async def test_read_resource_dir(mcp: FastMCP):
-    res = await mcp.read_resource("dir://test_dir")
+    res_iter = await mcp.read_resource("dir://test_dir")
+    res_list = list(res_iter)
+    assert len(res_list) == 1
+    res = res_list[0]
    assert res.mime_type == "text/plain"

    files = json.loads(res.content)
@@ -102,7 +105,10 @@ async def test_read_resource_dir(mcp: FastMCP):

@pytest.mark.anyio
 async def test_read_resource_file(mcp: FastMCP):
-    res = await mcp.read_resource("file://test_dir/example.py")
+    res_iter = await mcp.read_resource("file://test_dir/example.py")
+    res_list = list(res_iter)
+    assert len(res_list) == 1
+    res = res_list[0]
    assert res.content == "print('hello world')"


@@ -119,5 +125,8 @@ async def test_delete_file_and_check_resources(mcp: FastMCP, test_dir: Path):
    await mcp.call_tool(
        "delete_file", arguments=dict(path=str(test_dir / "example.py"))
    )
-    res = await mcp.read_resource("file://test_dir/example.py")
+    res_iter = await mcp.read_resource("file://test_dir/example.py")
+    res_list = list(res_iter)
+    assert len(res_list) == 1
+    res = res_list[0]
    assert res.content == "File not found"
--- a/tests/server/fastmcp/test_func_metadata.py
+++ b/tests/server/fastmcp/test_func_metadata.py
@@ -235,8 +235,45 @@ async def test_lambda_function():


 def test_complex_function_json_schema():
+    """Test JSON schema generation for complex function arguments.
+
+    Note: Different versions of pydantic output slightly different
+    JSON Schema formats for model fields with defaults. The format changed in 2.9.0:
+
+    1. Before 2.9.0:
+       {
+         "allOf": [{"$ref": "#/$defs/Model"}],
+         "default": {}
+       }
+
+    2. Since 2.9.0:
+       {
+         "$ref": "#/$defs/Model",
+         "default": {}
+       }
+
+    Both formats are valid and functionally equivalent. This test accepts either format
+    to ensure compatibility across our supported pydantic versions.
+
+    This change in format does not affect runtime behavior since:
+    1. Both schemas validate the same way
+    2. The actual model classes and validation logic are unchanged
+    3. func_metadata uses model_validate/model_dump, not the schema directly
+    """
    meta = func_metadata(complex_arguments_fn)
-    assert meta.arg_model.model_json_schema() == {
+    actual_schema = meta.arg_model.model_json_schema()
+
+    # Create a copy of the actual schema to normalize
+    normalized_schema = actual_schema.copy()
+
+    # Normalize the my_model_a_with_default field to handle both pydantic formats
+    if "allOf" in actual_schema["properties"]["my_model_a_with_default"]:
+        normalized_schema["properties"]["my_model_a_with_default"] = {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/SomeInputModelA",
+            "default": {},
+        }
+
+    assert normalized_schema == {
        "$defs": {
            "InnerModel": {
                "properties": {"x": {"title": "X", "type": "integer"}},
--- a/tests/server/fastmcp/test_parameter_descriptions.py
+++ b/tests/server/fastmcp/test_parameter_descriptions.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from pydantic import Field
 from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP


-@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.anyio
 async def test_parameter_descriptions():
    mcp = FastMCP("Test Server")

--- a/tests/server/fastmcp/test_server.py
+++ b/tests/server/fastmcp/test_server.py
@@ -581,7 +581,10 @@ class TestContextInjection:

        @mcp.tool()
        async def tool_with_resource(ctx: Context) -> str:
-            r = await ctx.read_resource("test://data")
+            r_iter = await ctx.read_resource("test://data")
+            r_list = list(r_iter)
+            assert len(r_list) == 1
+            r = r_list[0]
            return f"Read resource: {r.content} with mime type {r.mime_type}"

        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
--- a/tests/server/test_lifespan.py
+++ b/tests/server/test_lifespan.py
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+"""Tests for lifespan functionality in both low-level and FastMCP servers."""
+
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from typing import AsyncIterator
+
+import anyio
+import pytest
+from pydantic import TypeAdapter
+
+from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
+from mcp.server.lowlevel.server import NotificationOptions, Server
+from mcp.server.models import InitializationOptions
+from mcp.types import (
+    ClientCapabilities,
+    Implementation,
+    InitializeRequestParams,
+    JSONRPCMessage,
+    JSONRPCNotification,
+    JSONRPCRequest,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_lowlevel_server_lifespan():
+    """Test that lifespan works in low-level server."""
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def test_lifespan(server: Server) -> AsyncIterator[dict]:
+        """Test lifespan context that tracks startup/shutdown."""
+        context = {"started": False, "shutdown": False}
+        try:
+            context["started"] = True
+            yield context
+        finally:
+            context["shutdown"] = True
+
+    server = Server("test", lifespan=test_lifespan)
+
+    # Create memory streams for testing
+    send_stream1, receive_stream1 = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(100)
+    send_stream2, receive_stream2 = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(100)
+
+    # Create a tool that accesses lifespan context
+    @server.call_tool()
+    async def check_lifespan(name: str, arguments: dict) -> list:
+        ctx = server.request_context
+        assert isinstance(ctx.lifespan_context, dict)
+        assert ctx.lifespan_context["started"]
+        assert not ctx.lifespan_context["shutdown"]
+        return [{"type": "text", "text": "true"}]
+
+    # Run server in background task
+    async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+
+        async def run_server():
+            await server.run(
+                receive_stream1,
+                send_stream2,
+                InitializationOptions(
+                    server_name="test",
+                    server_version="0.1.0",
+                    capabilities=server.get_capabilities(
+                        notification_options=NotificationOptions(),
+                        experimental_capabilities={},
+                    ),
+                ),
+                raise_exceptions=True,
+            )
+
+        tg.start_soon(run_server)
+
+        # Initialize the server
+        params = InitializeRequestParams(
+            protocolVersion="2024-11-05",
+            capabilities=ClientCapabilities(),
+            clientInfo=Implementation(name="test-client", version="0.1.0"),
+        )
+        await send_stream1.send(
+            JSONRPCMessage(
+                root=JSONRPCRequest(
+                    jsonrpc="2.0",
+                    id=1,
+                    method="initialize",
+                    params=TypeAdapter(InitializeRequestParams).dump_python(params),
+                )
+            )
+        )
+        response = await receive_stream2.receive()
+
+        # Send initialized notification
+        await send_stream1.send(
+            JSONRPCMessage(
+                root=JSONRPCNotification(
+                    jsonrpc="2.0",
+                    method="notifications/initialized",
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Call the tool to verify lifespan context
+        await send_stream1.send(
+            JSONRPCMessage(
+                root=JSONRPCRequest(
+                    jsonrpc="2.0",
+                    id=2,
+                    method="tools/call",
+                    params={"name": "check_lifespan", "arguments": {}},
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Get response and verify
+        response = await receive_stream2.receive()
+        assert response.root.result["content"][0]["text"] == "true"
+
+        # Cancel server task
+        tg.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_fastmcp_server_lifespan():
+    """Test that lifespan works in FastMCP server."""
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def test_lifespan(server: FastMCP) -> AsyncIterator[dict]:
+        """Test lifespan context that tracks startup/shutdown."""
+        context = {"started": False, "shutdown": False}
+        try:
+            context["started"] = True
+            yield context
+        finally:
+            context["shutdown"] = True
+
+    server = FastMCP("test", lifespan=test_lifespan)
+
+    # Create memory streams for testing
+    send_stream1, receive_stream1 = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(100)
+    send_stream2, receive_stream2 = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(100)
+
+    # Add a tool that checks lifespan context
+    @server.tool()
+    def check_lifespan(ctx: Context) -> bool:
+        """Tool that checks lifespan context."""
+        assert isinstance(ctx.request_context.lifespan_context, dict)
+        assert ctx.request_context.lifespan_context["started"]
+        assert not ctx.request_context.lifespan_context["shutdown"]
+        return True
+
+    # Run server in background task
+    async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+
+        async def run_server():
+            await server._mcp_server.run(
+                receive_stream1,
+                send_stream2,
+                server._mcp_server.create_initialization_options(),
+                raise_exceptions=True,
+            )
+
+        tg.start_soon(run_server)
+
+        # Initialize the server
+        params = InitializeRequestParams(
+            protocolVersion="2024-11-05",
+            capabilities=ClientCapabilities(),
+            clientInfo=Implementation(name="test-client", version="0.1.0"),
+        )
+        await send_stream1.send(
+            JSONRPCMessage(
+                root=JSONRPCRequest(
+                    jsonrpc="2.0",
+                    id=1,
+                    method="initialize",
+                    params=TypeAdapter(InitializeRequestParams).dump_python(params),
+                )
+            )
+        )
+        response = await receive_stream2.receive()
+
+        # Send initialized notification
+        await send_stream1.send(
+            JSONRPCMessage(
+                root=JSONRPCNotification(
+                    jsonrpc="2.0",
+                    method="notifications/initialized",
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Call the tool to verify lifespan context
+        await send_stream1.send(
+            JSONRPCMessage(
+                root=JSONRPCRequest(
+                    jsonrpc="2.0",
+                    id=2,
+                    method="tools/call",
+                    params={"name": "check_lifespan", "arguments": {}},
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Get response and verify
+        response = await receive_stream2.receive()
+        assert response.root.result["content"][0]["text"] == "true"
+
+        # Cancel server task
+        tg.cancel_scope.cancel()
--- a/tests/server/test_read_resource.py
+++ b/tests/server/test_read_resource.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile

@@ -26,8 +27,8 @@ async def test_read_resource_text(temp_file: Path):
    server = Server("test")

    @server.read_resource()
-    async def read_resource(uri: AnyUrl) -> ReadResourceContents:
-        return ReadResourceContents(content="Hello World", mime_type="text/plain")
+    async def read_resource(uri: AnyUrl) -> Iterable[ReadResourceContents]:
+        return [ReadResourceContents(content="Hello World", mime_type="text/plain")]

    # Get the handler directly from the server
    handler = server.request_handlers[types.ReadResourceRequest]
@@ -54,10 +55,12 @@ async def test_read_resource_binary(temp_file: Path):
    server = Server("test")

    @server.read_resource()
-    async def read_resource(uri: AnyUrl) -> ReadResourceContents:
-        return ReadResourceContents(
-            content=b"Hello World", mime_type="application/octet-stream"
-        )
+    async def read_resource(uri: AnyUrl) -> Iterable[ReadResourceContents]:
+        return [
+            ReadResourceContents(
+                content=b"Hello World", mime_type="application/octet-stream"
+            )
+        ]

    # Get the handler directly from the server
    handler = server.request_handlers[types.ReadResourceRequest]
@@ -83,11 +86,13 @@ async def test_read_resource_default_mime(temp_file: Path):
    server = Server("test")

    @server.read_resource()
-    async def read_resource(uri: AnyUrl) -> ReadResourceContents:
-        return ReadResourceContents(
-            content="Hello World",
-            # No mime_type specified, should default to text/plain
-        )
+    async def read_resource(uri: AnyUrl) -> Iterable[ReadResourceContents]:
+        return [
+            ReadResourceContents(
+                content="Hello World",
+                # No mime_type specified, should default to text/plain
+            )
+        ]

    # Get the handler directly from the server
    handler = server.request_handlers[types.ReadResourceRequest]
--- a/tests/shared/test_memory.py
+++ b/tests/shared/test_memory.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
+from pydantic import AnyUrl
 from typing_extensions import AsyncGenerator

 from mcp.client.session import ClientSession
@@ -8,9 +9,27 @@ from mcp.shared.memory import (
 )
 from mcp.types import (
    EmptyResult,
+    Resource,
 )


+@pytest.fixture
+def mcp_server() -> Server:
+    server = Server(name="test_server")
+
+    @server.list_resources()
+    async def handle_list_resources():
+        return [
+            Resource(
+                uri=AnyUrl("memory://test"),
+                name="Test Resource",
+                description="A test resource",
+            )
+        ]
+
+    return server
+
+
@pytest.fixture
 async def client_connected_to_server(
    mcp_server: Server,
--- a/tests/shared/test_session.py
+++ b/tests/shared/test_session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+from typing import AsyncGenerator
+
+import anyio
+import pytest
+
+import mcp.types as types
+from mcp.client.session import ClientSession
+from mcp.server.lowlevel.server import Server
+from mcp.shared.exceptions import McpError
+from mcp.shared.memory import create_connected_server_and_client_session
+from mcp.types import (
+    CancelledNotification,
+    CancelledNotificationParams,
+    ClientNotification,
+    ClientRequest,
+    EmptyResult,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def mcp_server() -> Server:
+    return Server(name="test server")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+async def client_connected_to_server(
+    mcp_server: Server,
+) -> AsyncGenerator[ClientSession, None]:
+    async with create_connected_server_and_client_session(mcp_server) as client_session:
+        yield client_session
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_in_flight_requests_cleared_after_completion(
+    client_connected_to_server: ClientSession,
+):
+    """Verify that _in_flight is empty after all requests complete."""
+    # Send a request and wait for response
+    response = await client_connected_to_server.send_ping()
+    assert isinstance(response, EmptyResult)
+
+    # Verify _in_flight is empty
+    assert len(client_connected_to_server._in_flight) == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_request_cancellation():
+    """Test that requests can be cancelled while in-flight."""
+    # The tool is already registered in the fixture
+
+    ev_tool_called = anyio.Event()
+    ev_cancelled = anyio.Event()
+    request_id = None
+
+    # Start the request in a separate task so we can cancel it
+    def make_server() -> Server:
+        server = Server(name="TestSessionServer")
+
+        # Register the tool handler
+        @server.call_tool()
+        async def handle_call_tool(name: str, arguments: dict | None) -> list:
+            nonlocal request_id, ev_tool_called
+            if name == "slow_tool":
+                request_id = server.request_context.request_id
+                ev_tool_called.set()
+                await anyio.sleep(10)  # Long enough to ensure we can cancel
+                return []
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown tool: {name}")
+
+        # Register the tool so it shows up in list_tools
+        @server.list_tools()
+        async def handle_list_tools() -> list[types.Tool]:
+            return [
+                types.Tool(
+                    name="slow_tool",
+                    description="A slow tool that takes 10 seconds to complete",
+                    inputSchema={},
+                )
+            ]
+
+        return server
+
+    async def make_request(client_session):
+        nonlocal ev_cancelled
+        try:
+            await client_session.send_request(
+                ClientRequest(
+                    types.CallToolRequest(
+                        method="tools/call",
+                        params=types.CallToolRequestParams(
+                            name="slow_tool", arguments={}
+                        ),
+                    )
+                ),
+                types.CallToolResult,
+            )
+            pytest.fail("Request should have been cancelled")
+        except McpError as e:
+            # Expected - request was cancelled
+            assert "Request cancelled" in str(e)
+            ev_cancelled.set()
+
+    async with create_connected_server_and_client_session(
+        make_server()
+    ) as client_session:
+        async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+            tg.start_soon(make_request, client_session)
+
+            # Wait for the request to be in-flight
+            with anyio.fail_after(1):  # Timeout after 1 second
+                await ev_tool_called.wait()
+
+            # Send cancellation notification
+            assert request_id is not None
+            await client_session.send_notification(
+                ClientNotification(
+                    CancelledNotification(
+                        method="notifications/cancelled",
+                        params=CancelledNotificationParams(requestId=request_id),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+
+            # Give cancellation time to process
+            with anyio.fail_after(1):
+                await ev_cancelled.wait()
--- a/tests/shared/test_sse.py
+++ b/tests/shared/test_sse.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def server_url(server_port: int) -> str:


 # Test server implementation
-class TestServer(Server):
+class ServerTest(Server):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(SERVER_NAME)

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class TestServer(Server):
 def make_server_app() -> Starlette:
    """Create test Starlette app with SSE transport"""
    sse = SseServerTransport("/messages/")
-    server = TestServer()
+    server = ServerTest()

    async def handle_sse(request: Request) -> None:
        async with sse.connect_sse(
@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ async def http_client(server, server_url) -> AsyncGenerator[httpx.AsyncClient, N
 async def test_raw_sse_connection(http_client: httpx.AsyncClient) -> None:
    """Test the SSE connection establishment simply with an HTTP client."""
    async with anyio.create_task_group():
+
        async def connection_test() -> None:
            async with http_client.stream("GET", "/sse") as response:
                assert response.status_code == 200
@@ -211,7 +212,6 @@ async def initialized_sse_client_session(
            yield session


-
@pytest.mark.anyio
 async def test_sse_client_happy_request_and_response(
    initialized_sse_client_session: ClientSession,
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -228,14 +228,14 @@ requires-dist = [
    { name = "anyio", specifier = ">=4.5" },
    { name = "httpx", specifier = ">=0.27" },
    { name = "httpx-sse", specifier = ">=0.4" },
-    { name = "pydantic", specifier = ">=2.10.1,<3.0.0" },
-    { name = "pydantic-settings", specifier = ">=2.6.1" },
+    { name = "pydantic", specifier = ">=2.7.2,<3.0.0" },
+    { name = "pydantic-settings", specifier = ">=2.5.2" },
    { name = "python-dotenv", marker = "extra == 'cli'", specifier = ">=1.0.0" },
    { name = "rich", marker = "extra == 'rich'", specifier = ">=13.9.4" },
    { name = "sse-starlette", specifier = ">=1.6.1" },
    { name = "starlette", specifier = ">=0.27" },
    { name = "typer", marker = "extra == 'cli'", specifier = ">=0.12.4" },
-    { name = "uvicorn", specifier = ">=0.30" },
+    { name = "uvicorn", specifier = ">=0.23.1" },
 ]

 [package.metadata.requires-dev]