Integrate FastMCP

This commit integrates FastMCP, a high-level MCP server implementation originally written by Jeremiah Lowin,
into the official MCP SDK. It also updates dependencies and adds new dev dependencies.
It moves the existing SDK into a .lowlevel .

tests/server/fastmcp/prompts/test_base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+from pydantic import FileUrl
+import pytest
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.prompts.base import (
+    Prompt,
+    UserMessage,
+    TextContent,
+    AssistantMessage,
+    Message,
+)
+from mcp.types import EmbeddedResource, TextResourceContents
+
+
+class TestRenderPrompt:
+    async def test_basic_fn(self):
+        def fn() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        assert await prompt.render() == [
+            UserMessage(content=TextContent(type="text", text="Hello, world!"))
+        ]
+
+    async def test_async_fn(self):
+        async def fn() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        assert await prompt.render() == [
+            UserMessage(content=TextContent(type="text", text="Hello, world!"))
+        ]
+
+    async def test_fn_with_args(self):
+        async def fn(name: str, age: int = 30) -> str:
+            return f"Hello, {name}! You're {age} years old."
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        assert await prompt.render(arguments=dict(name="World")) == [
+            UserMessage(
+                content=TextContent(
+                    type="text", text="Hello, World! You're 30 years old."
+                )
+            )
+        ]
+
+    async def test_fn_with_invalid_kwargs(self):
+        async def fn(name: str, age: int = 30) -> str:
+            return f"Hello, {name}! You're {age} years old."
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            await prompt.render(arguments=dict(age=40))
+
+    async def test_fn_returns_message(self):
+        async def fn() -> UserMessage:
+            return UserMessage(content="Hello, world!")
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        assert await prompt.render() == [
+            UserMessage(content=TextContent(type="text", text="Hello, world!"))
+        ]
+
+    async def test_fn_returns_assistant_message(self):
+        async def fn() -> AssistantMessage:
+            return AssistantMessage(
+                content=TextContent(type="text", text="Hello, world!")
+            )
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        assert await prompt.render() == [
+            AssistantMessage(content=TextContent(type="text", text="Hello, world!"))
+        ]
+
+    async def test_fn_returns_multiple_messages(self):
+        expected = [
+            UserMessage("Hello, world!"),
+            AssistantMessage("How can I help you today?"),
+            UserMessage("I'm looking for a restaurant in the center of town."),
+        ]
+
+        async def fn() -> list[Message]:
+            return expected
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        assert await prompt.render() == expected
+
+    async def test_fn_returns_list_of_strings(self):
+        expected = [
+            "Hello, world!",
+            "I'm looking for a restaurant in the center of town.",
+        ]
+
+        async def fn() -> list[str]:
+            return expected
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        assert await prompt.render() == [UserMessage(t) for t in expected]
+
+    async def test_fn_returns_resource_content(self):
+        """Test returning a message with resource content."""
+
+        async def fn() -> UserMessage:
+            return UserMessage(
+                content=EmbeddedResource(
+                    type="resource",
+                    resource=TextResourceContents(
+                        uri=FileUrl("file://file.txt"),
+                        text="File contents",
+                        mimeType="text/plain",
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        assert await prompt.render() == [
+            UserMessage(
+                content=EmbeddedResource(
+                    type="resource",
+                    resource=TextResourceContents(
+                        uri=FileUrl("file://file.txt"),
+                        text="File contents",
+                        mimeType="text/plain",
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+        ]
+
+    async def test_fn_returns_mixed_content(self):
+        """Test returning messages with mixed content types."""
+
+        async def fn() -> list[Message]:
+            return [
+                UserMessage(content="Please analyze this file:"),
+                UserMessage(
+                    content=EmbeddedResource(
+                        type="resource",
+                        resource=TextResourceContents(
+                            uri=FileUrl("file://file.txt"),
+                            text="File contents",
+                            mimeType="text/plain",
+                        ),
+                    )
+                ),
+                AssistantMessage(content="I'll help analyze that file."),
+            ]
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        assert await prompt.render() == [
+            UserMessage(
+                content=TextContent(type="text", text="Please analyze this file:")
+            ),
+            UserMessage(
+                content=EmbeddedResource(
+                    type="resource",
+                    resource=TextResourceContents(
+                        uri=FileUrl("file://file.txt"),
+                        text="File contents",
+                        mimeType="text/plain",
+                    ),
+                )
+            ),
+            AssistantMessage(
+                content=TextContent(type="text", text="I'll help analyze that file.")
+            ),
+        ]
+
+    async def test_fn_returns_dict_with_resource(self):
+        """Test returning a dict with resource content."""
+
+        async def fn() -> dict:
+            return {
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": {
+                    "type": "resource",
+                    "resource": {
+                        "uri": FileUrl("file://file.txt"),
+                        "text": "File contents",
+                        "mimeType": "text/plain",
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        assert await prompt.render() == [
+            UserMessage(
+                content=EmbeddedResource(
+                    type="resource",
+                    resource=TextResourceContents(
+                        uri=FileUrl("file://file.txt"),
+                        text="File contents",
+                        mimeType="text/plain",
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+        ]

tests/server/fastmcp/prompts/test_manager.py

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import pytest
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.prompts.base import UserMessage, TextContent, Prompt
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.prompts.manager import PromptManager
+
+
+class TestPromptManager:
+    def test_add_prompt(self):
+        """Test adding a prompt to the manager."""
+
+        def fn() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        manager = PromptManager()
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        added = manager.add_prompt(prompt)
+        assert added == prompt
+        assert manager.get_prompt("fn") == prompt
+
+    def test_add_duplicate_prompt(self, caplog):
+        """Test adding the same prompt twice."""
+
+        def fn() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        manager = PromptManager()
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        first = manager.add_prompt(prompt)
+        second = manager.add_prompt(prompt)
+        assert first == second
+        assert "Prompt already exists" in caplog.text
+
+    def test_disable_warn_on_duplicate_prompts(self, caplog):
+        """Test disabling warning on duplicate prompts."""
+
+        def fn() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        manager = PromptManager(warn_on_duplicate_prompts=False)
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        first = manager.add_prompt(prompt)
+        second = manager.add_prompt(prompt)
+        assert first == second
+        assert "Prompt already exists" not in caplog.text
+
+    def test_list_prompts(self):
+        """Test listing all prompts."""
+
+        def fn1() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        def fn2() -> str:
+            return "Goodbye, world!"
+
+        manager = PromptManager()
+        prompt1 = Prompt.from_function(fn1)
+        prompt2 = Prompt.from_function(fn2)
+        manager.add_prompt(prompt1)
+        manager.add_prompt(prompt2)
+        prompts = manager.list_prompts()
+        assert len(prompts) == 2
+        assert prompts == [prompt1, prompt2]
+
+    async def test_render_prompt(self):
+        """Test rendering a prompt."""
+
+        def fn() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        manager = PromptManager()
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        manager.add_prompt(prompt)
+        messages = await manager.render_prompt("fn")
+        assert messages == [
+            UserMessage(content=TextContent(type="text", text="Hello, world!"))
+        ]
+
+    async def test_render_prompt_with_args(self):
+        """Test rendering a prompt with arguments."""
+
+        def fn(name: str) -> str:
+            return f"Hello, {name}!"
+
+        manager = PromptManager()
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        manager.add_prompt(prompt)
+        messages = await manager.render_prompt("fn", arguments={"name": "World"})
+        assert messages == [
+            UserMessage(content=TextContent(type="text", text="Hello, World!"))
+        ]
+
+    async def test_render_unknown_prompt(self):
+        """Test rendering a non-existent prompt."""
+        manager = PromptManager()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown prompt: unknown"):
+            await manager.render_prompt("unknown")
+
+    async def test_render_prompt_with_missing_args(self):
+        """Test rendering a prompt with missing required arguments."""
+
+        def fn(name: str) -> str:
+            return f"Hello, {name}!"
+
+        manager = PromptManager()
+        prompt = Prompt.from_function(fn)
+        manager.add_prompt(prompt)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Missing required arguments"):
+            await manager.render_prompt("fn")

tests/server/fastmcp/resources/test_file_resources.py

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import os
+
+import pytest
+from pathlib import Path
+from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+from pydantic import FileUrl
+
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.resources import FileResource
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def temp_file():
+    """Create a temporary file for testing.
+
+    File is automatically cleaned up after the test if it still exists.
+    """
+    content = "test content"
+    with NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w", delete=False) as f:
+        f.write(content)
+        path = Path(f.name).resolve()
+    yield path
+    try:
+        path.unlink()
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pass  # File was already deleted by the test
+
+
+class TestFileResource:
+    """Test FileResource functionality."""
+
+    def test_file_resource_creation(self, temp_file: Path):
+        """Test creating a FileResource."""
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(temp_file.as_uri()),
+            name="test",
+            description="test file",
+            path=temp_file,
+        )
+        assert str(resource.uri) == temp_file.as_uri()
+        assert resource.name == "test"
+        assert resource.description == "test file"
+        assert resource.mime_type == "text/plain"  # default
+        assert resource.path == temp_file
+        assert resource.is_binary is False  # default
+
+    def test_file_resource_str_path_conversion(self, temp_file: Path):
+        """Test FileResource handles string paths."""
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(f"file://{temp_file}"),
+            name="test",
+            path=Path(str(temp_file)),
+        )
+        assert isinstance(resource.path, Path)
+        assert resource.path.is_absolute()
+
+    async def test_read_text_file(self, temp_file: Path):
+        """Test reading a text file."""
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(f"file://{temp_file}"),
+            name="test",
+            path=temp_file,
+        )
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert content == "test content"
+        assert resource.mime_type == "text/plain"
+
+    async def test_read_binary_file(self, temp_file: Path):
+        """Test reading a file as binary."""
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(f"file://{temp_file}"),
+            name="test",
+            path=temp_file,
+            is_binary=True,
+        )
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert isinstance(content, bytes)
+        assert content == b"test content"
+
+    def test_relative_path_error(self):
+        """Test error on relative path."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Path must be absolute"):
+            FileResource(
+                uri=FileUrl("file:///test.txt"),
+                name="test",
+                path=Path("test.txt"),
+            )
+
+    async def test_missing_file_error(self, temp_file: Path):
+        """Test error when file doesn't exist."""
+        # Create path to non-existent file
+        missing = temp_file.parent / "missing.txt"
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl("file:///missing.txt"),
+            name="test",
+            path=missing,
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Error reading file"):
+            await resource.read()
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        os.name == "nt", reason="File permissions behave differently on Windows"
+    )
+    async def test_permission_error(self, temp_file: Path):
+        """Test reading a file without permissions."""
+        temp_file.chmod(0o000)  # Remove all permissions
+        try:
+            resource = FileResource(
+                uri=FileUrl(temp_file.as_uri()),
+                name="test",
+                path=temp_file,
+            )
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Error reading file"):
+                await resource.read()
+        finally:
+            temp_file.chmod(0o644)  # Restore permissions

tests/server/fastmcp/resources/test_function_resources.py

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+from pydantic import BaseModel, AnyUrl
+import pytest
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.resources import FunctionResource
+
+
+class TestFunctionResource:
+    """Test FunctionResource functionality."""
+
+    def test_function_resource_creation(self):
+        """Test creating a FunctionResource."""
+
+        def my_func() -> str:
+            return "test content"
+
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("fn://test"),
+            name="test",
+            description="test function",
+            fn=my_func,
+        )
+        assert str(resource.uri) == "fn://test"
+        assert resource.name == "test"
+        assert resource.description == "test function"
+        assert resource.mime_type == "text/plain"  # default
+        assert resource.fn == my_func
+
+    async def test_read_text(self):
+        """Test reading text from a FunctionResource."""
+
+        def get_data() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("function://test"),
+            name="test",
+            fn=get_data,
+        )
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert content == "Hello, world!"
+        assert resource.mime_type == "text/plain"
+
+    async def test_read_binary(self):
+        """Test reading binary data from a FunctionResource."""
+
+        def get_data() -> bytes:
+            return b"Hello, world!"
+
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("function://test"),
+            name="test",
+            fn=get_data,
+        )
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert content == b"Hello, world!"
+
+    async def test_json_conversion(self):
+        """Test automatic JSON conversion of non-string results."""
+
+        def get_data() -> dict:
+            return {"key": "value"}
+
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("function://test"),
+            name="test",
+            fn=get_data,
+        )
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert isinstance(content, str)
+        assert '"key": "value"' in content
+
+    async def test_error_handling(self):
+        """Test error handling in FunctionResource."""
+
+        def failing_func() -> str:
+            raise ValueError("Test error")
+
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("function://test"),
+            name="test",
+            fn=failing_func,
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Error reading resource function://test"):
+            await resource.read()
+
+    async def test_basemodel_conversion(self):
+        """Test handling of BaseModel types."""
+
+        class MyModel(BaseModel):
+            name: str
+
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("function://test"),
+            name="test",
+            fn=lambda: MyModel(name="test"),
+        )
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert content == '{"name": "test"}'
+
+    async def test_custom_type_conversion(self):
+        """Test handling of custom types."""
+
+        class CustomData:
+            def __str__(self) -> str:
+                return "custom data"
+
+        def get_data() -> CustomData:
+            return CustomData()
+
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("function://test"),
+            name="test",
+            fn=get_data,
+        )
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert isinstance(content, str)

tests/server/fastmcp/resources/test_resource_manager.py

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+import pytest
+from pathlib import Path
+from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+from pydantic import AnyUrl, FileUrl
+
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.resources import (
+    FileResource,
+    FunctionResource,
+    ResourceManager,
+    ResourceTemplate,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def temp_file():
+    """Create a temporary file for testing.
+
+    File is automatically cleaned up after the test if it still exists.
+    """
+    content = "test content"
+    with NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w", delete=False) as f:
+        f.write(content)
+        path = Path(f.name).resolve()
+    yield path
+    try:
+        path.unlink()
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pass  # File was already deleted by the test
+
+
+class TestResourceManager:
+    """Test ResourceManager functionality."""
+
+    def test_add_resource(self, temp_file: Path):
+        """Test adding a resource."""
+        manager = ResourceManager()
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(f"file://{temp_file}"),
+            name="test",
+            path=temp_file,
+        )
+        added = manager.add_resource(resource)
+        assert added == resource
+        assert manager.list_resources() == [resource]
+
+    def test_add_duplicate_resource(self, temp_file: Path):
+        """Test adding the same resource twice."""
+        manager = ResourceManager()
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(f"file://{temp_file}"),
+            name="test",
+            path=temp_file,
+        )
+        first = manager.add_resource(resource)
+        second = manager.add_resource(resource)
+        assert first == second
+        assert manager.list_resources() == [resource]
+
+    def test_warn_on_duplicate_resources(self, temp_file: Path, caplog):
+        """Test warning on duplicate resources."""
+        manager = ResourceManager()
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(f"file://{temp_file}"),
+            name="test",
+            path=temp_file,
+        )
+        manager.add_resource(resource)
+        manager.add_resource(resource)
+        assert "Resource already exists" in caplog.text
+
+    def test_disable_warn_on_duplicate_resources(self, temp_file: Path, caplog):
+        """Test disabling warning on duplicate resources."""
+        manager = ResourceManager(warn_on_duplicate_resources=False)
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(f"file://{temp_file}"),
+            name="test",
+            path=temp_file,
+        )
+        manager.add_resource(resource)
+        manager.add_resource(resource)
+        assert "Resource already exists" not in caplog.text
+
+    async def test_get_resource(self, temp_file: Path):
+        """Test getting a resource by URI."""
+        manager = ResourceManager()
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(f"file://{temp_file}"),
+            name="test",
+            path=temp_file,
+        )
+        manager.add_resource(resource)
+        retrieved = await manager.get_resource(resource.uri)
+        assert retrieved == resource
+
+    async def test_get_resource_from_template(self):
+        """Test getting a resource through a template."""
+        manager = ResourceManager()
+
+        def greet(name: str) -> str:
+            return f"Hello, {name}!"
+
+        template = ResourceTemplate.from_function(
+            fn=greet,
+            uri_template="greet://{name}",
+            name="greeter",
+        )
+        manager._templates[template.uri_template] = template
+
+        resource = await manager.get_resource(AnyUrl("greet://world"))
+        assert isinstance(resource, FunctionResource)
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert content == "Hello, world!"
+
+    async def test_get_unknown_resource(self):
+        """Test getting a non-existent resource."""
+        manager = ResourceManager()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown resource"):
+            await manager.get_resource(AnyUrl("unknown://test"))
+
+    def test_list_resources(self, temp_file: Path):
+        """Test listing all resources."""
+        manager = ResourceManager()
+        resource1 = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(f"file://{temp_file}"),
+            name="test1",
+            path=temp_file,
+        )
+        resource2 = FileResource(
+            uri=FileUrl(f"file://{temp_file}2"),
+            name="test2",
+            path=temp_file,
+        )
+        manager.add_resource(resource1)
+        manager.add_resource(resource2)
+        resources = manager.list_resources()
+        assert len(resources) == 2
+        assert resources == [resource1, resource2]

tests/server/fastmcp/resources/test_resource_template.py

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+import json
+import pytest
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.resources import FunctionResource, ResourceTemplate
+
+
+class TestResourceTemplate:
+    """Test ResourceTemplate functionality."""
+
+    def test_template_creation(self):
+        """Test creating a template from a function."""
+
+        def my_func(key: str, value: int) -> dict:
+            return {"key": key, "value": value}
+
+        template = ResourceTemplate.from_function(
+            fn=my_func,
+            uri_template="test://{key}/{value}",
+            name="test",
+        )
+        assert template.uri_template == "test://{key}/{value}"
+        assert template.name == "test"
+        assert template.mime_type == "text/plain"  # default
+        test_input = {"key": "test", "value": 42}
+        assert template.fn(**test_input) == my_func(**test_input)
+
+    def test_template_matches(self):
+        """Test matching URIs against a template."""
+
+        def my_func(key: str, value: int) -> dict:
+            return {"key": key, "value": value}
+
+        template = ResourceTemplate.from_function(
+            fn=my_func,
+            uri_template="test://{key}/{value}",
+            name="test",
+        )
+
+        # Valid match
+        params = template.matches("test://foo/123")
+        assert params == {"key": "foo", "value": "123"}
+
+        # No match
+        assert template.matches("test://foo") is None
+        assert template.matches("other://foo/123") is None
+
+    async def test_create_resource(self):
+        """Test creating a resource from a template."""
+
+        def my_func(key: str, value: int) -> dict:
+            return {"key": key, "value": value}
+
+        template = ResourceTemplate.from_function(
+            fn=my_func,
+            uri_template="test://{key}/{value}",
+            name="test",
+        )
+
+        resource = await template.create_resource(
+            "test://foo/123",
+            {"key": "foo", "value": 123},
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(resource, FunctionResource)
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert isinstance(content, str)
+        data = json.loads(content)
+        assert data == {"key": "foo", "value": 123}
+
+    async def test_template_error(self):
+        """Test error handling in template resource creation."""
+
+        def failing_func(x: str) -> str:
+            raise ValueError("Test error")
+
+        template = ResourceTemplate.from_function(
+            fn=failing_func,
+            uri_template="fail://{x}",
+            name="fail",
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Error creating resource from template"):
+            await template.create_resource("fail://test", {"x": "test"})
+
+    async def test_async_text_resource(self):
+        """Test creating a text resource from async function."""
+
+        async def greet(name: str) -> str:
+            return f"Hello, {name}!"
+
+        template = ResourceTemplate.from_function(
+            fn=greet,
+            uri_template="greet://{name}",
+            name="greeter",
+        )
+
+        resource = await template.create_resource(
+            "greet://world",
+            {"name": "world"},
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(resource, FunctionResource)
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert content == "Hello, world!"
+
+    async def test_async_binary_resource(self):
+        """Test creating a binary resource from async function."""
+
+        async def get_bytes(value: str) -> bytes:
+            return value.encode()
+
+        template = ResourceTemplate.from_function(
+            fn=get_bytes,
+            uri_template="bytes://{value}",
+            name="bytes",
+        )
+
+        resource = await template.create_resource(
+            "bytes://test",
+            {"value": "test"},
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(resource, FunctionResource)
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert content == b"test"
+
+    async def test_basemodel_conversion(self):
+        """Test handling of BaseModel types."""
+
+        class MyModel(BaseModel):
+            key: str
+            value: int
+
+        def get_data(key: str, value: int) -> MyModel:
+            return MyModel(key=key, value=value)
+
+        template = ResourceTemplate.from_function(
+            fn=get_data,
+            uri_template="test://{key}/{value}",
+            name="test",
+        )
+
+        resource = await template.create_resource(
+            "test://foo/123",
+            {"key": "foo", "value": 123},
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(resource, FunctionResource)
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert isinstance(content, str)
+        data = json.loads(content)
+        assert data == {"key": "foo", "value": 123}
+
+    async def test_custom_type_conversion(self):
+        """Test handling of custom types."""
+
+        class CustomData:
+            def __init__(self, value: str):
+                self.value = value
+
+            def __str__(self) -> str:
+                return self.value
+
+        def get_data(value: str) -> CustomData:
+            return CustomData(value)
+
+        template = ResourceTemplate.from_function(
+            fn=get_data,
+            uri_template="test://{value}",
+            name="test",
+        )
+
+        resource = await template.create_resource(
+            "test://hello",
+            {"value": "hello"},
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(resource, FunctionResource)
+        content = await resource.read()
+        assert content == "hello"

tests/server/fastmcp/resources/test_resources.py

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import pytest
+from pydantic import AnyUrl
+
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.resources import FunctionResource, Resource
+
+
+class TestResourceValidation:
+    """Test base Resource validation."""
+
+    def test_resource_uri_validation(self):
+        """Test URI validation."""
+
+        def dummy_func() -> str:
+            return "data"
+
+        # Valid URI
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("http://example.com/data"),
+            name="test",
+            fn=dummy_func,
+        )
+        assert str(resource.uri) == "http://example.com/data"
+
+        # Missing protocol
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Input should be a valid URL"):
+            FunctionResource(
+                uri=AnyUrl("invalid"),
+                name="test",
+                fn=dummy_func,
+            )
+
+        # Missing host
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Input should be a valid URL"):
+            FunctionResource(
+                uri=AnyUrl("http://"),
+                name="test",
+                fn=dummy_func,
+            )
+
+    def test_resource_name_from_uri(self):
+        """Test name is extracted from URI if not provided."""
+
+        def dummy_func() -> str:
+            return "data"
+
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("resource://my-resource"),
+            fn=dummy_func,
+        )
+        assert resource.name == "resource://my-resource"
+
+    def test_resource_name_validation(self):
+        """Test name validation."""
+
+        def dummy_func() -> str:
+            return "data"
+
+        # Must provide either name or URI
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Either name or uri must be provided"):
+            FunctionResource(
+                fn=dummy_func,
+            )
+
+        # Explicit name takes precedence over URI
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("resource://uri-name"),
+            name="explicit-name",
+            fn=dummy_func,
+        )
+        assert resource.name == "explicit-name"
+
+    def test_resource_mime_type(self):
+        """Test mime type handling."""
+
+        def dummy_func() -> str:
+            return "data"
+
+        # Default mime type
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("resource://test"),
+            fn=dummy_func,
+        )
+        assert resource.mime_type == "text/plain"
+
+        # Custom mime type
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("resource://test"),
+            fn=dummy_func,
+            mime_type="application/json",
+        )
+        assert resource.mime_type == "application/json"
+
+    async def test_resource_read_abstract(self):
+        """Test that Resource.read() is abstract."""
+
+        class ConcreteResource(Resource):
+            pass
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="abstract method"):
+            ConcreteResource(uri=AnyUrl("test://test"), name="test")  # type: ignore

tests/server/fastmcp/servers/test_file_server.py

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import json
+from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
+import pytest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def test_dir(tmp_path_factory) -> Path:
+    """Create a temporary directory with test files."""
+    tmp = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("test_files")
+
+    # Create test files
+    (tmp / "example.py").write_text("print('hello world')")
+    (tmp / "readme.md").write_text("# Test Directory\nThis is a test.")
+    (tmp / "config.json").write_text('{"test": true}')
+
+    return tmp
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def mcp() -> FastMCP:
+    mcp = FastMCP()
+
+    return mcp
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def resources(mcp: FastMCP, test_dir: Path) -> FastMCP:
+    @mcp.resource("dir://test_dir")
+    def list_test_dir() -> list[str]:
+        """List the files in the test directory"""
+        return [str(f) for f in test_dir.iterdir()]
+
+    @mcp.resource("file://test_dir/example.py")
+    def read_example_py() -> str:
+        """Read the example.py file"""
+        try:
+            return (test_dir / "example.py").read_text()
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return "File not found"
+
+    @mcp.resource("file://test_dir/readme.md")
+    def read_readme_md() -> str:
+        """Read the readme.md file"""
+        try:
+            return (test_dir / "readme.md").read_text()
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return "File not found"
+
+    @mcp.resource("file://test_dir/config.json")
+    def read_config_json() -> str:
+        """Read the config.json file"""
+        try:
+            return (test_dir / "config.json").read_text()
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return "File not found"
+
+    return mcp
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def tools(mcp: FastMCP, test_dir: Path) -> FastMCP:
+    @mcp.tool()
+    def delete_file(path: str) -> bool:
+        # ensure path is in test_dir
+        if Path(path).resolve().parent != test_dir:
+            raise ValueError(f"Path must be in test_dir: {path}")
+        Path(path).unlink()
+        return True
+
+    return mcp
+
+
+async def test_list_resources(mcp: FastMCP):
+    resources = await mcp.list_resources()
+    assert len(resources) == 4
+
+    assert [str(r.uri) for r in resources] == [
+        "dir://test_dir",
+        "file://test_dir/example.py",
+        "file://test_dir/readme.md",
+        "file://test_dir/config.json",
+    ]
+
+
+async def test_read_resource_dir(mcp: FastMCP):
+    files = await mcp.read_resource("dir://test_dir")
+    files = json.loads(files)
+
+    assert sorted([Path(f).name for f in files]) == [
+        "config.json",
+        "example.py",
+        "readme.md",
+    ]
+
+
+async def test_read_resource_file(mcp: FastMCP):
+    result = await mcp.read_resource("file://test_dir/example.py")
+    assert result == "print('hello world')"
+
+
+async def test_delete_file(mcp: FastMCP, test_dir: Path):
+    await mcp.call_tool(
+        "delete_file", arguments=dict(path=str(test_dir / "example.py"))
+    )
+    assert not (test_dir / "example.py").exists()
+
+
+async def test_delete_file_and_check_resources(mcp: FastMCP, test_dir: Path):
+    await mcp.call_tool(
+        "delete_file", arguments=dict(path=str(test_dir / "example.py"))
+    )
+    result = await mcp.read_resource("file://test_dir/example.py")
+    assert result == "File not found"

tests/server/fastmcp/test_func_metadata.py

@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+from typing import Annotated
+
+import annotated_types
+import pytest
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.utilities.func_metadata import func_metadata
+
+
+class SomeInputModelA(BaseModel):
+    pass
+
+
+class SomeInputModelB(BaseModel):
+    class InnerModel(BaseModel):
+        x: int
+
+    how_many_shrimp: Annotated[int, Field(description="How many shrimp in the tank???")]
+    ok: InnerModel
+    y: None
+
+
+def complex_arguments_fn(
+    an_int: int,
+    must_be_none: None,
+    must_be_none_dumb_annotation: Annotated[None, "blah"],
+    list_of_ints: list[int],
+    # list[str] | str is an interesting case because if it comes in as JSON like
+    # "[\"a\", \"b\"]" then it will be naively parsed as a string.
+    list_str_or_str: list[str] | str,
+    an_int_annotated_with_field: Annotated[
+        int, Field(description="An int with a field")
+    ],
+    an_int_annotated_with_field_and_others: Annotated[
+        int,
+        str,  # Should be ignored, really
+        Field(description="An int with a field"),
+        annotated_types.Gt(1),
+    ],
+    an_int_annotated_with_junk: Annotated[
+        int,
+        "123",
+        456,
+    ],
+    field_with_default_via_field_annotation_before_nondefault_arg: Annotated[
+        int, Field(1)
+    ],
+    unannotated,
+    my_model_a: SomeInputModelA,
+    my_model_a_forward_ref: "SomeInputModelA",
+    my_model_b: SomeInputModelB,
+    an_int_annotated_with_field_default: Annotated[
+        int,
+        Field(1, description="An int with a field"),
+    ],
+    unannotated_with_default=5,
+    my_model_a_with_default: SomeInputModelA = SomeInputModelA(),  # noqa: B008
+    an_int_with_default: int = 1,
+    must_be_none_with_default: None = None,
+    an_int_with_equals_field: int = Field(1, ge=0),
+    int_annotated_with_default: Annotated[int, Field(description="hey")] = 5,
+) -> str:
+    _ = (
+        an_int,
+        must_be_none,
+        must_be_none_dumb_annotation,
+        list_of_ints,
+        list_str_or_str,
+        an_int_annotated_with_field,
+        an_int_annotated_with_field_and_others,
+        an_int_annotated_with_junk,
+        field_with_default_via_field_annotation_before_nondefault_arg,
+        unannotated,
+        an_int_annotated_with_field_default,
+        unannotated_with_default,
+        my_model_a,
+        my_model_a_forward_ref,
+        my_model_b,
+        my_model_a_with_default,
+        an_int_with_default,
+        must_be_none_with_default,
+        an_int_with_equals_field,
+        int_annotated_with_default,
+    )
+    return "ok!"
+
+
+async def test_complex_function_runtime_arg_validation_non_json():
+    """Test that basic non-JSON arguments are validated correctly"""
+    meta = func_metadata(complex_arguments_fn)
+
+    # Test with minimum required arguments
+    result = await meta.call_fn_with_arg_validation(
+        complex_arguments_fn,
+        fn_is_async=False,
+        arguments_to_validate={
+            "an_int": 1,
+            "must_be_none": None,
+            "must_be_none_dumb_annotation": None,
+            "list_of_ints": [1, 2, 3],
+            "list_str_or_str": "hello",
+            "an_int_annotated_with_field": 42,
+            "an_int_annotated_with_field_and_others": 5,
+            "an_int_annotated_with_junk": 100,
+            "unannotated": "test",
+            "my_model_a": {},
+            "my_model_a_forward_ref": {},
+            "my_model_b": {"how_many_shrimp": 5, "ok": {"x": 1}, "y": None},
+        },
+        arguments_to_pass_directly=None,
+    )
+    assert result == "ok!"
+
+    # Test with invalid types
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        await meta.call_fn_with_arg_validation(
+            complex_arguments_fn,
+            fn_is_async=False,
+            arguments_to_validate={"an_int": "not an int"},
+            arguments_to_pass_directly=None,
+        )
+
+
+async def test_complex_function_runtime_arg_validation_with_json():
+    """Test that JSON string arguments are parsed and validated correctly"""
+    meta = func_metadata(complex_arguments_fn)
+
+    result = await meta.call_fn_with_arg_validation(
+        complex_arguments_fn,
+        fn_is_async=False,
+        arguments_to_validate={
+            "an_int": 1,
+            "must_be_none": None,
+            "must_be_none_dumb_annotation": None,
+            "list_of_ints": "[1, 2, 3]",  # JSON string
+            "list_str_or_str": '["a", "b", "c"]',  # JSON string
+            "an_int_annotated_with_field": 42,
+            "an_int_annotated_with_field_and_others": "5",  # JSON string
+            "an_int_annotated_with_junk": 100,
+            "unannotated": "test",
+            "my_model_a": "{}",  # JSON string
+            "my_model_a_forward_ref": "{}",  # JSON string
+            "my_model_b": '{"how_many_shrimp": 5, "ok": {"x": 1}, "y": null}',  # JSON string
+        },
+        arguments_to_pass_directly=None,
+    )
+    assert result == "ok!"
+
+
+def test_str_vs_list_str():
+    """Test handling of string vs list[str] type annotations.
+
+    This is tricky as '"hello"' can be parsed as a JSON string or a Python string.
+    We want to make sure it's kept as a python string.
+    """
+
+    def func_with_str_types(str_or_list: str | list[str]):
+        return str_or_list
+
+    meta = func_metadata(func_with_str_types)
+
+    # Test string input for union type
+    result = meta.pre_parse_json({"str_or_list": "hello"})
+    assert result["str_or_list"] == "hello"
+
+    # Test string input that contains valid JSON for union type
+    # We want to see here that the JSON-vali string is NOT parsed as JSON, but rather
+    # kept as a raw string
+    result = meta.pre_parse_json({"str_or_list": '"hello"'})
+    assert result["str_or_list"] == '"hello"'
+
+    # Test list input for union type
+    result = meta.pre_parse_json({"str_or_list": '["hello", "world"]'})
+    assert result["str_or_list"] == ["hello", "world"]
+
+
+def test_skip_names():
+    """Test that skipped parameters are not included in the model"""
+
+    def func_with_many_params(
+        keep_this: int, skip_this: str, also_keep: float, also_skip: bool
+    ):
+        return keep_this, skip_this, also_keep, also_skip
+
+    # Skip some parameters
+    meta = func_metadata(func_with_many_params, skip_names=["skip_this", "also_skip"])
+
+    # Check model fields
+    assert "keep_this" in meta.arg_model.model_fields
+    assert "also_keep" in meta.arg_model.model_fields
+    assert "skip_this" not in meta.arg_model.model_fields
+    assert "also_skip" not in meta.arg_model.model_fields
+
+    # Validate that we can call with only non-skipped parameters
+    model: BaseModel = meta.arg_model.model_validate({"keep_this": 1, "also_keep": 2.5})  # type: ignore
+    assert model.keep_this == 1  # type: ignore
+    assert model.also_keep == 2.5  # type: ignore
+
+
+async def test_lambda_function():
+    """Test lambda function schema and validation"""
+    fn = lambda x, y=5: x  # noqa: E731
+    meta = func_metadata(lambda x, y=5: x)
+
+    # Test schema
+    assert meta.arg_model.model_json_schema() == {
+        "properties": {
+            "x": {"title": "x", "type": "string"},
+            "y": {"default": 5, "title": "y", "type": "string"},
+        },
+        "required": ["x"],
+        "title": "<lambda>Arguments",
+        "type": "object",
+    }
+
+    async def check_call(args):
+        return await meta.call_fn_with_arg_validation(
+            fn,
+            fn_is_async=False,
+            arguments_to_validate=args,
+            arguments_to_pass_directly=None,
+        )
+
+    # Basic calls
+    assert await check_call({"x": "hello"}) == "hello"
+    assert await check_call({"x": "hello", "y": "world"}) == "hello"
+    assert await check_call({"x": '"hello"'}) == '"hello"'
+
+    # Missing required arg
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        await check_call({"y": "world"})
+
+
+def test_complex_function_json_schema():
+    meta = func_metadata(complex_arguments_fn)
+    assert meta.arg_model.model_json_schema() == {
+        "$defs": {
+            "InnerModel": {
+                "properties": {"x": {"title": "X", "type": "integer"}},
+                "required": ["x"],
+                "title": "InnerModel",
+                "type": "object",
+            },
+            "SomeInputModelA": {
+                "properties": {},
+                "title": "SomeInputModelA",
+                "type": "object",
+            },
+            "SomeInputModelB": {
+                "properties": {
+                    "how_many_shrimp": {
+                        "description": "How many shrimp in the tank???",
+                        "title": "How Many Shrimp",
+                        "type": "integer",
+                    },
+                    "ok": {"$ref": "#/$defs/InnerModel"},
+                    "y": {"title": "Y", "type": "null"},
+                },
+                "required": ["how_many_shrimp", "ok", "y"],
+                "title": "SomeInputModelB",
+                "type": "object",
+            },
+        },
+        "properties": {
+            "an_int": {"title": "An Int", "type": "integer"},
+            "must_be_none": {"title": "Must Be None", "type": "null"},
+            "must_be_none_dumb_annotation": {
+                "title": "Must Be None Dumb Annotation",
+                "type": "null",
+            },
+            "list_of_ints": {
+                "items": {"type": "integer"},
+                "title": "List Of Ints",
+                "type": "array",
+            },
+            "list_str_or_str": {
+                "anyOf": [
+                    {"items": {"type": "string"}, "type": "array"},
+                    {"type": "string"},
+                ],
+                "title": "List Str Or Str",
+            },
+            "an_int_annotated_with_field": {
+                "description": "An int with a field",
+                "title": "An Int Annotated With Field",
+                "type": "integer",
+            },
+            "an_int_annotated_with_field_and_others": {
+                "description": "An int with a field",
+                "exclusiveMinimum": 1,
+                "title": "An Int Annotated With Field And Others",
+                "type": "integer",
+            },
+            "an_int_annotated_with_junk": {
+                "title": "An Int Annotated With Junk",
+                "type": "integer",
+            },
+            "field_with_default_via_field_annotation_before_nondefault_arg": {
+                "default": 1,
+                "title": "Field With Default Via Field Annotation Before Nondefault Arg",
+                "type": "integer",
+            },
+            "unannotated": {"title": "unannotated", "type": "string"},
+            "my_model_a": {"$ref": "#/$defs/SomeInputModelA"},
+            "my_model_a_forward_ref": {"$ref": "#/$defs/SomeInputModelA"},
+            "my_model_b": {"$ref": "#/$defs/SomeInputModelB"},
+            "an_int_annotated_with_field_default": {
+                "default": 1,
+                "description": "An int with a field",
+                "title": "An Int Annotated With Field Default",
+                "type": "integer",
+            },
+            "unannotated_with_default": {
+                "default": 5,
+                "title": "unannotated_with_default",
+                "type": "string",
+            },
+            "my_model_a_with_default": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/SomeInputModelA",
+                "default": {},
+            },
+            "an_int_with_default": {
+                "default": 1,
+                "title": "An Int With Default",
+                "type": "integer",
+            },
+            "must_be_none_with_default": {
+                "default": None,
+                "title": "Must Be None With Default",
+                "type": "null",
+            },
+            "an_int_with_equals_field": {
+                "default": 1,
+                "minimum": 0,
+                "title": "An Int With Equals Field",
+                "type": "integer",
+            },
+            "int_annotated_with_default": {
+                "default": 5,
+                "description": "hey",
+                "title": "Int Annotated With Default",
+                "type": "integer",
+            },
+        },
+        "required": [
+            "an_int",
+            "must_be_none",
+            "must_be_none_dumb_annotation",
+            "list_of_ints",
+            "list_str_or_str",
+            "an_int_annotated_with_field",
+            "an_int_annotated_with_field_and_others",
+            "an_int_annotated_with_junk",
+            "unannotated",
+            "my_model_a",
+            "my_model_a_forward_ref",
+            "my_model_b",
+        ],
+        "title": "complex_arguments_fnArguments",
+        "type": "object",
+    }

tests/server/fastmcp/test_server.py

@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+import base64
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+
+import pytest
+from mcp.shared.exceptions import McpError
+from mcp.shared.memory import (
+    create_connected_server_and_client_session as client_session,
+)
+from mcp.types import (
+    ImageContent,
+    TextContent,
+    TextResourceContents,
+    BlobResourceContents,
+)
+from pydantic import AnyUrl
+
+from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.prompts.base import EmbeddedResource, Message, UserMessage
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.resources import FileResource, FunctionResource
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.utilities.types import Image
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context
+
+
+class TestServer:
+    async def test_create_server(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        assert mcp.name == "FastMCP"
+
+    async def test_add_tool_decorator(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.tool()
+        def add(x: int, y: int) -> int:
+            return x + y
+
+        assert len(mcp._tool_manager.list_tools()) == 1
+
+    async def test_add_tool_decorator_incorrect_usage(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="The @tool decorator was used incorrectly"):
+
+            @mcp.tool  # Missing parentheses #type: ignore
+            def add(x: int, y: int) -> int:
+                return x + y
+
+    async def test_add_resource_decorator(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.resource("r://{x}")
+        def get_data(x: str) -> str:
+            return f"Data: {x}"
+
+        assert len(mcp._resource_manager._templates) == 1
+
+    async def test_add_resource_decorator_incorrect_usage(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        with pytest.raises(
+            TypeError, match="The @resource decorator was used incorrectly"
+        ):
+
+            @mcp.resource  # Missing parentheses #type: ignore
+            def get_data(x: str) -> str:
+                return f"Data: {x}"
+
+
+def tool_fn(x: int, y: int) -> int:
+    return x + y
+
+
+def error_tool_fn() -> None:
+    raise ValueError("Test error")
+
+
+def image_tool_fn(path: str) -> Image:
+    return Image(path)
+
+
+def mixed_content_tool_fn() -> list[Union[TextContent, ImageContent]]:
+    return [
+        TextContent(type="text", text="Hello"),
+        ImageContent(type="image", data="abc", mimeType="image/png"),
+    ]
+
+
+class TestServerTools:
+    async def test_add_tool(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        mcp.add_tool(tool_fn)
+        mcp.add_tool(tool_fn)
+        assert len(mcp._tool_manager.list_tools()) == 1
+
+    async def test_list_tools(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        mcp.add_tool(tool_fn)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            tools = await client.list_tools()
+            assert len(tools.tools) == 1
+
+    async def test_call_tool(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        mcp.add_tool(tool_fn)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("my_tool", {"arg1": "value"})
+            assert not hasattr(result, "error")
+            assert len(result.content) > 0
+
+    async def test_tool_exception_handling(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        mcp.add_tool(error_tool_fn)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("error_tool_fn", {})
+            assert len(result.content) == 1
+            content = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content, TextContent)
+            assert "Test error" in content.text
+            assert result.isError is True
+
+    async def test_tool_error_handling(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        mcp.add_tool(error_tool_fn)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("error_tool_fn", {})
+            assert len(result.content) == 1
+            content = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content, TextContent)
+            assert "Test error" in content.text
+            assert result.isError is True
+
+    async def test_tool_error_details(self):
+        """Test that exception details are properly formatted in the response"""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        mcp.add_tool(error_tool_fn)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("error_tool_fn", {})
+            content = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content, TextContent)
+            assert isinstance(content.text, str)
+            assert "Test error" in content.text
+            assert result.isError is True
+
+    async def test_tool_return_value_conversion(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        mcp.add_tool(tool_fn)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("tool_fn", {"x": 1, "y": 2})
+            assert len(result.content) == 1
+            content = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content, TextContent)
+            assert content.text == "3"
+
+    async def test_tool_image_helper(self, tmp_path: Path):
+        # Create a test image
+        image_path = tmp_path / "test.png"
+        image_path.write_bytes(b"fake png data")
+
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        mcp.add_tool(image_tool_fn)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("image_tool_fn", {"path": str(image_path)})
+            assert len(result.content) == 1
+            content = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content, ImageContent)
+            assert content.type == "image"
+            assert content.mimeType == "image/png"
+            # Verify base64 encoding
+            decoded = base64.b64decode(content.data)
+            assert decoded == b"fake png data"
+
+    async def test_tool_mixed_content(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        mcp.add_tool(mixed_content_tool_fn)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("mixed_content_tool_fn", {})
+            assert len(result.content) == 2
+            content1 = result.content[0]
+            content2 = result.content[1]
+            assert isinstance(content1, TextContent)
+            assert content1.text == "Hello"
+            assert isinstance(content2, ImageContent)
+            assert content2.mimeType == "image/png"
+            assert content2.data == "abc"
+
+    async def test_tool_mixed_list_with_image(self, tmp_path: Path):
+        """Test that lists containing Image objects and other types are handled correctly"""
+        # Create a test image
+        image_path = tmp_path / "test.png"
+        image_path.write_bytes(b"test image data")
+
+        def mixed_list_fn() -> list:
+            return [
+                "text message",
+                Image(image_path),
+                {"key": "value"},
+                TextContent(type="text", text="direct content"),
+            ]
+
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        mcp.add_tool(mixed_list_fn)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("mixed_list_fn", {})
+            assert len(result.content) == 4
+            # Check text conversion
+            content1 = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content1, TextContent)
+            assert content1.text == "text message"
+            # Check image conversion
+            content2 = result.content[1]
+            assert isinstance(content2, ImageContent)
+            assert content2.mimeType == "image/png"
+            assert base64.b64decode(content2.data) == b"test image data"
+            # Check dict conversion
+            content3 = result.content[2]
+            assert isinstance(content3, TextContent)
+            assert '"key": "value"' in content3.text
+            # Check direct TextContent
+            content4 = result.content[3]
+            assert isinstance(content4, TextContent)
+            assert content4.text == "direct content"
+
+
+class TestServerResources:
+    async def test_text_resource(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        def get_text():
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("resource://test"), name="test", fn=get_text
+        )
+        mcp.add_resource(resource)
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.read_resource(AnyUrl("resource://test"))
+            assert isinstance(result.contents[0], TextResourceContents)
+            assert result.contents[0].text == "Hello, world!"
+
+    async def test_binary_resource(self):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        def get_binary():
+            return b"Binary data"
+
+        resource = FunctionResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("resource://binary"),
+            name="binary",
+            fn=get_binary,
+            mime_type="application/octet-stream",
+        )
+        mcp.add_resource(resource)
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.read_resource(AnyUrl("resource://binary"))
+            assert isinstance(result.contents[0], BlobResourceContents)
+            assert result.contents[0].blob == base64.b64encode(b"Binary data").decode()
+
+    async def test_file_resource_text(self, tmp_path: Path):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        # Create a text file
+        text_file = tmp_path / "test.txt"
+        text_file.write_text("Hello from file!")
+
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("file://test.txt"), name="test.txt", path=text_file
+        )
+        mcp.add_resource(resource)
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.read_resource(AnyUrl("file://test.txt"))
+            assert isinstance(result.contents[0], TextResourceContents)
+            assert result.contents[0].text == "Hello from file!"
+
+    async def test_file_resource_binary(self, tmp_path: Path):
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        # Create a binary file
+        binary_file = tmp_path / "test.bin"
+        binary_file.write_bytes(b"Binary file data")
+
+        resource = FileResource(
+            uri=AnyUrl("file://test.bin"),
+            name="test.bin",
+            path=binary_file,
+            mime_type="application/octet-stream",
+        )
+        mcp.add_resource(resource)
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.read_resource(AnyUrl("file://test.bin"))
+            assert isinstance(result.contents[0], BlobResourceContents)
+            assert (
+                result.contents[0].blob
+                == base64.b64encode(b"Binary file data").decode()
+            )
+
+
+class TestServerResourceTemplates:
+    async def test_resource_with_params(self):
+        """Test that a resource with function parameters raises an error if the URI
+        parameters don't match"""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Mismatch between URI parameters"):
+
+            @mcp.resource("resource://data")
+            def get_data_fn(param: str) -> str:
+                return f"Data: {param}"
+
+    async def test_resource_with_uri_params(self):
+        """Test that a resource with URI parameters is automatically a template"""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Mismatch between URI parameters"):
+
+            @mcp.resource("resource://{param}")
+            def get_data() -> str:
+                return "Data"
+
+    async def test_resource_with_untyped_params(self):
+        """Test that a resource with untyped parameters raises an error"""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.resource("resource://{param}")
+        def get_data(param) -> str:
+            return "Data"
+
+    async def test_resource_matching_params(self):
+        """Test that a resource with matching URI and function parameters works"""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.resource("resource://{name}/data")
+        def get_data(name: str) -> str:
+            return f"Data for {name}"
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.read_resource(AnyUrl("resource://test/data"))
+            assert isinstance(result.contents[0], TextResourceContents)
+            assert result.contents[0].text == "Data for test"
+
+    async def test_resource_mismatched_params(self):
+        """Test that mismatched parameters raise an error"""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Mismatch between URI parameters"):
+
+            @mcp.resource("resource://{name}/data")
+            def get_data(user: str) -> str:
+                return f"Data for {user}"
+
+    async def test_resource_multiple_params(self):
+        """Test that multiple parameters work correctly"""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.resource("resource://{org}/{repo}/data")
+        def get_data(org: str, repo: str) -> str:
+            return f"Data for {org}/{repo}"
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.read_resource(
+                AnyUrl("resource://cursor/fastmcp/data")
+            )
+            assert isinstance(result.contents[0], TextResourceContents)
+            assert result.contents[0].text == "Data for cursor/fastmcp"
+
+    async def test_resource_multiple_mismatched_params(self):
+        """Test that mismatched parameters raise an error"""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Mismatch between URI parameters"):
+
+            @mcp.resource("resource://{org}/{repo}/data")
+            def get_data_mismatched(org: str, repo_2: str) -> str:
+                return f"Data for {org}"
+
+        """Test that a resource with no parameters works as a regular resource"""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.resource("resource://static")
+        def get_static_data() -> str:
+            return "Static data"
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.read_resource(AnyUrl("resource://static"))
+            assert isinstance(result.contents[0], TextResourceContents)
+            assert result.contents[0].text == "Static data"
+
+    async def test_template_to_resource_conversion(self):
+        """Test that templates are properly converted to resources when accessed"""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.resource("resource://{name}/data")
+        def get_data(name: str) -> str:
+            return f"Data for {name}"
+
+        # Should be registered as a template
+        assert len(mcp._resource_manager._templates) == 1
+        assert len(await mcp.list_resources()) == 0
+
+        # When accessed, should create a concrete resource
+        resource = await mcp._resource_manager.get_resource("resource://test/data")
+        assert isinstance(resource, FunctionResource)
+        result = await resource.read()
+        assert result == "Data for test"
+
+
+class TestContextInjection:
+    """Test context injection in tools."""
+
+    async def test_context_detection(self):
+        """Test that context parameters are properly detected."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        def tool_with_context(x: int, ctx: Context) -> str:
+            return f"Request {ctx.request_id}: {x}"
+
+        tool = mcp._tool_manager.add_tool(tool_with_context)
+        assert tool.context_kwarg == "ctx"
+
+    async def test_context_injection(self):
+        """Test that context is properly injected into tool calls."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        def tool_with_context(x: int, ctx: Context) -> str:
+            assert ctx.request_id is not None
+            return f"Request {ctx.request_id}: {x}"
+
+        mcp.add_tool(tool_with_context)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("tool_with_context", {"x": 42})
+            assert len(result.content) == 1
+            content = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content, TextContent)
+            assert "Request" in content.text
+            assert "42" in content.text
+
+    async def test_async_context(self):
+        """Test that context works in async functions."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        async def async_tool(x: int, ctx: Context) -> str:
+            assert ctx.request_id is not None
+            return f"Async request {ctx.request_id}: {x}"
+
+        mcp.add_tool(async_tool)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("async_tool", {"x": 42})
+            assert len(result.content) == 1
+            content = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content, TextContent)
+            assert "Async request" in content.text
+            assert "42" in content.text
+
+    async def test_context_logging(self):
+        """Test that context logging methods work."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        def logging_tool(msg: str, ctx: Context) -> str:
+            ctx.debug("Debug message")
+            ctx.info("Info message")
+            ctx.warning("Warning message")
+            ctx.error("Error message")
+            return f"Logged messages for {msg}"
+
+        mcp.add_tool(logging_tool)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("logging_tool", {"msg": "test"})
+            assert len(result.content) == 1
+            content = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content, TextContent)
+            assert "Logged messages for test" in content.text
+
+    async def test_optional_context(self):
+        """Test that context is optional."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        def no_context(x: int) -> int:
+            return x * 2
+
+        mcp.add_tool(no_context)
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("no_context", {"x": 21})
+            assert len(result.content) == 1
+            content = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content, TextContent)
+            assert content.text == "42"
+
+    async def test_context_resource_access(self):
+        """Test that context can access resources."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.resource("test://data")
+        def test_resource() -> str:
+            return "resource data"
+
+        @mcp.tool()
+        async def tool_with_resource(ctx: Context) -> str:
+            data = await ctx.read_resource("test://data")
+            return f"Read resource: {data}"
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.call_tool("tool_with_resource", {})
+            assert len(result.content) == 1
+            content = result.content[0]
+            assert isinstance(content, TextContent)
+            assert "Read resource: resource data" in content.text
+
+
+class TestServerPrompts:
+    """Test prompt functionality in FastMCP server."""
+
+    async def test_prompt_decorator(self):
+        """Test that the prompt decorator registers prompts correctly."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.prompt()
+        def fn() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        prompts = mcp._prompt_manager.list_prompts()
+        assert len(prompts) == 1
+        assert prompts[0].name == "fn"
+        # Don't compare functions directly since validate_call wraps them
+        content = await prompts[0].render()
+        assert isinstance(content[0].content, TextContent)
+        assert content[0].content.text == "Hello, world!"
+
+    async def test_prompt_decorator_with_name(self):
+        """Test prompt decorator with custom name."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.prompt(name="custom_name")
+        def fn() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        prompts = mcp._prompt_manager.list_prompts()
+        assert len(prompts) == 1
+        assert prompts[0].name == "custom_name"
+        content = await prompts[0].render()
+        assert isinstance(content[0].content, TextContent)
+        assert content[0].content.text == "Hello, world!"
+
+    async def test_prompt_decorator_with_description(self):
+        """Test prompt decorator with custom description."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.prompt(description="A custom description")
+        def fn() -> str:
+            return "Hello, world!"
+
+        prompts = mcp._prompt_manager.list_prompts()
+        assert len(prompts) == 1
+        assert prompts[0].description == "A custom description"
+        content = await prompts[0].render()
+        assert isinstance(content[0].content, TextContent)
+        assert content[0].content.text == "Hello, world!"
+
+    def test_prompt_decorator_error(self):
+        """Test error when decorator is used incorrectly."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="decorator was used incorrectly"):
+
+            @mcp.prompt  # type: ignore
+            def fn() -> str:
+                return "Hello, world!"
+
+    async def test_list_prompts(self):
+        """Test listing prompts through MCP protocol."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.prompt()
+        def fn(name: str, optional: str = "default") -> str:
+            return f"Hello, {name}!"
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.list_prompts()
+            assert result.prompts is not None
+            assert len(result.prompts) == 1
+            prompt = result.prompts[0]
+            assert prompt.name == "fn"
+            assert prompt.arguments is not None
+            assert len(prompt.arguments) == 2
+            assert prompt.arguments[0].name == "name"
+            assert prompt.arguments[0].required is True
+            assert prompt.arguments[1].name == "optional"
+            assert prompt.arguments[1].required is False
+
+    async def test_get_prompt(self):
+        """Test getting a prompt through MCP protocol."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.prompt()
+        def fn(name: str) -> str:
+            return f"Hello, {name}!"
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.get_prompt("fn", {"name": "World"})
+            assert len(result.messages) == 1
+            message = result.messages[0]
+            assert message.role == "user"
+            content = message.content
+            assert isinstance(content, TextContent)
+            assert content.text == "Hello, World!"
+
+    async def test_get_prompt_with_resource(self):
+        """Test getting a prompt that returns resource content."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.prompt()
+        def fn() -> Message:
+            return UserMessage(
+                content=EmbeddedResource(
+                    type="resource",
+                    resource=TextResourceContents(
+                        uri=AnyUrl("file://file.txt"),
+                        text="File contents",
+                        mimeType="text/plain",
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            result = await client.get_prompt("fn")
+            assert len(result.messages) == 1
+            message = result.messages[0]
+            assert message.role == "user"
+            content = message.content
+            assert isinstance(content, EmbeddedResource)
+            resource = content.resource
+            assert isinstance(resource, TextResourceContents)
+            assert resource.text == "File contents"
+            assert resource.mimeType == "text/plain"
+
+    async def test_get_unknown_prompt(self):
+        """Test error when getting unknown prompt."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            with pytest.raises(McpError, match="Unknown prompt"):
+                await client.get_prompt("unknown")
+
+    async def test_get_prompt_missing_args(self):
+        """Test error when required arguments are missing."""
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+
+        @mcp.prompt()
+        def prompt_fn(name: str) -> str:
+            return f"Hello, {name}!"
+
+        async with client_session(mcp._mcp_server) as client:
+            with pytest.raises(McpError, match="Missing required arguments"):
+                await client.get_prompt("prompt_fn")

tests/server/fastmcp/test_tool_manager.py

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+import logging
+from typing import Optional
+
+import pytest
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+import json
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.exceptions import ToolError
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.tools import ToolManager
+
+
+class TestAddTools:
+    def test_basic_function(self):
+        """Test registering and running a basic function."""
+
+        def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
+            """Add two numbers."""
+            return a + b
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(add)
+
+        tool = manager.get_tool("add")
+        assert tool is not None
+        assert tool.name == "add"
+        assert tool.description == "Add two numbers."
+        assert tool.is_async is False
+        assert tool.parameters["properties"]["a"]["type"] == "integer"
+        assert tool.parameters["properties"]["b"]["type"] == "integer"
+
+    async def test_async_function(self):
+        """Test registering and running an async function."""
+
+        async def fetch_data(url: str) -> str:
+            """Fetch data from URL."""
+            return f"Data from {url}"
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(fetch_data)
+
+        tool = manager.get_tool("fetch_data")
+        assert tool is not None
+        assert tool.name == "fetch_data"
+        assert tool.description == "Fetch data from URL."
+        assert tool.is_async is True
+        assert tool.parameters["properties"]["url"]["type"] == "string"
+
+    def test_pydantic_model_function(self):
+        """Test registering a function that takes a Pydantic model."""
+
+        class UserInput(BaseModel):
+            name: str
+            age: int
+
+        def create_user(user: UserInput, flag: bool) -> dict:
+            """Create a new user."""
+            return {"id": 1, **user.model_dump()}
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(create_user)
+
+        tool = manager.get_tool("create_user")
+        assert tool is not None
+        assert tool.name == "create_user"
+        assert tool.description == "Create a new user."
+        assert tool.is_async is False
+        assert "name" in tool.parameters["$defs"]["UserInput"]["properties"]
+        assert "age" in tool.parameters["$defs"]["UserInput"]["properties"]
+        assert "flag" in tool.parameters["properties"]
+
+    def test_add_invalid_tool(self):
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+            manager.add_tool(1)  # type: ignore
+
+    def test_add_lambda(self):
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        tool = manager.add_tool(lambda x: x, name="my_tool")
+        assert tool.name == "my_tool"
+
+    def test_add_lambda_with_no_name(self):
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        with pytest.raises(
+            ValueError, match="You must provide a name for lambda functions"
+        ):
+            manager.add_tool(lambda x: x)
+
+    def test_warn_on_duplicate_tools(self, caplog):
+        """Test warning on duplicate tools."""
+
+        def f(x: int) -> int:
+            return x
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(f)
+        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING):
+            manager.add_tool(f)
+            assert "Tool already exists: f" in caplog.text
+
+    def test_disable_warn_on_duplicate_tools(self, caplog):
+        """Test disabling warning on duplicate tools."""
+
+        def f(x: int) -> int:
+            return x
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(f)
+        manager.warn_on_duplicate_tools = False
+        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING):
+            manager.add_tool(f)
+            assert "Tool already exists: f" not in caplog.text
+
+
+class TestCallTools:
+    async def test_call_tool(self):
+        def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
+            """Add two numbers."""
+            return a + b
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(add)
+        result = await manager.call_tool("add", {"a": 1, "b": 2})
+        assert result == 3
+
+    async def test_call_async_tool(self):
+        async def double(n: int) -> int:
+            """Double a number."""
+            return n * 2
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(double)
+        result = await manager.call_tool("double", {"n": 5})
+        assert result == 10
+
+    async def test_call_tool_with_default_args(self):
+        def add(a: int, b: int = 1) -> int:
+            """Add two numbers."""
+            return a + b
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(add)
+        result = await manager.call_tool("add", {"a": 1})
+        assert result == 2
+
+    async def test_call_tool_with_missing_args(self):
+        def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
+            """Add two numbers."""
+            return a + b
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(add)
+        with pytest.raises(ToolError):
+            await manager.call_tool("add", {"a": 1})
+
+    async def test_call_unknown_tool(self):
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        with pytest.raises(ToolError):
+            await manager.call_tool("unknown", {"a": 1})
+
+    async def test_call_tool_with_list_int_input(self):
+        def sum_vals(vals: list[int]) -> int:
+            return sum(vals)
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(sum_vals)
+        # Try both with plain list and with JSON list
+        result = await manager.call_tool("sum_vals", {"vals": "[1, 2, 3]"})
+        assert result == 6
+        result = await manager.call_tool("sum_vals", {"vals": [1, 2, 3]})
+        assert result == 6
+
+    async def test_call_tool_with_list_str_or_str_input(self):
+        def concat_strs(vals: list[str] | str) -> str:
+            return vals if isinstance(vals, str) else "".join(vals)
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(concat_strs)
+        # Try both with plain python object and with JSON list
+        result = await manager.call_tool("concat_strs", {"vals": ["a", "b", "c"]})
+        assert result == "abc"
+        result = await manager.call_tool("concat_strs", {"vals": '["a", "b", "c"]'})
+        assert result == "abc"
+        result = await manager.call_tool("concat_strs", {"vals": "a"})
+        assert result == "a"
+        result = await manager.call_tool("concat_strs", {"vals": '"a"'})
+        assert result == '"a"'
+
+    async def test_call_tool_with_complex_model(self):
+        from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context
+
+        class MyShrimpTank(BaseModel):
+            class Shrimp(BaseModel):
+                name: str
+
+            shrimp: list[Shrimp]
+            x: None
+
+        def name_shrimp(tank: MyShrimpTank, ctx: Context) -> list[str]:
+            return [x.name for x in tank.shrimp]
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(name_shrimp)
+        result = await manager.call_tool(
+            "name_shrimp",
+            {"tank": {"x": None, "shrimp": [{"name": "rex"}, {"name": "gertrude"}]}},
+        )
+        assert result == ["rex", "gertrude"]
+        result = await manager.call_tool(
+            "name_shrimp",
+            {"tank": '{"x": null, "shrimp": [{"name": "rex"}, {"name": "gertrude"}]}'},
+        )
+        assert result == ["rex", "gertrude"]
+
+
+class TestToolSchema:
+    async def test_context_arg_excluded_from_schema(self):
+        from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context
+
+        def something(a: int, ctx: Context) -> int:
+            return a
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        tool = manager.add_tool(something)
+        assert "ctx" not in json.dumps(tool.parameters)
+        assert "Context" not in json.dumps(tool.parameters)
+        assert "ctx" not in tool.fn_metadata.arg_model.model_fields
+
+
+class TestContextHandling:
+    """Test context handling in the tool manager."""
+
+    def test_context_parameter_detection(self):
+        """Test that context parameters are properly detected in Tool.from_function()."""
+        from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context
+
+        def tool_with_context(x: int, ctx: Context) -> str:
+            return str(x)
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        tool = manager.add_tool(tool_with_context)
+        assert tool.context_kwarg == "ctx"
+
+        def tool_without_context(x: int) -> str:
+            return str(x)
+
+        tool = manager.add_tool(tool_without_context)
+        assert tool.context_kwarg is None
+
+    async def test_context_injection(self):
+        """Test that context is properly injected during tool execution."""
+        from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
+
+        def tool_with_context(x: int, ctx: Context) -> str:
+            assert isinstance(ctx, Context)
+            return str(x)
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(tool_with_context)
+
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        ctx = mcp.get_context()
+        result = await manager.call_tool("tool_with_context", {"x": 42}, context=ctx)
+        assert result == "42"
+
+    async def test_context_injection_async(self):
+        """Test that context is properly injected in async tools."""
+        from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
+
+        async def async_tool(x: int, ctx: Context) -> str:
+            assert isinstance(ctx, Context)
+            return str(x)
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(async_tool)
+
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        ctx = mcp.get_context()
+        result = await manager.call_tool("async_tool", {"x": 42}, context=ctx)
+        assert result == "42"
+
+    async def test_context_optional(self):
+        """Test that context is optional when calling tools."""
+        from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context
+
+        def tool_with_context(x: int, ctx: Optional[Context] = None) -> str:
+            return str(x)
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(tool_with_context)
+        # Should not raise an error when context is not provided
+        result = await manager.call_tool("tool_with_context", {"x": 42})
+        assert result == "42"
+
+    async def test_context_error_handling(self):
+        """Test error handling when context injection fails."""
+        from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
+
+        def tool_with_context(x: int, ctx: Context) -> str:
+            raise ValueError("Test error")
+
+        manager = ToolManager()
+        manager.add_tool(tool_with_context)
+
+        mcp = FastMCP()
+        ctx = mcp.get_context()
+        with pytest.raises(ToolError, match="Error executing tool tool_with_context"):
+            await manager.call_tool("tool_with_context", {"x": 42}, context=ctx)