manifestos/cyphernomicon

THE CYPHERNOMICON

1. Introduction

1.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666, 
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

1.2. Foreword
- The Cypherpunks have existed since September, 1992. In that
   time, a vast amount has been written on cryptography, key
   escrow, Clipper, the Net, the Information Superhighway, cyber
   terrorists, and crypto anarchy. We have found ourselves (or
   _placed_ ourselves) at the center of the storm.
- This FAQ may help to fill in some gaps about what we're
   about, what motivates us, and where we're going. And maybe
   some useful knowledge on crypto, remailers, anonymity,
   digital cash, and other interesting things.
+ The Basic Issues
  + Great Divide: privacy vs. compliance with laws
    + free speech and privacy, even if means some criminals
       cannot be caught (a stand the U.S. Constitution was
       strongly in favor of, at one time)
      - a man's home is his castle...the essence of the Magna
         Carta systems...rights of the individual to be secure
         from random searches
    + or invasive tactics to catch criminals, regulate
       behavior, and control the population
      - the legitimate needs to enforce laws, to respond to
         situations
    + this parallels the issue of self-protection vs.
       protection by law and police
      - as seen in the gun debate
      - crypto = guns in the sense of being an individual's
         preemptive protection
    - past the point of no return
  - Strong crypto as building material for a new age
  + Transnationalism and Increased Degrees of Freedom
    - governments can't hope to control movements and
       communications of citizens; borders are transparent
+ Not all list members share all views
  - This is not "the Official Cypherpunks FAQ." No such thing
     can exist. This is the FAQ I wanted written. Views
     expressed are my own, with as much input from others, as
     much consensus, as I can manage. If you want a radically
     different FAQ, write it yourself.  If you don't like this
     FAQ, don't read it. And tell your friends not to read it.
     But don't bog down my mailbox, or the 500 others on the
     list, with messages about how you would have worded Section
     12.4.7.2 slightly differently, or how Section 6.9.12 does
     not fully reflect your views. For obvious reasons.
  - All FAQs are the products of a primary author, sometimes of
     a committee. For this FAQ, I am the sole author. At least
     of the version you are reading now. Future versions may
     have more input from others, though this makes me nervous
     (I favor new authors writing their own stuff, or using
     hypertext links, rather than taking my basic writing and
     attaching their name to it--it is true that I include the
     quotes of many folks here, but I do so by explicitly
     quoting them in the chunk they wrote....it will be tough
     for later authors to clearly mark what Tim May wrote
     without excessively cluttering the text. The revisionist's
     dilemma.
  - The list has a lot of radical libertarians, some anarcho-
     capitalists, and even a few socialists
  - Mostly computer-related folks, as might be expected. (There
     are some political scientists, classical scholars, etc.
     Even a few current or ex-lawyers.)
  + Do I Speak for Others?
    - As I said, no. But sometimes I make claims about what
       "most" list members believe, what "many" believe, or what
       "some" believe.
    - "Most" is my best judgment of what the majority believe,
       at least the vocal majority in Cypherpunks discussions
       (at the physical meetings, parties, etc.) and on the
       List. "Many" means fewer, and "some" fewer still. "A few"
       will mean a distinct minority. Note that this is from the
       last 18 months of activity (so don't send in
       clarifications now to try to "sway the vote").
    - In particular, some members may be quite uncomfortable
       being described as anarchists, crypto anarchists, money
       launderers, etc.
+  My comments won't please everyone
  - on nearly every point ever presented, some have disagreed
  - feuds, battles, flames, idee fixes
  - on issues ranging from gun control to Dolphin Encrypt to
     various pet theories held dearly
  - Someone once made a mundane joke about pseudonyms being
     like multiple personality disorder--and a flame came back
     saying: "That's not funny. I am MPD and my SO is MPD.
     Please stop immediately!"
  - can't be helped....can't present all sides to all arguments
+ Focus of this FAQ is U.S.-centric, for various reasons
  - most on list are in U.S., and I am in U.S.
  - NSA and crypto community is largely centered in the U.S.,
     with some strong European activities
  - U.S. law is likely to influence overseas law
+ We are at a fork in the road,  a Great Divide
  - Surveillance vs. Freedom
  - nothing in the middle...either strong crypto and privacy is
     strongly limited, or the things I describe here will be
     done by some people....hence the "tipping factor" applies
     (point of no return, horses out of the barn)
+ I make no claim to speaking "for the group." If you're
   offended, write your own FAQ. My focus on things loosely
   called "crypto anarchy" is just that: my _focus_. This focus
   naturally percolates over into something like this FAQ, just
   as someone primarily interested in the mechanics of PGP would 
   devote more space to PGP issues than I have.
  - Gary Jeffers, for example, devotes most of his "CEB" to
     issues surrounding PGP.
+ Will leave out some of the highly detailed items...
  - Clipper, LEAF, escrow, Denning, etc.
  - a myriad of encryption programs, bulk  ciphers, variants on
     PGP, etc. Some of these I've listed...others I've had to
     throw my hands over and just ignore. (Keeping track of
     zillions of versions for dozens of platforms...)
  - easy to get lost in the details, buried in the bullshit

1.3. Motivations
 1.3.1. With so much material available, why another FAQ?
 1.3.2. No convenient access to archives of the list....and who could 
   read 50 MB of stuff anyway?
 1.3.3. Why not Web? (Mosaic, Http, URL, etc.)
  - Why not a navigable Web document?
  - This is becoming trendy. Lots of URLs are included here, in
     fact. But making all documents into Web documents has
     downsides.
  + Reasons why not:
    - No easy access for me.
    - Many others also lack access. Text still rules.
    - Not at all clear that a collection of hundreds of
       fragments is useful
    - I like the structured editors available on my Mac
       (specifically, MORE, an outline editor)
    -
 1.3.4. What the Essential Points Are
  - It's easy to lose track of what the core issues are, what
     the really important points are. In a FAQ like this, a vast
     amount of "cruft" is presented, that is, a vast amount of
     miscellaneous, tangential, and epiphenomenal material.
     Names of PGP versions, variants on steganograhy, and other
     such stuff, all of which will change over the next few
     months and years.
  + And yet that's partly what a FAQ is for. The key is just
     not to lose track of the key ideas. I've mentioned what I
     think are the important ideas many times. To wit:
    - that many approaches to crypto exist
    - that governments essentially cannot stop most of these
       approaches, short of establishing a police state (and
       probably not even then)
    - core issues of identity, authentication, pseudonyms,
       reputations, etc.

1.4. Who Should Read This
 1.4.1. "Should I read this?"
  - Yes, reading this will point you toward other sources of
     information, will answer the most commonly asked questions,
     and will (hopefully) head off the reappearance of the same
     tired themes every few months.
  - Use a search tool if you have one. Grep for the things that
     interest you, etc. The granularity of this FAQ does not
     lend itself to Web conversion, at least not with present
     tools.
  + What _Won't_ Be Covered Here
    + basic cryptography
      + many good texts, FAQs, etc., written by full-time
         cryptologists and educators
        - in particular, some of the ideas are not simple, and
           take several pages of well-written text to get the
           point across
      - not the focus of this FAQ
    - basic political rants

1.5. Comments on Style and Thoroughness
 1.5.1. "Why is this FAQ not in Mosaic form?"
  - because the author (tcmay, as of 7/94) does not have Mosaic
     access, and even if did, would not necessarily....
  - linear text is still fine for some things...can be read on
     all platforms, can be printed out, and can be searched with
     standard grep and similar tools
 1.5.2. "Why the mix of styles?"
  + There are three main types of styles here:
    - Standard prose sections, explaining some point or listing
       things. Mini-essays, like most posts to Cypherpunks.
    + Short, outline-style comments
      - that I didn't have time or willpower to expand into
         prose format
      - that work best in outline format anyway
      - like this
    + Quotes from others
      - Cypherpunks are a bright group. A lot of clever things
         have been said in the 600 days x 40 posts/day = 24,000
         posts, and I am trying to use what I can.
      + Sadly, only a tiny fraction can be used
        - because I simply cannot _read_  even a fraction of
           these posts over again (though I've only saved
           several thousand of the posts)
        - and because including too many of these posts would
           simply make the FAQ too long (it's still too long, I
           suppose)
  - I hope you can handle the changes in tone of voice, in
     styles, and even in formats. It'll just too much time to
     make it all read uniformly.
 1.5.3. Despite the length of this thing, a vast amount of stuff is
   missing. There have been hundreds of incisive analyses by
   Cypherpunks, dozens of survey articles on Clipper, and
   thousands of clever remarks. Alas, only a few of them here.
  - And with 25 or more books on the Internet, hundreds of FAQs
     and URLs, it's clear that we're all drowning in a sea of
     information about the Net.
  - Ironically, good old-fashioned books have a lot more
     relevant and timeless information.
 1.5.4. Caveats on the completeness or accuracy of this FAQ
  + not all points are fully fleshed out...the outline nature
     means that nearly all points could be further added-to,
     subdivided, taxonomized, and generally fleshed-out with
     more points, counterpoints, examples
    - like a giant tree...branches, leaves, tangled hierarchies
  + It is inevitable that conflicting points will be made in a
     document of this size
    - views change, but don't get corrected in all places
    - different contexts lead to different viewpoints
    - simple failure by me to be fully consistent
    - and many points raised here would, if put into an essay
       for the Cypherpunks list, generate comments, rebuttals,
       debate, and even acrimony....I cannot expect to have all
       sides represented fully, especially as the issues are
       often murky, unresolved, in dispute, and generally
       controversial
  - inconsistencies in the points here in this FAQ

1.6. Corrections and Elaborations
+ "How to handle corrections or clarifications?"
  - While I have done my best to ensure accuracy, errors will
     no doubt exist. And as anyone can see from reading the
     Cypherpunks list, nearly *any* statement made about any
     subject can produce a flurry of rebuttals, caveats,
     expansions, and whatnot. Some subjects, such as the nature
     of money, the role of Cypherpunks, and the role of
     reputations, produce dozens of differing opinions every
     time they come up!
  - So, it is not likely that my points here will be any
     different. Fortunately, the sheer number of points here
     means that not every one of them will be disagreed with.
     But the math is pretty clear: if every reader finds even
     one thing to disagree with and then posts his rebuttal or
     elaboration....disaster! (Especially if some people can't
     trim quotes properly and end up including a big chunk of
     text.)
  + Recommendations
    - Send corrections of _fact_ to me
    - If you disagree with my opinion, and you think you can
       change my mind, or cause me to include your opinion as an
       elaboration or as a dissenting view, then send it. If
       your point requires long debate or is a deep
       disagreement, then I doubt I have the time or energy to
       debate. If you want your views heard, write your own FAQ!
    - Ultimately, send what you want. But I of course will
       evaluate comments and apply a reputation-based filter to
       the traffic. Those who send me concise, well-reasoned
       corrections or clarifications are likelier to be listened
       to than those who barrage me with minor clarifications
       and elaborations.
    - In short, this is not a group project. The "stone soup
       FAQ" is not what this is.
  + More information
    - Please don't send me e-mail asking for more information
       on a particular topic--I just can't handle custom
       research. This FAQ is long enough, and the Glossary at
       the end contains additional information, so that I cannot
       expand upon these topics (unless there is a general
       debate on the list). In other words, don't assume this
       FAQ is an entry point into a larger data base I will
       generate. I hate to sound so blunt, but I've seen the
       requests that come in every time I write a fairly long
       article.
  + Tips on feedback
    - Comments about writing style, of the form "I would have
       written it _this_ way," are especially unwelcome.
+ Credit issues
  - inevitable that omissions or collisions will occur
  - ideas have many fathers
  - some ideas have been "in the air" for many years
  + slogans are especially problematic
    - "They can have my...."...I credit Barlow with this, but
       I've heard others use it independently (I think; at least
       I used it before hearing Barlow used it)
    - "If crypto is outlawed, only outlaws will have crypto"
    - "Big Brother Inside"
  - if something really bothers you, send me a note

1.7. Acknowledgements
 1.7.1. Acknowledgements
  - My chief thanks go to the several hundred active
     Cypherpunks posters, past and present.
  - All rights reserved. Copyright Timothy C. May. Don't try to
     sell this or incorporate it into anything that is sold.
     Quoting brief sections is "fair use"...quoting long
     sections is not.

1.8. Ideas and Notes (not to be printed)
 1.8.1. Graphics for cover
  - two blocks...plaintext to cryptotext
  - Cypherpunks FAQ
  - compiled by Timothy C. May, tcmay@netcom.com
  - with help from many Cypherpunks
  - with material from other sources
  - <credited in angle brackets>
 1.8.2. "So don't ask"

1.9. Things are moving quickly in crypto and crypto policy
 1.9.1. hard to keep this FAQ current, as info changes
 1.9.2. PGP in state of flux
 1.9.3. new versions of tools coming constantly
 1.9.4. And the whole Clipper thing has been turned on its head
   recently by the Administration's backing off...lots of points
   already made here are now rendered moot and are primarily of
   historical interest only.
  - Gore's letter to Cantwell
  - Whit Diffie described a conference on key escrow systems in
     Karlsruhe, Germany, which seemed to contain new ideas
  - TIS? (can't use this info?)

1.10. Notes: The Cyphernomicon: the CypherFAQ and More
1.10.1. 2.3.1.  "The Book of Encyphered Names"
  - Ibn al-Taz Khallikak, the Pine Barrens Horror.
  - Liber Grimoiris....Cifur???
  - spreading from the Sumerian sands, through the gate of
     Ishtar, to the back alleys of Damascus, tempered with the
     blood of Westerners
  - Keys of Solomon, Kool John Dee and the Rapping Cryps  Gone
     to Croatan
  - Peter Krypotkin, the Russian crypto anarchist
  - Twenty-nine Primes, California
1.10.2. 2.3.2.  THE CYPHERNOMICON: a Cypherpunk FAQ and More---
   Version 0.666
1.10.3. 1994-09-01,   Copyright Timothy C. May,   tcmay@netcom.com
1.10.4.
  - Written and compiled by Tim May, except as noted by
     credits. (Influenced by years of good posts on the
     Cypherpunks list.) Permission is granted to post and
     distribute this document in an unaltered and complete
     state, for non-profit and educational purposes only.
     Reasonable quoting under "fair use" provisions is
     permitted. See the detailed disclaimer of responsibilities
     and liabilities in the Introduction chapter.

2. MFAQ--Most Frequently Asked Questions

2.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

2.2. SUMMARY: MFAQ--Most Frequently Asked Questions
 2.2.1. Main Points
  - These are the main questions that keep coming up. Not
     necessarily the most basic question, just the ones that get
     asked a lot. What most FAQs are.
 2.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
 2.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - newcomers to crypto should buy Bruce Schneier's "Applied
     Cryptography"...it will save many hours worth of
     unnecessary questions and clueless remarks about
     cryptography.
  - the various FAQs publishe in the newsroups (like sci.crypt,
     alt.security.pgp) are very helpful. (also at rtfm.mit.edu)
 2.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - I wasn't sure what to include here in the MFAQ--perhaps
     people can make suggestions of other things to include.
  - My advice is that if something interests you, use your
     editing/searching tools to find the same topic in the main
     section. Usually (but not always) there's more material in
     the main chapters than here in the MFAQ.

2.3. "What's the 'Big Picture'?"
 2.3.1. Strong crypto is here. It is widely available.
 2.3.2. It implies many changes in the way the world works. Private
   channels between parties who have never met and who never
   will meet are possible. Totally anonymous, unlinkable,
   untraceable communications and exchanges are possible.
 2.3.3. Transactions can only be *voluntary*, since the parties are
   untraceable and unknown and can withdraw at any time. This
   has profound implications for the conventional approach of
   using the threat of force, directed against parties by
   governments or by others. In particular, threats of force
   will fail.
 2.3.4. What emerges from this is unclear, but I think it will be a
   form of anarcho-capitalist market system I call "crypto
   anarchy." (Voluntary communications only, with no third
   parties butting in.)

2.4. Organizational
 2.4.1. "How do I get on--and off--the Cypherpunks list?"
  - Send a message to "cypherpunks-request@toad.com"
  - Any auto-processed commands?
  - don't send requests to the list as a whole....this will
     mark you as "clueless"
 2.4.2. "Why does the Cypherpunks list sometimes go down, or lose the
   subscription list?"
  - The host machine, toad.com, owned by John Gilmore, has had
     the usual problems such machines have: overloading,
     shortages of disk space, software upgrades, etc. Hugh
     Daniel has done an admirable job of keeping it in good
     shape, but problems do occur.
  - Think of it as warning that lists and communication systems
     remain somewhat fragile....a lesson for what is needed to
     make digital money more robust and trustable.
  - There is no paid staff, no hardware budget for
     improvements. The work done is strictly voluntarily.
 2.4.3. "If I've just joined the Cypherpunks list, what should I do?"
  - Read for a while. Things will become clearer, themes will
     emerge, and certain questions will be answered. This is
     good advice for any group or list, and is especially so for
     a list with 500 or more people on it. (We hit 700+ at one
     point, then a couple of list outages knocked the number
     down a bit.)
  - Read the references mentioned here, if you can. The
     sci.crypt FAQ should be read. And purchase Bruce Schneier's
     "Applied Cryptography" the first chance you get.
  - Join in on things that interest you, but don't make a fool
     of yourself. Reputations matter, and you may come to regret
     having come across as a tedious fool in your first weeks on
     the list. (If you're a tedious fool after the first few
     weeks, that may just be your nature, of course.)
  - Avoid ranting and raving on unrelated topics, such as
     abortion (pro or con), guns (pro or con), etc. The  usual
     topics that usually generate a lot of heat and not much
     light. (Yes, most of us have strong views on these and
     other topics, and, yes, we sometimes let our views creep
     into discussions. There's no denying that certain
     resonances exist. I'm just urging caution.)
 2.4.4. "I'm swamped by the list volume; what can I do?"
  - This is a natural reaction. Nobody can follow it all; I
     spend entirely too many hours a day reading the list, and I
     certainly can't follow it all. Pick areas of expertise and
     then follow them and ignore the rest. After all, not seeing
     things on the list can be no worse than not even being
     subscribed to the list!
  - Hit the "delete" key quickly
  - find someone who will digest it for you (Eric Hughes has
     repeatedly said anyone can retransmit the list this way;
     Hal Finney has offered an encrypted list)
  + Better mailers may help. Some people have used mail-to-news
     systems and then read the list as a local newsgroup, with
     threads.
    - I have Eudora, which supports off-line reading and
       sorting features, but I generally end up reading with an
       online mail program (elm).
  - The mailing list may someday be switched over to a
     newsgroup, a la "alt.cypherpunks." (This may affect some
     people whose sites do not carry alt groups.)
 2.4.5. "It's very easy to get lost in the morass of detail here. Are
   there any ways to track what's *really* important?"
  - First, a lot of the stuff posted in the Usenet newsgroups,
     and on the Cypherpunks list, is peripheral stuff,
     epiphenomenal cruft that will blow away in the first strong
     breeze. Grungy details about PGP shells, about RSA
     encryption speeds, about NSA supercomputers. There's just
     no reason for people to worry about "weak IDEA keys" when
     so many more pressing matters exist. (Let the experts
     worry.) Little of this makes any real difference, just as
     little of the stuff in daily newspapers is memorable or
     deserves to be memorable.
  - Second, "read the sources." Read "1984," "The Shockwave
     Rider," "Atlas Shrugged," "True Names." Read the Chaum
     article on making Big Brother obsolete (October 1985,
     "Communications of the ACM").
  - Third, don't lose sight of the core values: privacy,
     technological solutions over legal solutions, avoiding
     taxation, bypassing laws, etc. (Not everyone will agree
     with all of these points.)
  - Fourth, don't drown in the detail. Pick some areas of
     interest and follow _them_. You may not need to know the
     inner workings of DES or all the switches on PGP to make
     contributions in other areas. (In fact, you surely don't.)
 2.4.6. "Who are the Cypherpunks?"
  - A mix of about 500-700
  + Can find out who by sending message to majordomo@toad.com
     with the message body text "who cypherpunks" (no quotes, of
     course).
    - Is this a privacy flaw? Maybe.
  - Lots of students (they have the time, the Internet
     accounts). Lots of computer science/programming folks. Lots
     of libertarians.
  - quote from Wired article, and from "Whole Earth Review"
 2.4.7. "Who runs the Cypherpunks?"
  - Nobody. There's no formal "leadership." No ruler = no head
     = an arch = anarchy. (Look up the etymology of anarchy.)
  - However, the mailing list currently resides on a physical
     machine, and this machine creates some nexus of control,
     much like having a party at someon'e house. The list
     administrator is currently Eric Hughes (and has been since
     the beginning). He is helped by Hugh Daniel, who often does
     maintenance of the toad.com, and by John Gilmore, who owns
     the toad.com machine and account.
  - In an extreme situation of abuse or neverending ranting,
     these folks could kick someone off the list and block them
     from resubscribing via majordomo. (I presume they could--
     it's never happened.)
  - To emphasize: nobody's ever been kicked off the list, so
     far as I know. Not even Detweiler...he asked to be removed
     (when the list subscribes were done manually).
  - As to who sets policy, there is no policy! No charter, no
     agenda, no action items. Just what people want to work on
     themselves. Which is all that can be expected. (Some people
     get frustrated at this lack of consensus, and they
     sometimes start flaming and ranting about "Cypherpunks
     never do anything," but this lack of consensus is to be
     expected. Nobody's being paid, nobody's got hiring and
     firing authority, so any work that gets done has to be
     voluntary. Some volunteer groups are more organized than we
     are, but there are other factors that make this more
     possible for them than it is for us. C'est la vie.)
  - Those who get heard on the mailing list, or in the physical
     meetings, are those who write articles that people find
     interesting or who say things of note. Sounds fair to me.
 2.4.8. "Why don't the issues that interest me get discussed?"
  - Maybe they already have been--several times. Many newcomers
     are often chagrined to find arcane topics being discussed,
     with little discussion of "the basics."
  - This is hardly surprising....people get over the "basics"
     after a few months and want to move on to more exciting (to
     them) topics. All lists are like this.
  - In any case, after you've read the list for a while--maybe
     several weeks--go ahead and ask away. Making your topic
     fresher may generate more responses than, say, asking
     what's wrong with Clipper. (A truly overworked topic,
     naturally.)
 2.4.9. "How did the Cypherpunks group get started?"
2.4.10. "Where did the name 'Cypherpunks' come from?"
  + Jude Milhon, aka St. Jude, then an editor at "Mondo 2000,"
     was at the earliest meetings...she quipped "You guys are
     just a bunch of cypherpunks." The name was adopted
     immediately.
    - The 'cyberpunk' genre of science fiction often deals with
       issues of cyberspace and computer security ("ice"), so
       the link is natural.  A point of confusion is that
       cyberpunks are popularly thought of as, well, as "punks,"
       while many Cyberpunks are frequently libertarians and
       anarchists of various stripes. In my view, the two are
       not in conflict.
    - Some, however, would prefer a more staid name. The U.K.
       branch calls itself the "U.K. Crypto Privacy
       Association." <check this> However, the advantages of the
       name are clear. For one thing, many people are bored by
       staid names. For another, it gets us noticed by
       journalists and others.
    -
  - We are actually not very "punkish" at all. About as punkish
     as most of our cyberpunk cousins are, which is to say, not
     very.
  + the name
    - Crypto Cabal (this before the sci.crypt FAQ folks
       appeared, I think), Crypto Liberation Front, other names
    - not everybody likes the name...such is life
2.4.11. "Why doesn't the Cypherpunks group have announced goals,
   ideologies, and plans?"
  - The short answer: we're just a mailing list, a loose
     association of folks interested in similar things
  - no budget, no voting, no leadership (except the "leadership
     of the soapbox")
  - How could such a consensus emerge? The usual approach is
     for an elected group (or a group that seized power) to
     write the charter and goals, to push their agenda. Such is
     not the case here.
  - Is this FAQ a de facto statement of goals? Not if I can
     help it, to be honest. Several people before me planned
     some sort of FAQ, and had they completed them, I certainly
     would not have felt they were speaking for me or for the
     group. To be consistent, then, I cannot have others think
     this way about _this_ FAQ!
2.4.12. "What have the Cypherpunks actually done?"
  - spread of crypto: Cypherpunks have helped
     (PGP)...publicity, an alternative forum to sci.crypt (in
     many ways, better...better S/N ratio, more polite)
  - Wired, Whole Earth Review, NY Times, articles
  - remailers, encrypted remailers
  + The Cypherpunk- and Julf/Kleinpaste-style remailers were
     both written very quickly, in just days
    - Eric Hughes wrote the first Cypherpunks remailer in a
       weekend, and he spent the first day of that weekend
       learning enough Perl to do the job.
    + Karl Kleinpaste wrote the code that eventually turned
       into Julf's remailer (added to since, of course) in a
       similarly short time:
      - "My original anon server, for godiva.nectar.cs.cmu.edu
         2 years ago, was written in a few hours one bored
         afternoon.  It
         wasn't as featureful as it ended up being, but it was
         "complete" for
         its initial goals, and bug-free."
         [Karl_Kleinpaste@cs.cmu.edu, alt.privacy.anon-server,
         1994-09-01]
    - That other interesting ideas, such as digital cash, have
       not yet really emerged and gained use even after years of
       active discussion, is an interesting contrast to this
       rapid deployment of remailers. (The text-based nature of
       both straight encryption/signing and of remailing is
       semantically simpler to understand and then use than are
       things like digital cash, DC-nets, and other crypto
       protocols.)
  - ideas for Perl scripts, mail handlers
  - general discussion, with folks of several political
     persuasions
  - concepts: pools, Information Liberation Front, BlackNet
  -
2.4.13. "How Can I Learn About Crypto and Cypherpunks Info?"
2.4.14. "Why is there sometimes disdain for the enthusiasm and
   proposals of newcomers?"
  - None of us is perfect, so we sometimes are impatient with
     newcomers. Also, the comments seen tend to be issues of
     disagreement--as in all lists and newsgroups (agreement is
     so boring).
  - But many newcomers also have failed to do the basic reading
     that many of us did literally _years_ before joining this
     list. Cryptology is a fairly technical subject, and one can
     no more jump in and expect to be taken seriously without
     any preparation than in any other technical field.
  - Finally, many of us have answered the questions of
     newcomers too many times to be enthusiastic about it
     anymore. Familiarity breeds contempt.
  + Newcomers should try to be patient about our impatience.
     Sometimes recasting the question generates interest.
     Freshness matters. Often, making an incisive comment,
     instead of just asking a basic question, can generate
     responses. (Just like in real life.)
    - "Clipper sux!" won't generate much response.
2.4.15. "Should I join the  Cypherpunks mailing list?"
  - If you are reading this, of course, you are most likely on
     the Cypherpunks list already and this point is moot--you
     may instead be asking if you should_leave_  the List!
  - Only if you are prepared to handle 30-60 messages a day,
     with volumes fluctuating wildly
2.4.16. "Why isn't the Cypherpunks list encrypted? Don't you believe
   in encryption?"
  - what's the point, for a publically-subscribable list?
  - except to make people jump through hoops, to put a large
     burden on toad (unless everybody was given the same key, so
     that just one encryption could be done...which underscores
     the foolishness)
  + there have been proposals, mainly as a stick to force
     people to start using encryption...and to get the encrypted
     traffic boosted
    - involving delays for those who choose not or can't use
       crypto (students on terminals, foreigners in countries
       which have banned crypto, corporate subscribers....)
2.4.17. "What does "Cypherpunks write code' mean?"
  - a clarifying statement, not an imperative
  - technology and concrete solutions over bickering and
     chatter
  - if you don't write code, fine. Not everyone does (in fact,
     probably less than 10% of the list writes serious code, and
     less than 5% writes crypto or security software
2.4.18. "What does 'Big Brother Inside' Mean?"
  - devised by yours truly (tcmay) at Clipper meeting
  - Matt Thomlinson, Postscript
  - printed by ....
2.4.19. "I Have a New Idea for a Cipher---Should I Discuss it Here?"
  - Please don't. Ciphers require careful analysis, and should
     be in paper form (that is, presented in a detailed paper,
     with the necessary references to show that due diligence
     was done, the equations, tables, etc. The Net is a poor
     substitute.
  - Also, breaking a randomly presented cipher is by no means
     trivial, even if the cipher is eventually shown to be weak.
     Most people don't have the inclination to try to break a
     cipher unless there's some incentive, such as fame or money
     involved.
  - And new ciphers are notoriously hard to design. Experts are
     the best folks to do this. With all the stuff waiting to be
     done (described here), working on a new cipher is probably
     the least effective thing an amateur can do. (If you are
     not an amateur, and have broken other people's ciphers
     before, then you know who you are, and these comments don't
     apply. But I'll guess that fewer than a handful of folks on
     this list have the necessary background to do cipher
     design.)
  - There are a vast number of ciphers and systems, nearly all
     of no lasting significance. Untested, undocumented, unused-
     -and probably unworthy of any real attention. Don't add to
     the noise.
2.4.20. Are all the Cypherpunks libertarians?
2.4.21. "What can we do?"
  - Deploy strong crypto, to ensure the genie cannot be put in
     the bottle
  - Educate, lobby, discuss
  - Spread doubt, scorn..help make government programs look
     foolish
  - Sabotage, undermine, monkeywrench
  - Pursue other activities
2.4.22. "Why is the list unmoderated? Why is there no filtering of
   disrupters like Detweiler?"
  - technology over law
  - each person makes their own choice
  - also, no time for moderation, and moderation is usually
     stultifying
  + anyone who wishes to have some views silenced, or some
     posters blocked, is advised to:
    - contract with someone to be their Personal Censor,
       passing on to them only approved material
    - subscribe to a filtering service, such as Ray and Harry
       are providing
2.4.23. "What Can I Do?"
  - politics, spreading the word
  - writing code ("Cypherpunks write code")
2.4.24. "Should I publicize my new crypto program?"
  - "I have designed a crypting program, that I think is
     unbreakable.  I challenge anyone who is interested to get
     in touch with me, and decrypt an encrypted massage."

      "With highest regards,
       Babak   Sehari." [Babak Sehari, sci.crypt, 6-19-94]

2.4.25. "Ask Emily Post Crypt"
  + my variation on "Ask Emily Postnews"
    - for those that don't know, a scathing critique of
       clueless postings
  + "I just invented a new cipher. Here's a sample. Bet you
     can't break it!"
    - By all means post your encrypted junk. We who have
       nothing better to do with our time than respond will be
       more than happy to spend hours running your stuff through
       our codebreaking Crays!
    - Be sure to include a sample of encrypted text, to make
       yourself appear even more clueless.
  + "I have a cypher I just invented...where should I post it?"
    + "One of the very most basic errors of making ciphers is
       simply to add
      - layer upon layer of obfuscation and make a cipher which
         is nice and
      - "complex".  Read Knuth on making random number
         generators for the
      - folly in this kind of approach.  " <Eric Hughes, 4-17-
         94, Cypherpunks>
    + "Ciphers carry the presumption of guilt, not innocence.
       Ciphers
      - designed by amateurs invariably fail under scrutiny by
         experts.  This
      - sociological fact (well borne out) is where the
         presumption of
      - insecurity arises.  This is not ignorance, to assume
         that this will
      - change.  The burden of proof is on the claimer of
         security, not upon
      - the codebreaker.  <Eric Hughes, 4-17-94, Cypherpunks>
  + "I've just gotten very upset at something--should I vent my
     anger on the  mailing list?"
    - By all means! If you're fed up doing your taxes, or just
       read something in the newspaper that really angered you,
       definitely send an angry message out to the 700 or so
       readers and help make _them_ angry!
    - Find a bogus link to crypto or privacy issues to make it
       seem more relevant.
2.4.26. "What are some main Cypherpunks projects?"
  + remailers
    + better remailers, more advanced features
      - digital postage
      - padding, batching/latency
      - agent features
    - more of them
    - offshore (10 sites in 5 countries, as a minimum)
  - tools, services
  - digital cash in better forms
  -
2.4.27. "What about sublists, to reduce the volume on the main list."
  - There are already half a dozen sub-lists, devoted to
     planning meetings, to building hardware, and to exploring
     DC-Nets. There's one for remailer operators, or there used
     to be. There are also lists devoted to similar topics as
     Cypherpunks, including Robin Hanson's "AltInst" list
     (Alternative Institutions), Nick Szabo's "libtech-l" list,
     the "IMP-Interest" (Internet Mercantile Protocols) list,
     and so on. Most are very low volume.
  + That few folks have heard of any of them, and that traffic
     volumes are extremely low, or zero, is not all that
     surprising, and matches experiences elsewhere. Several
     reasons:
    - Sublists are a bother to remember; most people forget
       they exist, and don't think to post to them. (This
       "forgetting" is one of the most interesting aspects of
       cyberspace; successful lists seem to be Schelling points
       that accrete even more members, while unsuccessful lists
       fade away into nothingness.)
    - There's a natural desire to see one's words in the larger
       of two forums, so people tend to post to the main list.
    - The sublists were sometimes formed in a burst of
       exuberance over some topic, which then faded.
    - Topics often span several subinterest areas, so posting
       to the main list is better than copying all the relevant
       sublists.
  - In any case, the Cypherpunks main list  is "it," for now,
     and has driven other lists effectively out of business. A
     kind of Gresham's Law.

2.5. Crypto
 2.5.1. "Why is crypto so important?"
  + The three elements that are central to our modern view of
     liberty and privacy (a la Diffie)
    - protecting things against theft
    - proving who we say we are
    - expecting privacy in our conversations and writings
  - Although there is no explicit "right of privacy" enumerated
     in the U.S. Constitution, the assumption that an individual
     is to be secure in his papers, home, etc., absent a valid
     warrant, is central. (There has never been a ruling or law
     that persons have to speak in a language that is
     understandable by eavesdroppers, wiretappers, etc., nor has
     there ever been a rule banning private use of encrption. I
     mention this to remind readers of the long history of
     crypto freedom.)
  -  "Information, technology and control of both _is_ power.
     *Anonymous* telecommunications has the potential to be the
     greatest equalizer in history.  Bringing this power to as
     many as possible will forever change the discourse of power
     in this country (and the world)." [Matthew J Miszewski, ACT
     NOW!, 1993-03-06]
 2.5.2. "Who uses cryptography?"
  - Everybody, in one form or another. We see crypto all around
     us...the keys in our pockets, the signatures on our
     driver's licenses and other cards, the photo IDs, the
     credit cards. Lock combinations, door keys, PIN numbers,
     etc. All are part of crypto (although most might call this
     "security" and not a very mathematical thing, as
     cryptography is usually thought to be).
  - Whitticism: "those who regularly
     conspire to participate in the political process are
     already encrypting." [Whit Diffie]
 2.5.3. "Who needs crypto? What have they got to hide?"
  + honest people need crypto because there are dishonest
     people
    - and there may be other needs for privacy
  - There are many reasons why people need privacy, the ability
     to keep some things secret. Financial, personal,
     psychological, social, and many other reasons.
  - Privacy in their papers, in their diaries, in their pesonal
     lives. In their financial choices, their investments, etc.
     (The IRS and tax authorities in other countries claim to
     have a right to see private records, and so far the courts
     have backed them up. I disagree.)
  - people encrypt for the same reason they close and lock
     their doors
  - Privacy in its most basic forms
 2.5.4. "I'm new to crypto--where should I start?"
  - books...Schneier
  - soda
  - sci.crypt
  - talk.politics.crypto
  - FAQs other than this one
 2.5.5. "Do I need to study cryptography and number theory to make a
   contribution?"
  - Absolutely not! Most cryptographers and mathematicians are
     so busy doing their thing that they little time or interest
     for political and entrepreneurial activities.
     Specialization is for insects and researchers, as someone's
     .sig says.
  - Many areas are ripe for contribution. Modularization of
     functions means  people can concentrate in other areas,
     just as writers don't have to learn how to set type, or cut
     quill pens, or mix inks.
  - Nonspecialists should treat most established ciphers as
     "black boxes" that work as advertised. (I'm not saying they
     do, just that analysis of them is best left to experts...a
     little skepticism may not hurt, though).
 2.5.6. "How does public key cryptography work, simply put?"
  - Plenty of articles and textbooks describe this, in ever-
     increasing detail (they start out with the basics, then get
     to the juicy stuff).
  + I did find a simple explanation, with "toy numbers," from
     Matthew Ghio:
    - "You pick two prime numbers; for example 5 and 7.
       Multiply them together, equals 35.  Now you calculate the
       product of one less than each number, plus one.  (5-1)(7-
       1)+1=21.  There is a mathematical relationship that says
       that x = x^21 mod 35 for any x from 0 to 34.  Now you
       factor 21, yeilds 3 and 7.

       "You pick one of those numbers to be your private key and
       the other one is your public key.  So you have:
       Public key: 3
       Private key: 7

       "Someone encrypts a message for you by taking plaintext
       message m to make ciphertext message c:  c=m^3 mod 35

       "You decrypt c and find m using your private key: m=c^7
       mod 35

       "If the numbers are several hundred digits long (as in
       PGP), it is nearly impossible to guess the secret key."
       [Matthew Ghio, alt.anonymous, 1994-09-03]
    - (There's a math error here...exercise left for the
       student.)
 2.5.7. "I'm a newcomer to this stuff...how should I get started?"
  - Start by reading some of the material cited. Don't worry
     too much about understanding it all.
  - Follow the list.
  - Find an area that interests you and concentrate on that.
     There is no reason why privacy advocates need to understand
     Diffie-Hellman key exchange in detail!
  + More Information
    + Books
      - Schneier
      - Brassard
    + Journals, etc
      - Proceedings
      - Journal of Cryptology
      - Cryptologia
    - Newsgroups
    - ftp sites
 2.5.8. "Who are Alice and Bob?"
 2.5.9. "What is security through obscurity"?
  - adding layers of confusion, indirection
  - rarely is strong in a an infromation-theoretic or
     cryptographic sense
  - and may have "shortcuts" (like a knot that looks complex
     but which falls open if approached the right way)
  - encryption algorithms often hidden, sites hidden
  - Make no mistake about it, these approaches are often used.
     And they can add a little to the overall security (using
     file encyption programs like FolderBolt on top of PGP is an
     example)...
2.5.10. "Has DES been broken? And what about RSA?"
  - DES: Brute-force search of the keyspace in chosen-plaintext
     attacks is feeasible in around 2^47 keys, according to
     Biham and Shamir. This is about 2^9 times easier than the
     "raw" keyspace. Michael Wiener has estimated that a macine
     of special chips could crack DES this way for a few
     thousand dollars per key. The NSA may have such machines.
  - In any case, DES was not expected to last this long by many
     (and, in fact, the NSA and NIST proposed a phaseout some
     years back, the "CCEP" (Commercial COMSEC Endorsement
     Program), but it never caught on and seems forgotten today.
     Clipper and EES seem to have grabbed the spotlight.
  - IDEA, from Europe, is supposed to be much better.
  - As for RSA, this is unlikely. Factoring is not yet proven
     to be NP-co
2.5.11. "Can the NSA Break Foo?"
  - DES, RSA, IDEA, etc.
  - Can the government break our ciphers?
2.5.12. "Can brute-force methods break crypto systems?"
  - depends on the system, the keyspace, the ancillary
     information avialable, etc.
  - processing power generally has been doubling every 12-18
     months (Moore's Law), so....
  - Skipjack is 80 bits, which is probably safe from brute
     force attack for 2^24 = 1.68e7 times as long as DES is.
     With Wiener's estimate of 3.5 hours to break DES, this
     implies 6700 years using today's hardware. Assuming an
     optimistic doubling of hardware power per year (for the
     same cost), it will take 24 years before the hardware costs
     of a brute force attack on Skipjack come down to what it
     now costs to attack DES. Assuming no other weaknesses in
     Skipjack.
  - And note that intelligence agencies are able to spend much
     more than what Wiener calculated (recall Norm Hardy's
     description of Harvest)
2.5.13. "Did the NSA know about public key ideas before Diffie and
   Hellman?"
  + much debate, and some sly and possibly misleading innuendo
    - Simmons claimed he learned of PK in Gardner's column, and
       he certainly should've been in a position to know
       (weapons, Sandia)
    -
  + Inman has claimed that NSA had a P-K concept in 1966
    - fits with Dominik's point about sealed cryptosystem boxes
       with no way to load new keys
    - and consistent with NSA having essentially sole access to
       nation's top mathematicians (until Diffies and Hellmans
       foreswore government funding, as a result of the anti-
       Pentagon feelings of the 70s)
2.5.14. "Did the NSA know about public-key approaches before Diffie
   and Hellman?"
  - comes up a lot, with some in the NSA trying to slyly
     suggest that _of course_ they knew about it...
  - Simmons, etc.
  - Bellovin comments (are good)
2.5.15. "Can NSA crack RSA?"
  - Probably not.
  - Certainly not by "searching the keyspace," an idea that
     pops up every few months . It can't be done. 1024-bit keys
     implies roughly 512-bit primes, or 153-decimal digit
     primes. There are more than 10^150 of them! And only about
     10^73 particles in the entire universe.
  - Has the factoring problem been solved? Probably not. And it
     probably won't be, in the sense that factoring is probably
     in NP (though this has not been proved) and P is probably
     not NP (also unproved, but very strongly suspected). While
     there will be advances in factoring, it is extremely
     unlikely (in the religious sense) that factoring a 300-
     digit number will suddenly become "easy."
  - Does the RSA leak information so as to make it easier to
     crack than it is to factor the modulus? Suspected by some,
     but basically unknown. I would bet against it. But more
     iffy than the point above.
  + "How strong is strong crypto?"
    - Basically, stronger than any of the hokey "codes" so
       beloved of thriller writers and movie producers. Modern
       ciphers are not crackable by "telling the computer to run
       through all the combinations" (more precisely, the number
       of combinations greatly exceeds the number of atoms in
       the universe).
2.5.16. "Won't more powerful computers make ciphers breakable?"
  + The effects of increasing computer power confer even
     *greater* advantage to the cipher user than to the cipher
     breaker. (Longer key lengths in RSA, for example, require
     polynomially more time to use, but exponentially more time
     to break, roughly speaking.) Stunningly, it is likely that
     we are close to being able to use key lengths which cannot
     be broken with all the computer power that will ever exist
     in the universe.
    + Analogous to impenetrable force fields protecting the
       data, with more energy required to "punch through" than
       exists in the universe
      - Vernor Vinge's "bobbles," in "The Peace War."
    - Here I am assuming that no short cuts to factoring
       exist...this is unproven, but suspected. (No major
       shortcuts, i.e., factoring is not "easy.")
    + A modulus of thousands of decimal digits may require more
       total "energy" to factor, using foreseeable approaches,
       than is available
      - reversible computation may help, but I suspect not much
      - Shor's quantum-mechanical approach is completely
         untested...and may not scale well (e.g., it may be
         marginally possible to get the measurement precision to
         use this method for, say, 100-digit numbers, but
         utterly impossible to get it for 120-digit numbers, let
         alone 1000-digit numbers)
2.5.17. "Will strong crypto help racists?"
  - Yes, this is a consequence of having secure virtual
     communities.  Free speech tends to work that way!
  - The Aryan Nation can use crypto to collect and disseminate
     information, even into "controlled" nations like Germany
     that ban groups like Aryan Nation.
  - Of course, "on the Internet no one knows you're a dog," so
     overt racism based on superficial external characteristics
     is correspondingly harder to pull off.
  - But strong crypto will enable and empower groups who have
     different beliefs than the local majority, and will allow
     them to bypass regional laws.
2.5.18. Working on new ciphers--why it's not a Cypherpunks  priority
   (as I see it)
  - It's an issue of allocation of resources. ("All crypto is
     economics." E. Hughes) Much work has gone into cipher
     design, and the world seems to have several stable, robust
     ciphers to choose from. Any additional work by crypto
     amateurs--which most of us are, relative to professional
     mathematicians and cipher designers--is unlikely to move
     things forward significantly. Yes, it could happen...but
     it's not likely.
  + Whereas there are areas where professional cryptologists
     have done very little:
    - PGP (note that PRZ did *not* take time out to try to
       invent his own ciphers, at least not for Version
       2.0)...he concentrated on where his efforts would have
       the best payoff
    - implementation of remailers
    - issues involving shells and other tools for crypto use
    - digital cash
    - related issues, such as reputations, language design,
       game theory, etc.
  - These are the areas of "low-hanging fruit," the areas where
     the greatest bang for the buck lies, to mix some metaphors
     (grapeshot?).
2.5.19. "Are there any unbreakable ciphers?"
  - One time pads are of course information-theoretically
     secure, i.e., unbreakable by computer power.
  + For conventional ciphers, including public key ciphers,
     some ciphers may not be breakable in _our_ universe, in any
     amount of time. The logic goes as follows:
    - Our universe presumably has some finite number of
       particles (currently estimated to be 10^73 particles).
       This leads to the "even if every particle were a Cray Y-
       MP it would take..." sorts of thought experiments.

       But I am considering _energy_ here. Ignoring reversible
       computation for the moment, computations dissipate energy
       (some disagree with this point). There is some uppper
       limit on how many basic computations could ever be done
       with the amount of free energy in the universe. (A rough
       calculation could be done by calculating the energy
       output of stars, stuff falling into black holes, etc.,
       and then assuming about kT per logical operation. This
       should be accurate to within a few orders of magnitude.)
       I haven't done this calculation, and won't here, but the
       result would likely be something along the lines of X
       joules of energy that could be harnessed for computation,
       resulting in Y basic primitive computational steps.

       I can then find a modulus of 3000 digits or 5000 digits,
       or whatever, that takes *more* than this number of steps
       to factor. Therefore, unbreakable in our universe.
  - Caveats:

     1. Maybe there are really shortcuts to factoring. Certainly
     improvements in factoring methods will continue. (But of
     course these improvements are not things that convert
     factoring into a less than exponential-in-length
     problem...that is, factoring appears to remain "hard.")

     2. Maybe reversible computations (a la Landauer, Bennett,
     et. al.) actually work. Maybe this means a "factoring
     machine" can be built which takes a fixed, or very slowly
     growing, amount of energy. In this case, "forever" means
     Lefty is probably right.

     3. Maybe the quantum-mechanical idea of Peter Shor is
     possible. (I doubt it, for various reasons.)

2.5.20. "How safe is RSA?" "How safe is PGP?" "I heard that PGP has
   bugs?"
  - This cloud of questions is surely the most common sort that
     appears in sci.crypt. It sometimes gets no answers,
     sometimes gets a rude answer, and only occasionally does it
     lead to a fruiful discussion.
  - The simple anwer: These ciphers appear to be safe, to have
     no obvious flaws.
  - More details can be found in various question elsewhere in
     this FAQ and in the various FAQs and references others have
     published.
2.5.21. "How long does encryption have to be good for?"
  - This obviously depends on what you're encrypting. Some
     things need only be safe for short periods of time, e.g., a
     few years or even less. Other things may come back to haunt
     you--or get you thrown in prison--many years later. I can
     imagine secrets that have to be kept for many decades, even
     centuries (for example, one may fear one's descendents will
     pay the price for a secret revealed).
  - It is useful to think _now_ about the computer power likely
     to be available in the year 2050, when many of you reading
     this will still be around. (I'm _not_ arguing that
     parallelism, etc., will cause RSA to fall, only that some
     key lengths (e.g., 512-bit) may fall by then. Better be
     safe and use 1024 bits or even more. Increased computer
     power makes longer keys feasible, too.).

2.6. PGP
 2.6.1. There's a truly vast amount of information out there on PGP,
   from current versions, to sites, to keyserver issues, and so
   on. There are also several good FAQs on PGP, on MacPGP, and
   probably on nearly every major version of PGP. I don't expect
   to compete here with these more specialized FAQs.
  - I'm also not a PGP expert, using it only for sending and
     receiving mail, and rarely doing much more with it.
  - The various tools, for all major platforms, are a specialty
     unto themselves.
 2.6.2. "Where do I get PGP?"
 2.6.3. "Where can I find PGP?"
  - Wait around for several days and a post will come by which
     gives some pointers.
  - Here are some sites current at this writing: (watch out for
     changes)
 2.6.4. "Is PGP secure? I heard someone had...."
  - periodic reports, urban legend, that PGP has been
     compromised, that Phil Z. has been "persuaded" to....
  + implausible for several reasons
    - Phil Z no longer controls the source code by himself
    - the source code is available and can be inspected...would
       be very difficult to slip in major back doors that would
       not be apparent in the source code
    - Phil has denied this, and the rumors appear to come from
       idle speculation
  + But can PGP be broken?
    - has not been tested independently in a thorough,
       cryptanalytic way, yet (opinion of tcmay)
    - NSA isn't saying
    + Areas for attack
      + IDEA
        - some are saying doubling of the number of rounds
           should be donee
      - the random number generators...Colin Plumb's admission
 2.6.5. "Should I use PGP and other crypto on my company's
   workstations?"
  - machines owned by corporations and universities, usually on
     networks, are generally not secure (that is, they may be
     compromised in various ways)
  - ironically, most of the folks who sign all their messages,
     who use a lot of encryption, are on just such machines
  - PCs and Macs and other nonnetworked machines are more
     secure, but are harder to use PGP on (as of 1994)
  - these are generalizations--there are insecure PCs and
     secure workstations
 2.6.6. "I just got PGP--should I use it for all my mail?"
  - No! Many people cannot easily use PGP, so if you wish to
     communicate with them, don't encrypt everything. Use
     encryption where it matters.
  - If you just want more people to use encryption, help with
     the projects to better integrate crypto into existing
     mailers.
 2.6.7. NSA is apparently worried about PGP, worried about the spread
   of PGP to other countries, and worried about the growth of
   "internal communities" that communicate via "black pipes" or
   "encrypted tunnels" that are impenetrable to them.

2.7. Clipper
 2.7.1. "How can the government do this?"
  - incredulity that bans, censorship, etc. are legal
  + several ways these things happen
    - not tested in the courts
    - wartime regulations
    + conflicting interpretations
      - e.g., "general welfare" clause used to justify
         restrictions on speech, freedom of association, etc.
      + whenever public money or facilities used (as with
         churches forced to hire Satanists)
        - and in this increasingly interconnnected world, it is
           sometimes very hard to avoid overlap with  public
           funding, facilities, etc.
 2.7.2. "Why don't Cypherpunks develop their won competing encryption
   chip?"
  + Many reasons not to:
    - cost
    - focus
    - expertise
    - hard to sell such a competing standard
  - better to let market as a whole make these choices
 2.7.3. "Why is crypto so frightening to governments?"
  + It takes away the state's power to snoop, to wiretap, to
     eavesdrop, to control
    - Priestly confessionals were a major way the Church kept
       tabs on the locals...a worldwide, grassroots system of
       ecclesiastical narcs
  + Crypto has high leverage
    + Unlike direct assaults with bombs, HERF and EMP attacks,
       sabotage, etc, crypto is self-spreading...a bootstrap
       technology
      - people use it, give it to others, put it on networks
      - others use it for their own purposes
      - a cascade effect, growing geometrically
      - and undermining confidence in governments, allowing the
         spread of multiple points of view (especially
         unapproved views)
 2.7.4. "I've just joined the list and am wondering why I don't see
   more debate about Clipper?"
  - Understand that people rarely write essays in response to
     questions like "Why is Clipper bad?" For most of us,
     mandatory key escrow is axiomatically bad; no debate is
     needed.
  - Clipper was thoroughly trashed by nearly everyone within
     hours and days of its announcement, April 16, 1993.
     Hundreds of articles and editorials have condemned it.
     Cyperpunks currently has no active supporters of mandatory
     key escrow, from all indications, so there is nothing to
     debate.

2.8. Other Ciphers and Crypto Products

2.9. Remailers and Anonymity
 2.9.1. "What are remailers?"
 2.9.2. "How do remailers work?" (a vast number of postings have
   dealt with this)
  - The best way to understand them is to "just do it," that
     is, send a few remailed message to yourself, to see how the
     syntax works. Instructions are widely available--some are
     cited here, and up to date instructions will appear in the
     usual Usenet groups.
  - The simple view: Text messages are placed in envelopes and
     sent to a site that has agreed to remail them based on the
     instructions it finds. Encryption is not necessary--though
     it is of course recommended. These "messages in bottles"
     are passed from site to site and ultimately to the intended
     final recipient.
  - The message is pure text, with instructions contained _in
     the text_ itself (this was a fortuitous choice of standard
     by Eric Hughes, in 1992, as it allowed chaining,
     independence from particular mail systems, etc.).
  - A message will be something like this:

     ::
     Request-Remailing-To: remailer@bar.baz

     Body of text, etc., etc. (Which could be more remailing
     instructions, digital postage, etc.)

  - These nested messages make no assumptions about the type of
     mailer being used, so long as it can handle straight ASCII
     text, which all mailers can of course. Each mail message
     then acts as a kind of "agent," carrying instructions on
     where it should be mailed next, and perhaps other things
     (like delays, padding, postage, etc.)
  - It's very important to note that any given remailer cannot
     see the contents of the envelopes he is remailing, provided
     encryption is used. (The orginal sender picks a desired
     trajectory through the labyrinth of remailers, encrypts in
     the appropriate sequence (last is innermost, then next to
     last, etc.), and then the remailers sequentially decrypt
     the outer envelopes as they get them.  Envelopes within
     envelopes.)
 2.9.3. "Can't remailers be used to harass people?"
  - Sure, so can free speech, anonymous physical mail ("poison
     pen letters"), etc.
  - With e-mail, people can screen their mail, use filters,
     ignore words they don't like, etc. Lots of options. "Sticks
     and stones" and all that stuff we learned in Kindergarten
     (well, I'm never sure what the the Gen Xers learned....).
  - Extortion is made somewhat easier by anonymous mailers, but
     extortion threats can be made in other ways, such as via
     physical mail, or from payphones, etc.
  - Physical actions, threats, etc. are another matter. Not the
     domain of crypto, per se.

2.10. Surveillance and Privacy
2.10.1. "Does the NSA monitor this list?"
  - Probably. We've been visible enough, and there are many
     avenues for monitoring or even subscribing to the List.
     Many aliases, many points of presence.
  - some concerns that Cypherpunks list has been infiltrated
     and is a "round up list"
  - There have even been anonymous messages purporting to name
     likely CIA, DIA, and NSA spooks. ("Be aware.")
  - Remember, the list of subscribers is _not_ a secret--it can
     be gotten by sending a "who cypherpunks" message to
     majordomo@toad.com. Anyone in the world can do this.
2.10.2. "Is this list illegal?"
  - Depends on the country. In the U.S., there are very strong
     protections against "prior restraint" for published
     material, so the list is fairly well -protected....shutting
     it down would create a First Amendment case of major
     importance. Which is unlikely. Conspiracy and sedition laws
     are more complex to analyze; there are no indications that
     material here or on the list is illegal.
  - Advocacy of illegal acts (subversion of export laws,
     espionage, etc.) is generally legal. Even advocating the
     overthrow of the government.
  - The situation in other countries is different. Some
     countries ban unapproved encryption, so this list is
     suspect.
  - Practically speaking, anyone reading this list is probably
     in a place which either makes no attempt to control
     encryption or is unable to monitor what crosses its
     borders.
2.10.3. "Can keystrokes really be monitored remotely? How likely is
   this?"
  - Yes. Van Eck, RF, monitors, easy (it is claimed) to build
     this
  - How likely? Depends on who you are. Ames, the KGB spy, was
     probably monitored near the end, but I doubt many of us
     are. The costs are simply too high...the vans outside, the
     personnel needed, etc.
  - the real hazards involve making it "easy" and "almost
     automatic" for such monitoring, such as with Clipper and
     EES. Then they essentially just flip a switch and the
     monitoring happens...no muss, no fuss.
2.10.4. "Wouldn't some crimes be stopped if the government could
   monitor what it wanted to?"
  - Sure. This is an old story. Some criminals would be caught
     if their diaries could be examined. Television cameras in
     all homes would reduce crimes of .... (Are you listening,
     Winston?).
  - Orwell, fascism, surveillance states, what have you got to
     hide, etc.

2.11. Legal
2.11.1. "Can encryption be banned?"
  - ham operators, shortwave
  - il gelepal, looi to waptime aolditolq
  + how is this any different from requiring speech in some
     language?
    - Navaho code talkers of WW2,,,,modern parallel
2.11.2. "Will the government try to ban encryption?"
  - This is of course the major concern most of us have about
     Clipper and the Escrowed Encryption Standard in general.
     Even if we think the banning of crypto will ultimately be a
     failure ("worse than Prohibition," someone has said), such
     a ban could make things very uncomfortable for many and
     would be a serious abridgement of basic liberties.
  - We don't know, but we fear something along these lines. It
     will be difficult to enforce such a ban, as so many avenues
     for communication exist, and encrypted messages may be hard
     to detect.
  - Their goal, however, may be _control_ and the chilling
     effect that using "civil forfeiture" may have on potential
     crypto users. Like the drug laws. (Whit Diffie was the
     first to emphasize this motivation.)
2.11.3. "How could encryption be banned?"
  - most likely way: restrictions on networks, a la airwaves or
     postal service
  - could cite various needs, but absent a mechanism as above,
     hard to do
  - an outright  ban, enforced with civil forfeiture penalties
  - wartime sorts of policies (crypto treated as sedition,
     treason...some high-profile prison sentences)
  - scenario posted by Sandfort?
2.11.4. "What's the situation about export of crypto?"
  + There's been much debate about this, with the case of Phil
     Zimmermann possibly being an important test case, should
     charges be filed.
    - as of 1994-09, the Grand Jury in San Jose has not said
       anything (it's been about 7-9 months since they started
       on this issue)
  - Dan Bernstein has argued that ITAR covers nearly all
     aspects of exporting crypto material, including codes,
     documentation, and even "knowledge." (Controversially, it
     may be in violation of ITAR for knowledgeable crypto people
     to even leave the country with the intention of developing
     crypto tools overseas.)
  - The various distributions of PGP that have occurred via
     anonymous ftp sources don't imply that ITAR is not being
     enforced, or won't be in the future.
2.11.5. "What's the legal status of digital signatures?"
  - Not yet tested in court. Ditto for most crypto protocols,
     including digital timestamping, electronic contracts,
     issues of lost keys, etc.
2.11.6. "Can't I just claim I forgot my password?"
2.11.7. "Is it dangerous to talk openly about these ideas?"
  - Depends on your country. In some countries, perhaps no. In
     the U.S., there's not much they can do (though folks should
     be aware that the Cypherpunks have received a lot of
     attention by the media and by policy makers, and so a vocal
     presence on this list very likely puts one on a list of
     crypto trouble makers).
  - Some companies may also feel views expressed here are not
     consistent with their corporate policies. Your mileage may
     vary.
  - Sedition and treason laws are not likely to be applicable.
  - some Cypherpunks think so
  - Others of us take the First Amendment pretty seriously:
     that _all_ talk is permissable
  - NSA agents threatened to have Jim Bidzos killed
2.11.8. "Does possession of a key mean possession of *identity*?"
  - If I get your key, am I you?
  - Certainly not outside the context of the cryptographic
     transaction. But within the context of a transaction, yes.
     Additional safeguards/speedbumps can be inserted (such as
     biometric credentials, additional passphrases, etc.), but
     these are essentially part of the "key," so the basic
     answer remains "yes." (There are periodically concerns
     raised about this, citing the dangers of having all
     identity tied to a single credential, or number, or key.
     Well, there are ways to handle this, such as by adopting
     protocols that limit one's exposure, that limits the amount
     of money that can be withdrawn, etc. Or people can adopt
     protocols that require additional security, time delays,
     countersigning, etc.)
  + This may be tested in court soon enough, but the answer for
     many contracts and crypto transactions will be that
     possession of key = possession of identity. Even a court
     test may mean little, for the types of transactions I
     expect to see.
    - That is, in anonymous systems, "who ya gonna sue?"
  - So, guard your key.

2.12. Digital Cash
2.12.1. "What is digital money?"
2.12.2. "What are the main uses of strong crypto for business and
   economic transactions?"
  - Secure communications. Ensuring privacy of transaction
     records (avoiding eavesdroppes, competitors)
  - Digital signatures on contracts (will someday be standard)
  - Digital cash.
  - Reputations.
  - Data Havens. That bypass local laws about what can be
     stored and what can't (e.g., silly rules on how far back
     credit records can go).
2.12.3. "What are smart cards and how are they used?"
  + Most smart cards as they now exist are very far from being
     the anonymous digital cash of primary interest to us. In
     fact, most of them are just glorified credit cards.
    - with no gain to consumers, since consumes typically don't
       pay for losses by fraud
    - (so to entice consumes, will they offer inducements?)
  - Can be either small computers, typically credit-card-sized,
     or  just cards that control access via local computers.
  + Tamper-resistant modules, e.g., if tampered with, they
     destroy the important data or at the least give evidence of
     having been tampered with.
    + Security of manufacturing
      - some variant of  "cut-and-choose" inspection of
         premises
  + Uses of smart cards
    - conventional credit card uses
    - bill payment
    - postage
    - bridge and road tolls
    - payments for items received electronically (not
       necessarily anonymously)

2.13. Crypto Anarchy
2.13.1. "What is Crypto Anarchy?"
  - Some of us believe various forms of strong cryptography
     will cause the power of the state to decline, perhaps even
     collapse fairly abruptly. We believe the expansion into
     cyberspace, with secure communications, digital money,
     anonymity and pseudonymity, and other crypto-mediated
     interactions, will profoundly change the nature of
     economies and social interactions.

     Governments will have a hard time collecting taxes,
     regulating the behavior of individuals and corporations
     (small ones at least), and generally coercing folks when it
     can't even tell what _continent_ folks are on!

     Read Vinge's "True Names" and Card's "Ender's Game" for
     some fictional inspirations. "Galt's Gulch" in cyberspace,
     what the Net is rapidly becoming already.

     I call this set of ideas "crypto anarchy" (or "crypto-
     anarchy," as you wish) and have written about this
     extensively. The magazines "Wired" (issue 1.2), "Whole
     Earth Review" (Summer, 1993), and "The Village Voice" (Aug.
     6th, 1993) have all carried good articles on this.
2.13.2. The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto
  - a complete copy of my 1988 pastiche of the Communisto
     Manifesto is included in the chapter on Crypto Anarchy.
  - it needs rewriting, but for historical sake I've left it
     unchanged.
  - I'm proud that so much of it remains accurate.
2.13.3. "What is BlackNet?"
  - BlackNet -- an experiment in information markets, using
     anonymous message pools for exchange of instructions and
     items. Tim May's experiment in guerilla ontology.
  - BlackNet -- an experimental scheme devised by T. May to
     underscore the nature of anonymous information markets.
     "Any and all" secrets can be offered for sale via anonymous
     mailers and message pools. The experiment was leaked via
     remailer to the Cypherpunks list (not by May) and thence to
     several dozen Usenet groups by Detweiler. The authorities
     are said to be investigating it.
2.13.4. "What effect will crypto have on governments?"
  - A huge topic, one I've been thinking about since late 1987
     when it dawned on me that public key crypto and anonymous
     digital cash systems, information markets, etc. meant the
     end of governments as we know them. (I called this
     development "crypto anarchy." Not everyone is a fan of it.
     But it's coming, and fast.)
  - "Putting the NSA out of business," as the NYT article put
     it
  - Espionage is changing. To pick one example, "digital dead
     drops." Any message can be sent through an untraceable path
     with remailers....and then posted in encrypted form in a
     newsgroup readable in most countries, including the Former
     Soviet Union. This means the old stand by of the microfilm
     in a Coke can left by a certain tree on a rural road--a
     method fraught with delays, dangers, and hassles--is now
     passe. The same message can be send from the comfort of
     one's home securely and untraceably. Even with a a digital
     signature to prevent spoofing and disinformation. This spy
     can be a Lockheed worker on the Aurora program, a SIGINT
     officer at Woomera, or a disgruntled chip designer at
     Motorola.  (Yes, a countermeasure is to limit access to
     personal computers, to run only standard software that has
     no such crypto capability. Such embargoes may already apply
     to some in sensitive positions, and may someday be a
     condition of employment.)
  - Money-laundering
  - Tax collection. International consultants. Perpetual
     tourists. Virtual corporations.
  - Terrorism, assassination, crime, Triads, Yakuza, Jamaicans,
     Russian Mafia...virtual networks... Aryan Nation gone
     digital
2.13.5. "How quickly could something like crypto anarchy come?"
  - Parts of it are happening already, though the changes in
     the world are not something I take any credit for. Rather,
     there are ongoing changes in the role of nations, of power,
     and of the ability to coerce behaviors. When people can
     drop out of systems they don't like, can move to different
     legal or tax jurisdictions, then things change.
  + But a phase change could occur quickly, just as the Berlin
     Wall was impregnable one day, and down the next.
    - "Public anger grows quietly and explodes suddenly. T.C.
       May's "phase change" may be closer than we think. Nobody
       in Russia in 1985 really thought the country would fall
       apart in 6 years." [Mike Ingle, 1994-01-01]
2.13.6. "Could strong crypto be used for sick and disgusting and
   dangerous purposes?"
  - Of course. So can locked doors, but we don't insist on an
     "open door policy" (outside of certain quaint sorority and
     rooming houses!) So do many forms of privacy allow
     plotters, molestors, racists, etc. to meet and plot.
  - Crypto is in use by the Aryan Nation, by both pro- and anti-
     abortion groups, and probably by other kinds of terrorists.
     Expect more uses in the future, as things like PGP continue
     to spread.
  - Many of us are explicity anti-democratic, and hope to use
     encryption to undermine the so-called democratic
     governments of the world
2.13.7. "What is the Dining Cryptographers Problem, and why is it so
   important?"
  + This is dealt with in the main section, but here's David
     Chaum's Abstract, from his 1988 paper"
    - Abstract: "Keeping confidential who sends which messages,
       in a world where any physical transmission can be traced
       to its origin, seems impossible. The solution presented
       here is unconditionally or cryptographically secure,
       depending on whether it is based on one-time-use keys or
       on public keys. respectively. It can be adapted to
       address efficiently a wide variety of practical
       considerations." ["The Dining Cryptographers Problem:
       Unconditional Sender and Recipient Untraceability," David
       Chaum, Journal of Cryptology, I, 1, 1988.]
    -
  - DC-nets have yet to be implemented, so far as I know, but
     they represent a "purer" version of the physical remailers
     we are all so familiar with now. Someday they'll have have
     a major impact. (I'm a bigger fan of this work than many
     seem to be, as there is little discussion in sci.crypt and
     the like.)
2.13.8. "Why won't government simply ban  such encryption methods?"
  + This has always been the Number One Issue!
    - raised by Stiegler, Drexler, Salin, and several others
       (and in fact raised by some as an objection to my even
       discussing these issues, namely, that action may then be
       taken to head off the world I describe)
  + Types of Bans on Encryption and Secrecy
    - Ban on Private Use of Encryption
    - Ban on Store-and-Forward Nodes
    - Ban on Tokens and ZKIPS Authentication
    - Requirement for public disclosure of all transactions
    + Recent news (3-6-92, same day as Michaelangelo and
       Lawnmower Man) that government is proposing a surcharge
       on telcos and long distance services to pay for new
       equipment needed to tap phones!
      - S.266 and related bills
      - this was argued in terms of stopping drug dealers and
         other criminals
      - but how does the government intend to deal with the
         various forms fo end-user encryption or "confusion"
         (the confusion that will come from compression,
         packetizing, simple file encryption, etc.)
  + Types of Arguments Against Such Bans
    - The "Constitutional Rights" Arguments
    + The "It's Too Late" Arguments
      - PCs are already widely scattered, running dozens of
         compression and encryption programs...it is far too
         late to insist on "in the clear" broadcasts, whatever
         those may be (is program code distinguishable from
         encrypted messages? No.)
      - encrypted faxes, modem scramblers (albeit with some
         restrictions)
      - wireless LANs, packets, radio, IR, compressed text and
         images, etc....all will defeat any efforts short of
         police state intervention (which may still happen)
    + The "Feud Within the NSA" Arguments
      - COMSEC vs. PROD
    + Will affect the privacy rights of corporations
      - and there is much evidence that corporations are in
         fact being spied upon, by foreign governments, by the
         NSA, etc.
  + They Will Try to Ban Such Encryption Techniques
    + Stings (perhaps using viruses and logic bombs)
      - or "barium," to trace the code
    + Legal liability for companies that allow employees to use
       such methods
      - perhaps even in their own time, via the assumption that
         employees who use illegal software methods in their own
         time are perhaps couriers or agents for their
         corporations (a tenuous point)
2.13.9. "Could anonymous markets facilitate repugnant services, such
   as killings for hire?"
  - Yes, though there are some things which will help lessen
     the full impact.
  - To make this brutally concrete, here's how escrow makes
     murder contracts much safer than they are today to
     negotiate. Instead of one party being caught in an FBI
     sting, as is so often the case when amateurs try to arrange
     hits, they can use an escrow service to insulate themselves
     from:

     1. From being traced, because the exchanges are handled via
     pseudonyms

     2. From the killer taking the money and then not performing
     the hit, because the escrow agent holds the money until the
     murder is verified (according to some prototocol, such a
     newspaper report...again, an area for more work,
     thankfully).

     3. From being arrested when the money is picked up, as this
     is all done via digital cash.

     There are some ways to reduce the popularity of this
     Murder, Incorporated system. (Things I've been thinking
     about for about 6 years, and which we discussed on the
     Cypherpunks list and on the Extropians list.)

2.14. Miscellaneous
2.14.1. "Why can't people just agree on an approach?"
  - "Why can't everyone just support my proposal?"
  - "I've proposed a new cipher, but nobody's interested...you
     Cypherpunks just never _do_ anything!"
  - This is one of the most consistently divisive issues on the
     list. Often a person will become enamored of some approach,
     will write posts exhorting others to become similarly
     enamored, urging others to "do something!," and will then,
     when no interest is evidenced, become irate. To be more
     concrete, this happens most often with various and sundry
     proposals for "digital money." A close second is for
     various types of "Cypherpunks activism," with proposals
     that we get together and  collect a few million dollars to
     run Ross Perot-type advertisements urging people to use
     PGP, with calls for a "Cypherpunks radio show," and so on.
     (Nothing wrong with people doing these things, I suppose.
     The problem lies in the exhortation of _others_ to do these
     things.)
  - This collective action is always hard to achieve, and
     rightly so, in my opinion. Emergent behavior is more
     natural, and more efficient. And hence better.
  + the nature of markets, agents, different agendas and goals
    - real standards and markets evolve
    - sometimes because of a compelling exemplar (the Walkman,
       PGP), sometimes because of hard work by standards
       committees (NTSC, electric sockets, etc.)
    - but almost never by simple appeals to correctness or
       ideological rightness
2.14.2. "What are some of the practical limits on the deployment of
   crypto, especially things like digital cash and remailers?"
  + Lack of reliable services
    - Nodes go down, students go home for the summer, downtime
       for various reasons
  - Lack of robustness
2.14.3. "Is crypto dominated by mistrust? I get the impression that
   everything is predicated on mutual mistrust."
  - We lock our doors...does this mean we are lacking in trust?
     No, it means we understand there are _some_ out there who
     will exploit unlocked doors. Ditto for the crypto world.
  - "Trust, but verify," as Ronald Reagan used to say. Mutual
     mistrust can actually make for a more trustworthy
     environment, paradoxical as that may sound. "Even paranoids
     have enemies."
  - The danger in a trusting environment that lacks other
     mechanisms is that "predators" or "defectors" (in game-
     theoretic terms) can exploit this trusting environment.
     Confidence games, scams, renegging on deals, and even
     outright theft.
  - Crypto offers the opportunity for "mutually suspicious
     agents" to interact without explicit "trust."
2.14.4. "Who is Detweiler?"
  + S. Boxx, an12070, ldxxyyy, Pablo Escobar, Hitler, Linda
     Lollipop, Clew Lance Simpleton, tmp@netcom.com, Jim
     Riverman
    - often with my sig block, or variants of it, attached
    - even my phone number
    - he lost his ColoState account for such tactics...
  - electrocrisy
  - cypherwonks
2.14.5. "Who is Sternlight?"
  - A retired policy analyst who is often contentious in Usenet
     groups and supportive of government policies on crypto
     policy. Not nearly as bad as Detweiler.

2.15. More Information and References
2.15.1. "Where can I find more information?"
  - Well, this is a start. Also, lots of other FAQs and Mosaic
     home pages (URLs) exist, encompassing a vast amount of
     knowledge.
  - As long as this FAQ is, it can only scratch the surface on
     many topics. (I'm especially amused when someone says
     they've looked for a FAQ on some obscure topic. No FAQ is
     likely to answer all questions, especially obcure ones.)
  - Many articles and papers are available at the
     ftp.csua.berkeley.edu
     site, in pub/cypherpunks. Look around there. The 1981 Chaum
     paper on untraceabel e-mail is not (too many equations for
     easy scanning), but the 1988 paper on Dining Cryptographers
     Nets is. (I laboriously scanned it and OCRed it, back when
     I used to have the energy to do such thankless tasks.)
  + Some basic sources:
    + Sci.crypt FAQ, published regularly, Also available by
       anonymous ftp at rtfm.mit.edu. And in various URLs,
       including:
      - URLs for sci.crypt FAQ: xxxxxx
    - RSA Data Security Inc. FAQ
    - Bruce Schneier's "Applied Cryptography" book, 1993. Every
       reader of this list should get this book!
  - The "online generation" tends to want all material online,
     I know, but most of the good stuff is to be found in paper
     form, in journals and books. This is likely to be the case
     for many years to come, given the limitation of ASCII, the
     lack of widespread standards (yes, I know about LaTex,
     etc.), and the academic prestige associated with bound
     journals and books. Fortunately, you can _all_ find
     universit libraries within driving range. Take my advice:
     if you do not spend at least an entire Saturday immersing
     yourself in the crypto literature in the math section of a
     large library, perusing the "Proceeedings of the Crypto
     Conference" volumes, scanning the textbooks, then you have
     a poor foundation for doing any crypto work.
2.15.2. "Things are changing quickly. Not all of the addresses and
   URLs given here are valid. And the software versions... How
   do I get the latest information?"
  - Yes, things are changing quickly. This document can't
     possibly keep up with the rapid changes (nor can its
     author!).
  - Reading the various newsgroups is, as always, the best way
     to hear what's happening on a day to day basis. Web pages,
     gopher, archie, veronica, etc. should show the latest
     versions of popular software packages.
2.15.3. "FUQs: "Frequently Unanswered Questions"?"
  - (more to be added)
  - With 700 or more people on the Cypherpunks list (as of 94-
     09), it is inevitable that some FAQs will go unanswered
     when newbies (or others) ask them. Sometimes the FUQs are
     ignored because they're so stale, other times because to
     answer them is to continue and unfruitful thread.
  + "P = NP?"
    - Steve Smale has called this the most important new
       unsolved problem of the past half-century.
    - If P were (unexpectedly) proved to be NP
  + Is RSA and factoring in NP?
    - not yet proved
    - factoring might be easier
    - and RSA might be easier than factoring in general (e.g.,
       chosen- and known-plaintext may provide clues)
  - "Will encryption be outlawed? What will happen?"
  + "Is David Sternlight an NSA agent?"
    - Seriously, David S. is probably what he claims: a retired
       economist who was once very senior in government and
       corporate policy circles. I have no reason to doubt him.
    - He has views at odds with most of us, and a baiting style
       of expressing his views, but this does not mean he is a
       government agent as so many people claim.
    - Not in the same class as Detweiler.

3. Cypherpunks -- History, Organization, Agenda

3.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

3.2. SUMMARY: Cypherpunks -- History, Organization, Agenda
 3.2.1. Main Points
  - Cypherpunks formed in September, 1992
  - formed at an opportune time, with PGP 2.0, Clipper, etc.
     hitting
  - early successes: Cypherpunks remailers, publicity
 3.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
 3.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - "Wired," issue 1.2, had a cover story on Cypherpunks.
  - "Whole Earth Review," Summer 1993, had a long article on
     crypto and Cypherpunks (included in the book "Out of
     Control," by Kevin Kelly.
  - "Village Voice," August 6th (?). 1993, had cover story on
     "Crypto Rebels" (also reprinted in local weeklies)
  - and numerous articles in various magazines
 3.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - the best way to get a feel for the List is to simply read
     it for a while; a few months should do.

3.3. The Cypherpunks Group and List
 3.3.1. What is it?
  + Formal Rules, Charter, etc.?
    - no formal rules or charter
    - no agreed-upon mission
 3.3.2. "Who are the Cypherpunks?"
  - A mix of about 500-700
  + Can find out who by sending message to majordomo@toad.com
     with the message body text "who cypherpunks" (no quotes, of
     course).
    - Is this a privacy flaw? Maybe.
  - Lots of students (they have the time, the Internet
     accounts). Lots of computer science/programming folks. Lots
     of libertarians.
  - quote from Wired article, and from "Whole Earth Review"
 3.3.3. "How did the Cypherpunks group get started?"
  + History?
    - Discussions between Eric Hughes and me, led to Eric's
       decision to host a gathering
    + First meeting was, by coincidence, the same week that PGP
       2.0 was released...we all got copies that day
      - morning session on basics
      - sitting on the floor
      + afternoon we played the "Crypto Game"
        - remailers, digital money, information for sale, etc.
    - John Gilmore offered his site to host a mailing list, and
       his company's offices to hold monthly meetings
    - The mailing list began almost immediately
  - The Name "Cypherpunks"?
 3.3.4. "Should I join the  Cypherpunks mailing list?"
  - If you are reading this, of course, you are most likely on
     the Cypherpunks list already and this point is moot--you
     may instead be asking if you should_leave_  the List!
  - Only if you are prepared to handle 30-60 messages a day,
     with volumes fluctuating wildly
 3.3.5. "How can I join the Cypherpunk mailing list?"
  - send message to "majordomo@toad.com" with a _body_ text of
     "subscribe cypherpunks" (no quote marks in either, of
     course).
 3.3.6. "Membership?"
  - about 500-700 at any given time
  - many folks join, are overwhelmed, and quit
  - other groups: Austin, Colorado, Boston, U.K.
 3.3.7. "Why are there so many libertarians on the Cypherpunks list?"
  + The same question is often asked about the Net in general.
     Lots of suggested reasons:
    - A list like Cypherpunks is going to have privacy and
       freedom advocates. Not all privacy advocates are
       libertarians (e.g., they may want laws restricting data
       collection), but many are. And libertarians naturally
       gravitate to causes like ours.
    - Net grew anarchically, with little control. This appeals
       to free-wheeling types, used to making their own choices
       and building their own worlds.
    - Libertarians are skeptical of central control structures,
       as are most computer programming types. They are
       skeptical that a centrally-run control system can
       coordinate the needs and desires of people. (They are of
       course more than just "skeptical" about this.)
  - In any case, there's not much of a coherent "opposition
     camp" to the anarcho-capitalist, libertarian ideology.
     Forgive me for saying this, my non-libertarian friends on
     the list, but most non-libertarian ideologies I've seen
     expressed on the list have been fragmentary, isolated, and
     not coherent...comments about "how do we take care of the
     poor?" and Christian fundamentalism, for example. If there
     is a coherent alternative to a basically libertarian
     viewpoint, we haven't seen it on the list.
  - (Of course, some might say that the libertarians outshout
     the alternatives...I don't think this is really so.)
 3.3.8. "How did the mailing list get started?"
  - Hugh Daniel, Eric Hughes, and I discussed this the day
     after the first meeting
  - mailing list brought together diverse interests
  - How to hoin?
 3.3.9. "How did Cypherpunks get so much early publicity?"
  - started at the right time, just as PGP was gaining
     popularity, as plans for key escrow were being laid (I
     sounded an alarm in October, 1992, six months before the
     Clipper announcement), and just as "Wired" was preparing
     its first issue
  - Kevin Kelly and Steven Levy attended some of our early
     meetings, setting the stage for very favorable major
     stories in "Wired" (issue 1.2, the cover story), and "Whole
     Earth Review" (Summer, 1993)
  - a niche for a "renegade" and "monkey-wrenching" group, with
     less of a Washington focus
  - publicity in "Wired," "The Whole Earth Review," "The
     Village Voice"
  + Clipper bombshell occupied much of our time, with some
     effect on policy
    - climate of repudiation
    - links to EFF, CPSR, etc.
3.3.10. "Why the name?"
  - Jude Milhon nicknames us
  - cypherpunkts? (by analogy with Mikropunkts, microdots)
3.3.11. "What were the early meetings like?"
  - cypherspiel, Crypto Anarchy Game
3.3.12. "Where are places that I can meet other Cypherpunks?"
  - physical meetings
  - start your own...pizza place, classroom
  + other organizations
    -
    + "These kind of meetings (DC 2600 meeting at Pentagon City
       Mall, 1st Fri. of
      - every month in the food court, about 5-7pm or so) might
         be good places for
      - local cypherpunks gatherings as well.  I'm sure there
         are a lot of other
      - such meetings, but the DC and Baltimore ones are the
         ones I know of.  <Stanton McCandlish, 7 April 1994>
      - (note that the DC area already meets...)
  - Hackers, raves
  - regional meetings
3.3.13. "Is the Cypherpunks list monitored? Has it been infiltrated?"
  - Unknown. It wouldn't be hard for anyone to be monitoring
     the list.
  - As to infiltration, no evidence for this. No suspicious
     folks showing up at the physical meetings, at least so far
     as I can see. (Not a very reliable indication.)
3.3.14. "Why isn't there a recruiting program to increase the number
   of Cypherpunks?"
  - Good question. The mailing list reached about 500
     subscribers a year or so ago and has remained relatively
     constant since then; many subscribers learned of the list
     and its address in the various articles that appeared.
  - Informal organizations often level out in membership
     because no staff exists to publicize, recruit, etc. And
     size is limited because a larger group loses focus. So,
     some stasis is achieved. For us, it may be at the 400-700
     level. It seems unlikely that list membership would ever
     get into the tens of thousands.
3.3.15. "Why have there been few real achievements in crypto
   recently?"
  + Despite the crush of crypto releases--the WinPGPs,
     SecureDrives, and dozen other such programs--the fact is
     that most of these are straightforward variants on what I
     think have been the two major product classes to be
     introduced in the last several years"
    - PGP, and variants.
    - Remailers, and variants.
  - These two main classes account for about 98% of all product-
     or version-oriented debate on the Net, epitomized by the
     zillions of "Where can I find PGP2.6ui for the Amiga?"
     sorts of posts.
  + Why is this so? Why have these dominated? What else is
     needed?
    + First, PGP gave an incredible impetus to the whole issue
       of public use of crypto. It brought crypto to the masses,
       or at least to the Net-aware masses. Second, the nearly
       simultaneous appearance of remailers (the Kleinpaste/Julf-
       style and the Cypherpunks "mix"-style) fit in well with
       the sudden awareness about PGP and crypto issues. And
       other simultaneous factors appeared:
      - the appearance of "Wired" and its spectacular success,
         in early 1993
      - the Clipper chip firestorm, beginning in April 1993
      - the Cypherpunks group got rolling in late 1992,
         reaching public visibility in several articles in 1993.
         (By the end of '93, we seemed to be a noun, as Bucky
         might've said.)
    + But why so little progress in other important areas?
      - digital money, despite at least a dozen reported
         projects, programs (only a few of which are really
         anything like Chaum's "digital cash")
      - data havens, information markets, etc.
      - money-laundering schemes, etc.
  + What could change this?
    - Mosaic, WWW, Web
    - A successful digital cash effort

3.4. Beliefs, Goals, Agenda
 3.4.1. "Is there a set of beliefs that most Cypherpunks support?"
  + There is nothing official (not much is), but there is an
     emergent, coherent set of beliefs which most list members
     seem to hold:
    * that the government should not be able to snoop into our
       affairs
    * that protection of conversations and exchanges is a basic
       right
    * that these rights may need to be secured through
       _technology_ rather than through law
    * that the power of technology often creates new political
       realities (hence the list mantra: "Cypherpunks write
       code")
  + Range of Beliefs
    - Many are libertarian, most support rights of privacy,
       some are more radical in apppoach
 3.4.2. "What are Cypherpunks interested in?"
  - privacy
  - technology
  - encryition
  - politics
  - crypto anarchy
  - digital money
  - protocols
 3.4.3. Personal Privacy and Collapse of Governments
  - There seem to be two main reasons people are drawn to
     Cypherpunks, besides the general attractiveness of a "cool"
     group such as ours. The first reason is _personal privacy_.
     That is, tools for ensuring privacy, protection from a
     surveillance society, and individual choice. This reason is
     widely popular, but is not always compelling (after all,
     why worry about personal privacy and then join a list that
     has been identified as a "subversive" group by the Feds?
     Something to think about.)
  - The second major is personal liberty through reducing the
     power of governments to coerce and tax. Sort of a digital
     Galt's Gulch, as it were. Libertarians and
     anarchocapitalists are especially drawn to this vision, a
     vision which may bother conventional liberals (when they
     realize strong crypto means things counter to welfare,
     AFDC, antidiscrimination laws....).
  - This second view is more controversial, but is, in my
     opinion, what really powers the list. While others may
     phrase it differently,  most of us realize we are on to
     something that will change--and already is changing--the
     nature of the balance of power between individuals and
     larger entities.
 3.4.4.  Why is Cypherpunks called an "anarchy"?
  - Anarchy means "without a leader" (head). Much more common
     than people may think.
  - The association with bomb-throwing "anarchists" is
     misleading.
 3.4.5. Why is there no formal agenda, organization, etc.?
  - no voting, no organization to administer such things
  - "if it ain't broke, don't fix it"
  - and it's how it all got started and evolved
  - also, nobody to arrest and hassle, no nonsense about
     filling out forms and getting tax exemptions, no laws about
     campaign law violations (if we were a formal group and
     lobbied against Senator Foo, could be hit with the law
     limiting "special interests," conceivably)
 3.4.6. How are projects proposed and completed?
  - If an anarchy, how do things get done?
  - The way most things get done: individual actions and market
     decisions.
 3.4.7. Future Needs for Cyberspace
  + Mark Pesci's ideas for VR and simulations
    - distributed, high bandwidth
    - a billion users
    - spatial ideas....coordinates...servers...holographic
       models
    - WWW plus rendering engine = spatial VR (Library of
       Congress)
    - "The Labyrinth"
    + says to avoid head-mounted displays and gloves (bad for
       you)
      + instead, "perceptual cybernetics".
        - phi--fecks--psi (phi is external world,Fx = fects are
           effectuators and sensors, psi is your internal state)
 3.4.8. Privacy, Credentials without identity
 3.4.9. "Cypherpunks write code"
  - "Cypherpunks break the laws they don't like"
  - "Don't get mad, get even. Write code."
3.4.10. Digital Free Markets
  + strong crypto changes the nature and visibility of many
     economic transactionst, making it very difficult for
     governments to interfere or even to enforce laws,
     contracts, etc.
    - thus, changes in the nature of contract enforcement
    + (Evidence that this is not hopeless can be found in
       several places:
      - criminal markets, where governments obviously cannot be
         used
      - international markets, a la "Law Merchant"
  - "uttering a check"
  - shopping malls in cyberspace...no identifiable national or
     regional jurisdiction...overlapping many borders...
  + caveat emptor (though rating agencies, and other filter
     agents, may be used by wary customers....ironically,
     reputation will matter even more than it now does)
    - no ability to repudiate a sale, to be an Indian giver
  - in all kinds of information....
3.4.11. The Role of Money
  - in monetarizing transactions, access, remailers---digital
     postage
3.4.12. Reductions on taxation
  - offshore entities already exempt
  - tax havens
  - cyberspace localization is problematic
3.4.13. Transnationalism
  - rules of nations are ignored
3.4.14. Data Havens
  - credit, medical, legal, renter, etc.
3.4.15. MOOs, MUDs, SVRs, Habitat cyberspaces
  - "True Names" and "Snow Crash"
  - What are
  + Habitat....Chip and Randy
    - Lucasfilm, Fujitsu
    - started as game environment...
    - many-user environments
    - communications bandwidth is a scarce resource
    - object-oriented data representation
    + implementation platform unimportant...range of
       capabilities
      - pure text to Real ity Engines
    - never got as far as fully populating the  reality
    - "detailed central planning is impossible; don't even try"
    - 2-D grammar for layouts
    + "can't trust anyone"
      - someone disassembled the code and found a way to make
         themselves invisible
      - ways to break the system (extra money)
    + future improvements
      - multimedia objects, customizable objects, local turfs,
         mulitple interfaces
      - "Global Cyberspace Infrastructure" (Fujitsu, FINE)
      + more bandwidth means more things can be done
        - B-ISDN will allow video on demand, VR, etc.
      - protocol specs, Joule (secure concurrent operating
         system)
  - intereaction spaces, topological (not spatial)
  + Xerox, Pavel Curtis
    + LambdaMOO
      - 1200 different users per day, 200 at a time, 5000 total
         users
    - "social virtual realities"--virtual communities
    - how emergent properties emerge
    - pseudo-spatial
    - rooms, audio, video, multiple screens
    - policing, wizards, mediation
    - effective telecommuting
    - need the richness of real world markets...people can sell
       to others
  + Is there a set of rules or basic ideas which can form the
     basis of a powerfully replicable system?
    - this would allow franchises to be disctrubed around the
       world
    - networks of servers? distinction between server and
       client fades...
  - money, commercialization?
  - Joule language
3.4.16. "Is personal privacy the main interest of Cypherpunks?"
  - Ensuring the _right_ and the _technological feasibility_ is
     more of the focus. This often comes up in two contexts:
  - 1. Charges of hypocrisy because people either use
     pseudonyms or, paradoxically, that they _don't_ use
     pseudonyms, digital signatures
3.4.17. "Shouldn't crypto be regulated?"
  - Many people make comparisons to the regulation of
     automobiles, of the radio spectrum, and even of guns. The
     comparison of crypto to guns is especially easy to make,
     and especially dangerous.
  -
  + A better comparison is "use of crypto = right to speak as
     you wish."
    - That is, we cannot demand that people speak in a language
       or form that is easily understandable by eavesdroppers,
       wiretappers, and spies.
    + If I choose to speak to my friends in Latvian, or in
       Elihiuish, or in
      - triple DES, that's my business. (Times of true war, as
         in World War
      - II, may be slightly different. As a libertarian, I'm
         not advocating
      - that, but I understand the idea that in times of war
         speaking in code
      + is suspect. We are not in a time of war, and haven't
         been.)
        -
      - Should we have "speech permits"? After all, isn't the
         regulation of
      + speech consistent with the regulation of automobiles?
        -
      - I did a satirical essay along these lines a while back.
         I won't
      - included it here, though. (My speech permit for satire
         expired and I
      + haven't had time to get it renewed.)
        -
      - In closing, the whole comparison of cryptography to
         armaments is
      - misleading. Speaking or writing in forms not readily
         understandable to
      - your enemies, your neighbors, your spouse, the cops, or
         your local
      - eavesdropper is as old as humanity.
3.4.18. Emphasize the "voluntary" nature of crypto
  + those that don't want privacy, can choose not to use crypto
    - just as they can take the locks of their doors, install
       wiretaps on their phones, remove their curtains so as not
       to interfere with peeping toms and police surveillance
       teams, etc.
    - as PRZ puts it, they can write all their letters on
       postcards, because they have "nothing to hide"
  - what we want to make sure doesn't happen is _others_
     insisting that we cannot use crypto to maintain our own
     privacy
  + "But what if criminals have access to crypto and can keep
     secrets?"
    - this comes up over and over again
    - does this mean locks should not exist, or.....?
3.4.19. "Are most Cypherpunks anarchists?"
  - Many are, but probably not most. The term "anarchy" is
     often misunderstood.
  - As Perry Metzger puts it "Now, it happpens that I am an
     anarchist, but that isn't what most people associated with
     the term "cypherpunk" believe in, and it isn't fair to
     paint them that way -- hell, many people on this mailing
     list are overtly hostile to anarchism." [P.M., 1994-07-01]
  - comments of Sherry Mayo, others
  - But the libertarian streak is undeniably strong. And
     libertarians who think about the failure of politics and
     the implications of cryptgraphy generally come to the
     anarcho-capitalist or crypto-anarchist point of view.
  - In any case, the "other side" has not been very vocal in
     espousing a consistent ideology that combines strong crypto
     and things like welfare, entitlements, and high tax rates.
     (I am not condemning them. Most of my leftist friends turn
     out to believe in roughly the same things I believe
     in...they just attach different labels and have negative
     reactions to words like "capitalist.")
3.4.20. "Why is there so much ranting on the list?"
  - Arguments go on and on, points get made dozens of times,
     flaming escalates. This has gotten to be more of a problem
     in recent months. (Not counting the spikes when Detweiler
     was around.)
  + Several reasons:
    + the arguments are often matters of opinion, not fact, and
       hence people just keep repeating their arguments
      - made worse by the fact that many people are too lazy to
         do off-line reading, to learn about what they are
         expressing an opinion on
    - since nothing ever gets resolved, decided, vote upon,
       etc., the debates continue
    - since anyone is free to speak up at any time, some people
       will keep making the same points over and over again,
       hoping to win through repetition (I guess)
    + since people usually don't personally know the other
       members of the list, this promotes ranting (I've noticed
       that the people who know each other, such as the Bay Area
       folks, tend not to be as rude to each other...any
       sociologist or psychologist would know why this is so
       immediately).
      + the worst ranters tend to be the people who are most
         isolated from the other members of the list community;
         this is generally a well-known phenomenon of the Net
        - and is yet more reason for regional Cypherpunks
           groups to occasionally meet, to at least make some
           social and conversational connections with folks in
           their region.
    - on the other hand, rudeness is often warranted; people
       who assault me and otherwise plan to deprive me of my
       property of deserving of death, not just insults [Don't
       be worried, there are only a handful of people on this
       list I would be happy to see dead, and on none of them
       would I expend the $5000 it might take to buy a contract.
       Of course, rates could drop.]
3.4.21. The "rejectionist" stance so many Cypherpunks have
  - that compromise rarely helps when very basic issues are
     involved
  - the experience with the NRA trying compromise, only to find
     ever-more-repressive laws passed
  - the debacle with the EFF and their "EFF Digital Telephony
     Bill" ("We couldn't have put this bill together without
     your help") shows the corruption of power; I'm ashamed to
     have ever been a member of the EFF, and will of course not
     be renewing my membership.
  - I have jokingly suggested we need a "Popular Front for the
     Liberation of Crypto," by analogy with the PFLP.
3.4.22. "Is the Cypherpunks group an illegal or seditious
   organization?"
  - Well, there are those "Cypherpunk Criminal" t-shirts a lot
     of us have...
  - Depends on what country you're in.
  - Probably in a couple of dozen countries, membership would
     be frowned on
  - the material may be illegal in other countries
  - and many of us advocate things like using strong crypto to
     avoid and evade tzxes, to bypass laws we dislike, etc.

3.5. Self-organizing Nature of Cypherpunks
 3.5.1. Contrary to what people sometimes claim, there is no ruling
   clique of Cypherpunks. Anybody is free to do nearly anything,
   just not free to commit others to course of action, or
   control the machine resources the list now runs on, or claim
   to speak for the "Cypherpunks" as a group (and this last
   point is unenforceable except through reptutation and social
   repercussions).
 3.5.2. Another reason to be glad there is no formal Cypherpunks
   structure, ruling body, etc., is that there is then no direct
   target for lawsuits, ITAR vioalation charges, defamation or
   copyright infringement claims, etc.

3.6. Mechanics of the List
 3.6.1. Archives of the Cyperpunks List
  - Karl Barrus has a selection of posts at the site
     chaos.bsu.edu, available via
     gopher. Look in the "Cypherpunks gopher site" directory.
 3.6.2. "Why isn't the list sent out in encrypted form?"
  - Too much hassle, no additional security, would only make
     people jump through extra hoops (which might be useful, but
     probably not worth the extra hassle and ill feelings).
  - "We did this about 8 years ago at E&S using DEC VMS NOTES.
     We used a plain vanilla secret key algorithm and a key
     shared by all legitimate members of the group.  We could do
     it today -- but why bother?  If you have a key that
     widespread, it's effectively certain that a "wrong person"
     (however you define him/her) will have a copy of the key."
     [Carl Ellison, Encrypted BBS?, 1993-08-02]
 3.6.3. "Why isn't the list moderated?"
  - This usually comes up during severe flaming episodes,
     notably when Detweiler is on the list in one of his various
     personnas. Recently, it has not come up, as things have
     been relatively quiet.
  + Moderation will *not* happen
    - nobody has the time it takes
    - nobody wants the onus
    + hardly consistent with many of our anarchist leanings, is
       it?
      - (Technically, moderation can be viewed as "my house, my
         rules, and hence OK, but I think you get my point.)
  - "No, please let's not become a 'moderated' newsgroup.  This
     would be the end of freedom!  This is similar to giving the
     police more powers because crime is up.  While it is a
     tactic to fight off the invaders, a better tactic is
     knowledge." [RWGreene@vnet.net, alt.gathering.rainbow, 1994-
     07-06]"
 3.6.4. "Why isn't the list split into smaller lists?"
  - What do you call the list outages?
  + Seriously, several proposals to split the list into pieces
     have resulted in not much
    - a hardware group...never seen again, that I know of
    - a "moderated cryptography" group, ditto
    - a DC-Net group...ditto
    - several regional groups and meeting planning groups,
       which are apparently moribund
    - a "Dig Lib" group...ditto
    - use Rishab's comment:
    + Reasons are clear: one large group is more successful in
       traffic than smaller, low-volume groups...out of sight,
       out of mind
      - and topics change anyway, so the need for a
         "steganography" mailing list (argued vehemently for by
         one person, not Romana M., by the way) fades away when
         the debate shifts. And so on.
 3.6.5. Critical Addresses, Numbers, etc.
  + Cypherpunks archives sites
    - soda
    - mirror sites
  - ftp sites
  - PGP locations
  - Infobot at Wired
  - majordomo@toad.com; "help" as message body
 3.6.6. "How did the Cypherpunk remailers appear so quickly?"
  - remailers were the first big win...a weekend of Perl
     hacking

3.7. Publicity
 3.7.1. "What kind of press coverage have the Cypherpunks gotten?"
  - " I concur with those who suggest that the solution to the
     ignorance manifested in many of the articles concerning the
     Net is education.  The coverage of the Cypherpunks of late
     (at least in the Times) shows me that reasonable accuracy
     is possible." [Chris Walsh,  news.admin.policy, 1994-07-04]

3.8. Loose Ends
 3.8.1. On extending the scope of Cypherpunks to other countres
  - a kind of crypto underground, to spread crypto tools, to
     help sow discord, to undermine corrupt governments (to my
     mind, all governments now on the planet are intrinsically
     corrupt and need to be undermined)
  - links to the criminal underworlds of these countries is one
     gutsy thing to consider....fraught with dangers, but
     ultimately destabilizing of governments

4. Goals and Ideology -- Privacy, Freedom, New Approaches

4.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

4.2. SUMMARY: Goals and Ideology -- Privacy, Freedom, New Approaches
 4.2.1. Main Points
 4.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
  - Crypto Anarchy is the logical outgrowth of strong crypto.
 4.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - Vernor Vinge's "True Names"
  - David Friedman's "Machinery of Freedom"
 4.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - Most of the list members are libertarians, or leaning in
     that direction, so the bias toward this is apparent.
  - (If there's a coherent _non_-libertarian ideology, that's
     also consistent with supporting strong crypto, I'm not sure
     it's been presented.)

4.3. Why a Statement of Ideology?
 4.3.1. This is perhaps a controversial area. So why include it? The
   main reason is to provide some grounding for the later
   comments on many issues.
 4.3.2. People should not expect a uniform ideology on this list.
   Some of us are anarcho-capitalist radicals (or "crypto
   anarchists"), others of us are staid Republicans, and still
   others are Wobblies and other assored leftists.

4.4. "Welcome to Cypherpunks"
 4.4.1. This is the message each new subscriber to the Cypherpunks
   lists gets, by Eric Hughes:
 4.4.2. "Cypherpunks assume privacy is a good thing and wish there
   were more of it.  Cypherpunks acknowledge that those who want
   privacy must create it for themselves and not expect
   governments, corporations, or other large, faceless
   organizations to grant them privacy out of beneficence.
   Cypherpunks know that people have been creating their own
   privacy for centuries with whispers, envelopes, closed doors,
   and couriers.  Cypherpunks do not seek to prevent other
   people from speaking about their experiences or their
   opinions.

   "The most important means to the defense of privacy is
   encryption. To encrypt is to indicate the desire for privacy.
   But to encrypt with weak cryptography is to indicate not too
   much desire for privacy. Cypherpunks hope that all people
   desiring privacy will learn how best to defend it.

   "Cypherpunks are therefore devoted to cryptography.
   Cypherpunks wish to learn about it, to teach it, to implement
   it, and to make more of it.  Cypherpunks know that
   cryptographic protocols make social structures.  Cypherpunks
   know how to attack a system and how to defend it.
   Cypherpunks know just how hard it is to make good
   cryptosystems.

   "Cypherpunks love to practice.  They love to play with public
   key cryptography.  They love to play with anonymous and
   pseudonymous mail forwarding and delivery.  They love to play
   with DC-nets.  They love to play with secure communications
   of all kinds.

   "Cypherpunks write code.  They know that someone has to write
   code to defend privacy, and since it's their privacy, they're
   going to write it.  Cypherpunks publish their code so that
   their fellow cypherpunks may practice and play with it.
   Cypherpunks realize that security is not built in a day and
   are patient with incremental progress.

   "Cypherpunks don't care if you don't like the software they
   write. Cypherpunks know that software can't be destroyed.
   Cypherpunks know that a widely dispersed system can't be shut
   down.

   "Cypherpunks will make the networks safe for privacy." [Eric
   Hughes, 1993-07-21 version]

4.5. "Cypherpunks Write Code"
 4.5.1. "Cypherpunks write code" is almost our mantra.
 4.5.2. This has come to be a defining statement. Eric Hughes used it
   to mean that Cypherpunks place more importance in actually
   changing things, in actually getting working code out, than
   in merely talking about how things "ought" to be.
  - Eric Hughes statement needed here:
  - Karl Kleinpaste, author of one of the early anonymous
     posting services (Charcoal) said this about some proposal
     made: "If you've got serious plans for how to implement
     such a thing, please implement it at least skeletally and
     deploy it.  Proof by example, watching such a system in
     action, is far better than pontification about it."
     [Karl_Kleinpaste@cs.cmu.edu, news.admin.policy, 1994-06-30]
 4.5.3. "The admonition, "Cypherpunks write code," should be taken
   metaphorically.  I think "to write code" means to take
   unilateral effective action as an individual.  That may mean
   writing actual code, but it could also mean dumpster diving
   at Mycrotronx and anonymously releasing the recovered
   information.  It could also mean creating an offshore digital
   bank.  Don't get too literal on us here.  What is important
   is that Cypherpunks take personal responsibility for
   empowering themselves against threats to privacy." [Sandy
   Sandfort, 1994-07-08]
 4.5.4. A Cypherpunks outlook: taking the abstractions of academic
   conferences and making them concrete
  - One thing Eric Hughes and I discussed at length (for 3 days
     of nearly nonstop talk, in May, 1992) was the glacial rate
     of progress in converting the cryptographic primitive
     operations of the academic crypto conferences into actual,
     workable code. The basic RSA algorithm was by then barely
     available, more than 15 years after invention. (This was
     before PGP 2.0, and PGP 1.0 was barely available and was
     disappointing, with RSA Data Security's various products in
     limited niches.) All the neat stuff on digital cash, DC-
     Nets, bit commitment, olivioius transfer, digital mixes,
     and so on, was completely absent, in terms of avialable
     code or "crypto ICs" (to borrow Brad Cox's phrase). If it
     took 10-15 years for RSA to really appear in the real
     world, how long would it take some of the exciting stuff to
     get out?
  - We thought it would be a neat idea to find ways to reify
     these things, to get actual running code. As it happened,
     PGP 2.0 appeared the week of our very first meeting, and
     both the Kleinpaste/Julf and Cypherpunks remailers were
     quick, if incomplete, implementations of David Chaum's 1981
     "digital mixes." (Right on schedule, 11 years later.)
  - Sadly, most of the abstractions of cryptology remain
     residents of academic space, with no (available)
     implementations in the real world. (To be sure, I suspect
     many people have cobbled-together versions of many of these
     things, in C code, whatever. But their work is more like
     building sand castles, to be lost when they graduate or
     move on to other projects. This is of course not a problem
     unique to cryptology.)
  - Today, various toolkits and libraries are under
     development. Henry Strickland (Strick) is working on a
     toolkit based on John Ousterhout's "TCL" system (for Unix),
     and of course RSADSI provides RSAREF. Pr0duct Cypher has
     "PGP Tools." Other projects are underway. (My own longterm
     interest here is in building objects which act as the
     cryptography papers would have them act...building block
     objects. For this, I'm looking at Smalltalk of some
     flavor.)
  - It is still the case that most of the modern crypto papers
     discuss theoretical abstractions that are _not even close_
     to being implemented as reusable, robust objects or
     routines. Closing the gap between theoretical papers and
     practical realization is a major Cypherpunk emphasis.
 4.5.5. Prototypes, even if fatally flawed, allow for evolutionary
   learning and improvement. Think of it as engineering in
   action.

4.6. Technological empowerment
 4.6.1. (more needed here....)
 4.6.2. As Sandy Sandfort notes, "The real point of Cypherpunks is
   that it's better to use strong crypto than weak crypto or no
   crypto at all.  Our use of crypto doesn't have to be totally
   bullet proof to be of value.  Let *them* worry about the
   technicalities while we make sure they have to work harder
   and pay more for our encrypted info than they would if it
   were in plaintext." [S.S. 1994-07-01]

4.7. Free Speech Issues
 4.7.1. Speech
  - "Public speech is not a series of public speeches, but
     rather one's own
     words spoken openly and without shame....I desire a society
     where all may speak freely about whatever topic they will.
     I desire that all people might be able to choose to whom
     they wish to speak and to whom they do not wish to speak.
     I desire a society where all people may have an assurance
     that their words are directed only at those to whom they
     wish.  Therefore I oppose all efforts by governments to
     eavesdrop and to become unwanted listeners." [Eric Hughes,
     1994-02-22]
  - "The government has no right to restrict my use of
     cryptography in any way.  They may not forbid me to use
     whatever ciphers I may like, nor may they require me to use
     any that I do not like." [Eric Hughes, 1993-06-01]
 4.7.2. "Should there be _any_ limits whatsoever on a person's use of
   cryptography?"
  - No. Using the mathematics of cryptography is merely the
     manipulation of symbols. No crime is involved, ipso facto.
  - Also, as Eric Hughes has pointed out, this is another of
     those questions where the normative "should" or "shouldn't"
     invokes "the policeman inside." A better way to look at is
     to see what steps people can take to make any question of
     "should" this be allowed just moot.
  - The "crimes" are actual physical acts like murder and
     kidnapping. The fact that crypto may be used by plotters
     and planners, thus making detection more difficult, is in
     no way different from the possibility that plotters may
     speak in an unusual language to each other (ciphers), or
     meet in a private home (security), or speak in a soft voice
     when in public (steganography). None of these things should
     be illegal, and *none of them would be enforceable* except
     in the most rigid of police states (and probably not even
     there).
  - "Crypto is thoughtcrime" is the effect of restricting
     cryptography use.
 4.7.3. Democracy and censorship
  - Does a community have the right to decide what newsgroups
     or magazines it allows in its community? Does a nation have
     the right to do the same? (Tennessee, Iraq, Iran, France.
     Utah?)
  - This is what bypasses with crypto are all about: taking
     these majoritarian morality decisions out of the hands of
     the bluenoses. Direct action to secure freedoms.

4.8. Privacy Issues
 4.8.1. "Is there an agenda here beyond just ensuring privacy?"
  - Definitely! I think I can safely say that for nearly all
     political persuasions on the Cypherpunks list. Left, right,
     libertarian, or anarchist, there's much more to to strong
     crypto than simple privacy. Privacy qua privacy is fairly
     uninteresting. If all one wants is privacy, one can simply
     keep to one's self, stay off high-visibility lists like
     this, and generally stay out of trouble.
  - Many of us see strong crypto as the key enabling technology
     for a new economic and social system, a system which will
     develop as cyberspace becomes more important. A system
     which dispenses with national boundaries, which is based on
     voluntary (even if anonymous) free trade. At issue is the
     end of governments as we know them today. (Look at
     interactions on the Net--on this list, for example--and
     you'll see many so-called nationalities, voluntary
     interaction, and the almost complete absence of any "laws."
     Aside from their being almost no rules per se for the
     Cypherpunks list, there are essentially no national laws
     that are invokable in any way. This is a fast-growing
     trend.)
  + Motivations for Cypherpunks
    - Privacy. If maintaining privacy is the main goal, there's
       not much more to say. Keep a low profile, protect data,
       avoid giving out personal information, limit the number
       of bank loans and credit applications, pay cash often,
       etc.
    - Privacy in activism.
    + New Structures. Using cryptographic constructs to build
       new political, economic, and even social structures.
      - Political: Voting, polling, information access,
         whistleblowing
      - Economic: Free markets, information markets, increased
         liquidity, black markets
      - Social: Cyberspatial communities, True Names
  - Publically inspectable algorithms always win out over
     private, secret algorithms
 4.8.2. "What is the American attitude toward privacy and
   encryption?"
  + There are two distinct (and perhaps simultaneously held)
     views that have long been found in the American psyche:
    - "A man's home is his castle." "Mind your own business."
       The frontier and Calvinist sprit of keeping one's
       business to one's self.
    - "What have you got to hide?" The nosiness of busybodies,
       gossiping about what others are doing, and being
       suspicious of those who try too hard to hide what they
       are doing.
  + The American attitude currently seems to favor privacy over
     police powers, as evidenced by a Time-CNN poll:
    - "In a Time/CNN poll of 1,000 Americans conducted last
       week by Yankelovich Partners, two-thirds said it was more
       important to protect the privacy of phone calls than to
       preserve the ability of police to conduct wiretaps. When
       informed about the Clipper Chip, 80% said they opposed
       it." [Philip Elmer-Dewitt, "Who Should Keep the Keys,"
       _TIME_, 1994-03-04.]
  - The answer given is clearly a function of how the question
     is phrased. Ask folks if they favor "unbreakable
     encryption" or "fortress capabilities" for terrorists,
     pedophiles, and other malefactors, and they'll likely give
     a quite different answer. It is this tack now being taken
     by the Clipper folks. Watch out for this!
  - Me, I have no doubts.
  - As Perry Metzger puts it, "I find the recent disclosures
     concerning U.S. Government testing of the effects of
     radiation on unknowing human subjects to be yet more
     evidence that you simply cannot trust the government with
     your own personal safety. Some people, given positions of
     power, will naturally abuse those positions, often even if
     such abuse could cause severe injury or death. I see little
     reason, therefore, to simply "trust" the U.S. government --
     and given that the U.S. government is about as good as they
     get, its obvious that NO government deserves the blind
     trust of its citizens. "Trust us, we will protect you"
     rings quite hollow in the face of historical evidence.
     Citizens must protect and preserve their own privacy -- the
     government and its centralized cryptographic schemes
     emphatically cannot be trusted." [P.M., 1994-01-01]
 4.8.3. "How is 1994 like 1984?"
  - The television ad for Clipper: "Clipper--why 1994 _will_ be
     like 1984"
  + As Mike Ingle puts it:
    - 1994: Wiretapping is privacy
             Secrecy is openness
             Obscurity is security
 4.8.4. "We anticipate that computer networks will play a more and
   more important role in many parts of our lives.  But this
   increased computerization brings tremendous dangers for
   infringing privacy.  Cypherpunks seek to put into place
   structures which will allow people to preserve their privacy
   if they choose.  No one will be forced to use pseudonyms or
   post anonymously. But it should be a matter of choice how
   much information a person chooses to reveal about himself
   when he communicates.  Right now, the nets don't give you
   that much choice.  We are trying to give this power to
   people."  [Hal Finney, 1993-02-23]
 4.8.5. "If cypherpunks contribute nothing else we can create a real
   privacy advocacy group, advocating means of real self-
   empowerment, from crypto to nom de guerre credit cards,
   instead of advocating further invasions of our privacy as the
   so-called privacy advocates are now doing!" [Jim Hart, 1994-
   09-08]

4.9. Education Issues
 4.9.1. "How can we get more people to use crypto?"
  - telling them about the themes of Cypherpunks
  - surveillance, wiretapping, Digital Telephony, Clipper, NSA,
     FinCEN, etc....these things tend to scare a lot of folks
  - making PGP easier to use, better integration with mailers,
     etc.
  - (To be frank, convincing others to protect themselves is
     not one of my highest priorities.  Then why have I written
     this megabyte-plus FAQ? Good question. Getting more users
     is a general win, for obvious reasons.)
 4.9.2. "Who needs to encrypt?"
  + Corporations
    - competitors...fax transmissions
    + foreign governments
      - Chobetsu, GCHQ, SDECE, Mossad, KGB
    + their own government
      - NSA intercepts of plans, investments
  + Activist Groups
    - Aryan Nation needs to encrypt, as FBI has announced their
       intent to infiltrate and subvert this group
    - RU-486 networks
    - Amnesty International
  + Terrorists and Drug Dealers
    - clearly are clueless at times (Pablo Escobar using a
       cellphone!)
    - Triads, Russian Mafia, many are becoming crypto-literate
    - (I've been appoached-'nuff said)
  + Doctors, lawyers, psychiatrists, etc.
    - to preserve records against theft, snooping, casual
       examination, etc.
    - in many cases, a legal obligation has been attached to
       this  (notably, medical records)
    - the curious situation that many people are essentially
       _required_ to encrypt (no other way to ensure standards
       are met) and yet various laws exists to limit
       encryption...ITAR, Clipper, EES
    - (Clipper is a partial answer, if unsatisfactory)
 4.9.3. "When should crypto be used?"
  - It's an economic matter. Each person has to decide when to
     use it, and how. Me, I dislike having to download messages
     to my home machine before I can read them. Others use it
     routinely.

4.10. Libertarian Issues
4.10.1. A technological approach to freedom and privacy:
  - "Freedom is, practically, given as much (or more) by the
     tools we can build to protect it, as it is by our ability
     to convince others who violently disagree with us not to
     attack us.  On the Internet we have tools like anon
     remailers and PGP that give us a great deal of freedom
     from coercion even in the midst of censors. Thus, these
     tools piss off fans of centralized information control, the
     defenders of the status quo, like nothing else on the
     Internet."  [<an50@desert.hacktic.nl> (Nobody),  libtech-
     l@netcom.com, 1994-06-08]
  + Duncan Frissell, as usual, put it cogently:
    - "If I withhold my capital from some country or enterprise
       I am not  threatening to kill anyone.  When a "Democratic
       State" decides to do something, it does so with armed
       men.  If you don't obey, they tend to shoot....[I]f
       technological change enhances the powers of individuals,
       their power is enhanced no matter what the government
       does.

       "If the collective is weakened and the individual
       strengthened by the fact that I have the power of cheap
       guns, cars, computers, telecoms, and crypto then the
       collective has been weakened and we should ease the
       transition to a society based on voluntary rather than
       coerced interaction.

       "Unless you can figure out a new, improved way of
       controlling others; you have no choice." [D.F., Decline
       and Fall, 1994-06-19]
4.10.2.  "They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little
   temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety."
   [Benjamin Franklin]
4.10.3. a typical view of government
  - "As I see it, it's always a home for bullies masquerading
     as a collective defense.  Sometimes it actually it actually
     has to perform its advertised defense function.  Like naked
     quarks,
     purely defensive governments cannot exist.  They are
     bipolar by nature, with some poles (i.e., the bullying
     part) being "more equal than others." [Sandy Sandfort, 1994-
     09-06]
4.10.4. Sadly, several of our speculative scenarios for various laws
   have come to pass. Even several of my own, such as:
  - "(Yet Another May Prediction Realized)...The text of a
     "digital stalking bill" was just sent to Cyberia-l." [L.
     Todd Masco, 1994-08-31] (This was a joking prediction I
     made that "digital stalking" would soon be a crime; there
     had been news articles about the horrors of such
     cyberspatial stalkings, regardless of there being no real
     physical threats, so this move is not all that surprising.
     Not surprising in an age when free speech gets outlawed as
     "assault speech.")
4.10.5. "Don't tread on me."
4.10.6. However, it's easy to get too negative on the situation, to
   assume that a socialist state is right around the corner. Or
   that a new Hitler will come to power. These are unlikely
   developments, and not only because of strong crypto.
   Financial markets are putting constraints on how fascist a
   government can get...the international bond markets, for
   example, will quickly react to signs like this. (This is the
   theory, at least.)
4.10.7. Locality of reference, cash, TANSTAAFL, privacy
  - closure, local computation, local benefits
  - no accounting system needed
  - markets clear
  - market distortions like rationing, coupons, quotas, all
     require centralized record-keeping
  - anything that ties economic transactions to identity
     (rationing, entitlements, insurance) implies identity-
     tracking, credentials, etc.
  + Nonlocality also dramatically increases the opportunities
     for fraud, for scams and con jobs
    - because something is being promised for future delivery
       (the essence of many scams) and is not verifiable locally
    - because "trust" is invoked
  - Locality also fixes the "policeman inside" problem: the
     costs of decisions are borne by the decider, not by others.

4.11. Crypto Anarchy
4.11.1. The Crypto Anarchy Principle: Strong crypto permits
   unbreakable encrypion, unforgeable signatures, untraceable
   electronic messages, and unlinkable pseudonomous identities.
   This ensures that some transactions and communications can be
   entered into only voluntarily. External force, law, and
   regulation cannot be applied. This is "anarchy," in the sense
   of no outside rulers and laws. Voluntary arrangements, back-
   stopped by voluntarily-arranged institutions like escrow
   services, will be the only form of rule. This is "crypto
   anarchy."
4.11.2. crypto allows a return to contracts that governments cannot
   breach
  - based on reputation, repeat business
  - example: ordering illegal material untraceably and
     anonymously,,,governments are powerless to do anything
  - private spaces, with the privacy enforced via cryptographic
     permissions (access credentials)
  - escrows (bonds)
4.11.3. Technological solutions over legalistic regulations
  + Marc Ringuette summarized things nicely:
    - "What we're after is some "community standards" for
       cyberspace, and what I'm suggesting is the fairly
       libertarian standard that goes like this:

       "    Prefer technological solutions and self-protection
       solutions
           over rule-making, where they are feasible.

       "This is based on the notion that the more rules there
       are, the more people will call for the "net police" to
       enforce them.  If we can encourage community standards
       which emphasize a prudent level of self-protection, then
       we'll be able to make do with fewer rules and a less
       intrusive level of policing."[Marc Ringuette, 1993-03-14]
  + Hal Finney has made cogent arguments as to why we should
     not become too complacent about the role of technology vis-
     a-vis politics. He warns us not to grow to confident:
    - "Fundamentally, I believe we will have the kind of
       society that most people want.  If we want freedom and
       privacy, we must persuade others that these are worth
       having.  There are no shortcuts.  Withdrawing into
       technology is like pulling the blankets over your head.
       It feels good for a while, until reality catches up.  The
       next Clipper or Digital Telephony proposal will provide a
       rude awakening." [Hal Finney, POLI: Politics vs
       Technology, 1994-01-02]
  - "The idea here is that the ultimate solution to the low
     signal-to-noise ratio on the nets is not a matter of
     forcing people to "stand behind their words".  People can
     stand behind all kinds of idiotic ideas.  Rather, there
     will need to be developed better systems for filtering news
     and mail, for developing "digital reputations" which can be
     stamped on one's postings to pass through these smart
     filters, and even applying these reputations to pseudonyms.
     In such a system, the fact that someone is posting or
     mailing pseudonymously is not a problem, since nuisance
     posters won't be able to get through."  [Hal Finney, 1993-
     02-23]
4.11.4. Reputations
4.11.5. I have a moral outlook that many will find unacceptable or
   repugnant. To cut to the chase: I support the killing of
   those who break contracts, who steal in serious enough ways,
   and who otherwise commit what I think of as crimes.
  + I don't mean this abstractly. Here's an example:
    - Someone is carrying drugs. He knows what he's involved
       in. He knows that theft is punishable by death. And yet
       he steals some of the merchandise.
    - Dealers understand that they cannot tolerate this, that
       an example must be made, else all of their employees will
       steal.
  - Understand that I'm not talking about the state doing the
     killing, nor would I do the killing. I'm just saying such
     things are the natural enforcement mechanism for such
     markets. Realpolitik.
  - (A meta point: the drug laws makes things this way.
     Legalize all drugs and the businesses would be more like
     "ordinary" businesses.)
  - In my highly personal opinion, many people, including most
     Congressrodents, have committed crimes that earn them the
     death penalty; I will not be sorry to see anonymous
     assassination markets used to deal with them.
4.11.6. Increased espionage will help to destroy nation-state-empires
   like the U.S., which has gotten far too bloated and far too
   dependent on throwing its weight around; nuclear "terrorism"
   may knock out a few cities, but this may be a small price to
   pay to undermine totally the socialist welfare states that
   have launched so many wars this century.

4.12. Loose Ends
4.12.1. "Why take a "no compromise" stance?"
  - Compromise often ends up in the death of a thousand cuts.
     Better to just take a rejectionist stance.
  - The National Rifle Association (NRA) learned this lesson
     the hard way. EFF may eventually learn it; right now they
     appear to be in the "coopted by the power center" mode,
     luxuriating in their inside-the-Beltway access to the Veep,
     their flights on Air Force One, and their general
     schmoozing with the movers and shakers...getting along by
     going along.
  - Let's not compromise on basic issues. Treat censorship as a
     problem to be routed around (as John Gilmore suggests), not
     as something that needs to be compromised on. (This is
     directed at rumblings about how the Net needs to "police
     itself," by the "reasonable" censorship of offensive posts,
     by the "moderation" of newsgroups, etc. What should concern
     us is the accomodation of this view by well-meaning civil
     liberties groups, which are apparently willing to play a
     role in this "self-policing" system. No thanks.)
  - (And since people often misunderstand this point, I'm not
     saying private companies can't set whatever policies they
     wish, that moderated newsgroups can't be formed, etc.
     Private arrangements are just that. The issue is when
     censorship is forced on those who have no other
     obligations. Government usually does this, often aided and
     abetted by corporations and lobbying groups. This is what
     we need to fight. Fight by routing around, via technology.)
4.12.2. The inherent evils of democracy
  - To be blunt about it, I've come to despise the modern
     version of democracy we have. Every issue is framed in
     terms of popular sentiment, in terms of how the public
     would vote. Mob rule at its worst.
  - Should people be allowed to wear blue jeans? Put it to a
     vote. Can employers have a policy on blue jeans? Pass a
     law. Should health care be provided to all? Put it to a
     vote. And so on, whittling away basic freedoms and rights.
     A travesty. The tyranny of the majority.
  - De Toqueville warned of this when he said that the American
     experiment in democracy would last only until citizens
     discovered they could pick the pockets of their neighbors
     at the ballot box.
  - But maybe we can stop this nonsense. I support strong
     crypto (and its eventual form, crypto anarchy) because it
     undermines this form of democracy. It takes some (and
     perhaps many) transactions out of the realm of popularity
     contests, beyond the reach of will of the herd. (No, I am
     not arguing there will be a complete phase change. As the
     saying goes, "You can't eat cyberspace." But a lot of
     consulting, technical work, programming, etc., can in fact
     be done with crypto anarchic methods, with the money gained
     transferred in a variety of ways into the "real world."
     More on this elsewhere.)
  + Crypto anarchy effectively allows people to pick and choose
     which laws they support, at least in cyberspatial contexts.
     It empowers people to break the local bonds of their
     majoritarian normative systems and decide for themselves
     which laws are moral and which are bullshit.
    - I happen to have faith that most people will settle on a
       relatively small number of laws that they'll (mostly)
       support, a kind of Schelling point in legal space.
4.12.3. "Is the Cypherpunks agenda _too extreme_?"
  - Bear in mind that most of the "Cypherpunks agenda," to the
     extent we can identify it, is likely to provoke ordinary
     citizens into _outrage_. Talk of anonymous mail, digital
     money, money laundering, information markets, data havens,
     undermining authority, transnationalism, and all the rest
     (insert your favorite idea) is not exactly mainstream.
4.12.4. "Crypto Anarchy sounds too wild for me."
  - I accept that many people will find the implications of
     crypto anarchy (which follows in turn from the existence of
     strong cryptography, via the Crypto Anarchy Principle) to
     be more than they can accept.
  - This is OK (not that you need my OK!). The house of
     Cypherpunks has many rooms.

5. Cryptology

5.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

5.2. SUMMARY: Cryptology
 5.2.1. Main Points
  - gaps still exist here...I treated this as fairly low
     priority, given the wealth of material on cryptography
 5.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
  - detailed crypto knowledge is not needed to understand many
     of the implications, but it helps to know the basics (it
     heads off many of the most wrong-headed interpretations)
  - in particular, everyone should learn enough to at least
     vaguely understand how "blinding" works
 5.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  + a dozen or so major books
    - Schneier, "Applied Cryptography"--is practically
       "required reading"
    - Denning
    - Brassard
    - Simmons
    - Welsh, Dominic
    - Salomaa
    - "CRYPTO" Proceedings
    - Other books I can take or leave
  - many ftp sites, detailed in various places in this doc
  - sci.crypt, alt.privacy.pgp, etc.
  - sci.crypt.research is a new group, and is moderated, so it
     should have some high-quality, technical posts
  - FAQs on sci.crypt, from RSA, etc.
  - Dave Banisar of EPIC (Electronic Privacy Information
     Center) reports: "...we have several hundred files on
     encryption available via ftp/wais/gopher/WWW from cpsr.org
     /cpsr/privacy/crypto." [D.B., sci.crypt, 1994-06-30]
 5.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - details of algorithms would fill several books...and do
  - hence, will not cover crypto in depth here (the main focus
     of this doc is the implications of crypto, the
     Cypherpunkian aspects, the things not covered in crypto
     textbooks)
  - beware of getting lost in the minutiae, in the details of
     specific algorithms...try to keep in the mind the
     _important_ aspects of any system

5.3. What this FAQ Section Will Not Cover
 5.3.1. Why a section on crypto when so many other sources exist?
  - A good question. I'll be keeping this section brief, as
     many textbooks can afford to do a much better job here than
     I can.
  - not just for those who read number theory books with one
     hand
 5.3.2. NOTE: This section may remain disorganized, at least as
   compared to some of the later sections. Many excellent
   sources on crypto exist, including readily available FAQs
   (sci.crypt, RSADSI FAQ) and books. Schneier's books is
   especially recommended, and should be on _every_ Cypherpunk's
   bookshelf.

5.4. Crypto Basics
 5.4.1. "What is cryptology?"
  - we see crypto all around us...the keys in our pockets, the
     signatures on our driver's licenses and other cards, the
     photo IDs, the credit cards
  + cryptography or cryptology, the science of secret
     writing...but it's a lot more...consider I.D.  cards, locks
     on doors, combinations to safes, private
     information...secrecy is all around us
    - some say this is bad--the tension between "what have you
       got to hide?" and "none of your business"
  - some exotic stuff: digital money, voting systems, advanced
     software protocols
  - of importance to protecting privacy in a world of
     localizers (a la Bob and Cherie), credit cards, tags on
     cars, etc....the dossier society
  + general comments on cryptography
    - chain is only as strong as its weakest link
    - assume opponnent knows everything except the secret key
    -
  - Crypto is about economics
  + Codes and Ciphers
    + Simple Codes
      - Code Books
    + Simple Ciphers
      + Substitution Ciphers (A=C, B=D, etc.)
        - Caesar Shift (blocks)
      + Keyword Ciphers
        + Vigenre (with Caesar)
          + Rotor Machines
            - Hagelin
            - Enigma
            - Early Computers (Turing, Colossus)
    + Modern Ciphers
      + 20th Century
        + Private Key
          + One-Time Pads (long strings of random numbers,
             shared by both parties)
            + not breakable even in principle, e.g., a one-time
               pad with random characters selected by a truly
               random process (die tosses, radioactive decay,
               certain types of noise, etc.)
              - and ignoring the "breakable by break-ins"
                 approach of stealing the one-time pad, etc.
                 ("Black bag cryptography")
            - Computer Media (Floppies)
            + CD-ROMs and DATs
              - "CD ROM is a terrible medium for the OTP key
                 stream.  First, you want exactly two copies of
                 the random stream.  CD ROM has an economic
                 advantage only for large runs. Second, you want
                 to destroy the part of the stream already used.
                 CD ROM has no erase facilities, outside of
                 physical destruction of the entire disk."
                 [Bryan G. Olson, sci.crypt, 1994-08-31]
          + DES--Data Encryption Standard
            - Developed from IBM's Lucifer, supported by NSA
            - a standard since 1970s
            + But is it "Weak"?
              + DES-busting hardware and software studied
                + By 1990, still cracked
                  - But NSA/NIST has ordered a change
          + Key Distribution Problem
            + Communicating with 100 other people means
               distributing and  securing 100 keys
              - and each of those 100 must keep their 100 keys
                 secure
              - no possibility of widespread use
        + Public Key
          + 1970s: Diffie, Hellman, Merkle
            + Two Keys: Private Key and Public Key
              + Anybody can encrypt a message to Receiver with
                 Receiver's PUBLIC key, but only the Receiver's
                 PRIVATE key can decrypt the message
                + Directories of public keys can be published
                   (solves the key distribution problem)
                  + Approaches
                    + One-Way Functions
                      - Knapsack (Merkle, Hellman)
                      + RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman)
                        - relies on difficulty of factoring
                           large numbers (200 decimal digits)
                        - believed to be "NP-hard"
                        + patented and licensed to "carefully
                           selected" customers
                          - RSA, Fiat-Shamir, and other
                             algorithms are not freely usable
                          - search for alternatives continues
 5.4.2. "Why does anybody need crypto?"
  + Why the Need
    - electronic communications...cellular phones, fax
       machines, ordinary phone calls are all easily
       intercepted...by foreign governments, by the NSA, by
       rival drug dealers, by casual amateurs
    + transactions being traced....credit card receipts,
       personal checks, I.D. cards presented at time of
       purchase...allows cross-referencing, direct mail data
       bases, even government raids on people who buy greenhouse
       supplies!
      - in a sense, encryption and digital money allows a
         return to cash
    - Why do honest people need encryption? Because not
       everyone is honest, and this applies to governments as
       well. Besides, some things are no one else's  business.
  - Why does anybody need locks on doors? Why aren't all
     diaries available for public reading?
  + Whit Diffie, one of the inventors of public key
     cryptography (and a Cypherpunk) points out that human
     interaction has largely been predicated on two important
     aspects:
    - that you are who you say you are
    - expectation of privacy in private communications
  - Privacy exists in various forms in various cultures. But
     even in police states, certain concepts of privacy are
     important.
  - Trust is not enough...one may have opponents who will
     violate trust if it seems justified
  + The current importance of crypto is even more striking
    + needed to protect privacy in cyberspace, networks, etc.
      - many more paths, links, interconnects
      - read Vinge's "True Names" for a vision
    + digital money...in a world of agents, knowbots, high
       connectivity
      - (can't be giving out your VISA number for all these
         things)
    + developing battle between:
      - privacy advocates...those who want privacy
      - government agencies...FBI, DOJ, DEA, FINCEN, NSA
      + being fought with:
        - attempts to restrict encryption (S.266, never passed)
        - Digital Telephony Bill, $10K a day fine
        - trial balloons to require key registration
        - future actions
  + honest people need crypto because there are dishonest
     people
    - and there may be other needs for privacy
  - Phil Zimmerman's point about sending all mail, all letters,
     on postcards--"What have you got to hide?" indeed!
  - the expectation of privacy in out homes and in phone
     conversations
  + Whit Diffie's main points:
    + proving who you say you are...signatures, authentications
      - like "seals" of the past
    - protecting privacy
    - locks and keys on property and whatnot
  + the three elements that are central to our modern view of
     liberty and privacy (a la Diffie)
    - protecting things against theft
    - proving who we say we are
    - expecting privacy in our conversations and writings
 5.4.3. What's the history of cryptology?
 5.4.4. Major Classes of Crypto
  - (these sections will introduce the terms in context, though
     complete definitions will not be given)
  + Encryption
    - privacy of messages
    - using ciphers and codes to protect the secrecy of
       messages
    - DES is the most common symmetric cipher (same key for
       encryption and decryption)
    - RSA is the most common asymmetric cipher (different keys
       for encryption and decryption)
  + Signatures and Authentication
    - proving who you are
    - proving you signed a document (and not someone else)
    + Authentication
      + Seals
        + Signatures (written)
          + Digital Signatures (computer)
            - Example: Numerical codes on lottery tickets
            + Using Public Key Methods (see below)
              - Digital Credentials (Super Smartcards)
        - Tamper-responding Systems
      + Credentials
        - ID Cards, Passports, etc.
      + Biometric Security
        - Fingerprints, Retinal Scans, DNA, etc.
  + Untraceable Mail
    - untraceable sending and receiving of mail and messages
    - focus: defeating eavesdroppers and traffic analysis
    - DC protocol (dining cryptographers)
  + Cryptographic Voting
    - focus: ballot box anonymity
    - credentials for voting
    - issues of double voting, security, robustness, efficiency
  + Digital Cash
    - focus: privacy in transactions, purchases
    - unlinkable credentials
    - blinded notes
    - "digital coins" may not be possible
  + Crypto Anarchy
    - using the above to evade gov't., to bypass tax
       collection, etc.
    - a technological solution to the problem of too much
       government
  + Security
    + Locks
      - Key Locks
      + Combination Locks
        - Cardkey Locks
    + Tamper-responding Systems (Seals)
      + Also known as "tamper-proof" (misleading)
        - Food and Medicine Containers
        - Vaults, Safes (Alarms)
        + Weapons, Permissive Action Links
          - Nuclear Weapons
          - Arms Control
        - Smartcards
        - Currency, Checks
        + Cryptographic Checksums on Software
          - But where is it stored? (Can spoof the system by
             replacing the whole package)
        + Copy Protection
          - Passwords
          - Hardware Keys ("dongles")
          - Call-in at run-time
    + Access Control
      - Passwords, Passphrases
      - Biometric Security, Handwritten Signatures
      - For: Computer Accounts, ATMs, Smartcards
 5.4.5. Hardware vs. Software
  - NSA says only hardware implementations can really be
     considered secure, and yet most Cypherpunks and ordinary
     crypto users favor the sofware approach
  - Hardware is less easily spoofable (replacement of modules)
  - Software can be changed more rapidly, to make use of newer
     features, faster modules, etc.
  - Different cultures, with ordinary users (many millions)
     knowing they are less likely to have their systems black-
     bag spoofed (midnight engineering) than are the relatively
     fewer and much more sensitive military sites.
 5.4.6. "What are 'tamper-resistant modules' and why are they
   important?"
  - These are the "tamper-proof boxes" of yore: display cases,
     vaults, museum cases
  - that give evidence of having been opened, tampered with,
     etc.
  + modern versions:
    - display cases
    - smart cards
    + chips
      - layers of epoxy, abrasive materials, fusible links,
         etc.
      - (goal is to make reverse engineering much more
         expensive)
    - nuclear weapon "permissive action links" (PALs)
 5.4.7. "What are "one way functions"?"
  - functions with no inverses
  - crypto needs functions that are seemingly one-way, but
     which actually have an inverse (though very hard to find,
     for example)
  - one-way function, like "bobbles" (Vinge's "Marooned in
     Realtime")
 5.4.8. When did modern cryptology start?
  + "What are some of the modern applications of cryptology?"
    + "Zero Knowledge Interactive Proof Systems" (ZKIPS)
      - since around 1985
      - "minimum disclosure proofs"
      + proving that you know something without actually
         revealing that something
        + practical example: password
          + can prove you have the password without actually
             typing it in to computer
            - hence, eavesdroppers can't learn your password
            - like "20 questions" but more sophisticated
        - abstract example: Hamiltonian circuit of a graph
    + Digital Money
      + David Chaum: "RSA numbers ARE money"
        - checks, cashiers checks, etc.
        - can even know if attempt is made to cash same check
           twice
        + so far, no direct equivalent of paper currency or
           coins
          - but when combined with "reputation-based systems,"
             there may be
    + Credentials
      + Proofs of some property that do not reveal more than
         just that property
        - age, license to drive, voting rights, etc.
        - "digital envelopes"
      + Fiat-Shamir
        - passports
    + Anonymous Voting
      - protection of privacy with electronic voting
      - politics, corporations, clubs, etc.
      - peer review of electronic journals
      - consumer opinions, polls
    + Digital Pseudonyms and Untraceable E-Mail
      + ability to adopt a digital pseudonym that is:
        - unforgeable
        - authenticatable
        - untraceable
      - Vinge's "True Names" and Card's "Ender's Game"
      + Bulletin Boards, Samizdats, and Free Speech
        + banned speech, technologies
          - e.g., formula for RU-486 pill
          - bootleg software, legally protected material
        + floating opinions without fears for professional
           position
          - can even later "prove" the opinions were yours
      + "The Labyrinth"
        - store-and-forward switching nodes
        + each with tamper-responding modules that decrypt
           incoming messages
          + accumulate some number (latency)
            + retransmit to next address
              - and so on....
        + relies on hardware and/or reputations
          + Chaum claims it can be done solely in software
            - "Dining Cryptographers"
 5.4.9. What is public key cryptography?
5.4.10. Why is public key cryptography so important?
  + The chief advantage of public keys cryptosystems over
     conventional symmetric key (one key does both encryption
     and decryption) is one _connectivity_ to recipients: one
     can communicate securely with people without exchanging key
     material.
    - by looking up their public key in a directory
    - by setting up a channel using Diffie-Hellman key exchange
       (for example)
5.4.11. "Does possession of a key mean possession of *identity*?"
  - If I get your key, am I you?
  - Certainly not outside the context of the cryptographic
     transaction. But within the context of a transaction, yes.
     Additional safeguards/speedbumps can be inserted (such as
     biometric credentials, additional passphrases, etc.), but
     these are essentially part of the "key," so the basic
     answer remains "yes." (There are periodically concerns
     raised about this, citing the dangers of having all
     identity tied to a single credential, or number, or key.
     Well, there are ways to handle this, such as by adopting
     protocols that limit one's exposure, that limits the amount
     of money that can be withdrawn, etc. Or people can adopt
     protocols that require additional security, time delays,
     countersigning, etc.)
  + This may be tested in court soon enough, but the answer for
     many contracts and crypto transactions will be that
     possession of key = possession of identity. Even a court
     test may mean little, for the types of transactions I
     expect to see.
    - That is, in anonymous systems, "who ya gonna sue?"
  - So, guard your key.
5.4.12. What are digital signatures?
  + Uses of Digital Signatures
    - Electronic Contracts
    - Voting
    - Checks and other financial instruments (similar to
       contracts)
    - Date-stamped Transactions (augmenting Notary Publics)
5.4.13. Identity, Passports, Fiat-Shamir
  - Murdoch, is-a-person, national ID cards, surveillance
     society
  + "Chess Grandmaster Problem" and other Frauds and Spoofs
    - of central importance to proofs of identity (a la Fiat-
       Shamir)
    - "terrorist" and "Mafia spoof" problems
5.4.14. Where  else should I look?
5.4.15. Crypto, Technical
  + Ciphers
    - traditional
    - one-time pads, Vernams ciphers, information-theoretically
       secure
    + "I Have a New Idea for a Cipher---Should I Discuss it
       Here?"
      - Please don't. Ciphers require careful analysis, and
         should be in paper form (that is, presented in a
         detailed paper, with the necessary references to show
         that due diligence was done, the equations, tables,
         etc. The Net is a poor substitute.
      - Also, breaking a randomly presented cipher is by no
         means trivial, even if the cipher is eventually shown
         to be weak. Most people don't have the inclination to
         try to break a cipher unless there's some incentive,
         such as fame or money involved.
      - And new ciphers are notoriously hard to design. Experts
         are the best folks to do this. With all the stuff
         waiting to be done (described here), working on a new
         cipher is probably the least effective thing an amateur
         can do. (If you are not an amateur, and have broken
         other people's ciphers before, then you know who you
         are, and these comments don't apply. But I'll guess
         that fewer than a handful of folks on this list have
         the necessary background to do cipher design.)
      - There are a vast number of ciphers and systems, nearly
         all of no lasting significance. Untested, undocumented,
         unused--and probably unworthy of any real attention.
         Don't add to the noise.
    - What is DES and can it be broken?
    + ciphers
      - RC4, stream cipher
      + DolphinEncrypt
        -
        + "Last time Dolphin Encrypt reared its insecure head
           in this forum,
          - these same issues came up.  The cipher that DE uses
             is not public and
          - was not designed by a person of known
             cryptographicc competence.  It
          - should therefore be considered extremely weak.
             <Eric Hughes, 4-16-94, Cypherpunks>
  + RSA
    - What is RSA?
    - Who owns or controls the RSA patents?
    - Can RSA be broken?
    - What alternatives to RSA exist?
  + One-Way Functions
    - like diodes, one-way streets
    - multiplying two large numbers together is
       easy....factoring the product is often very hard
    - (this is not enough for a usable cipher, as the recipient
       must be able to perform the reverse operation..it turns
       out that "trapdoors" can be found)
  - Digital Signatures
  + Digital Cash
    - What is digital cash?
    - How does digital cash differ from VISA and similar
       electronic systems?
    - Clearing vs. Doublespending Detection
  - Zero Knowledge
  - Mixes and Remailers
  - Dining Cryptographers
  + Steganography
    - invisible ink
    - microdots
    - images
    - sound files
  + Random Number Generators
    + von Neumann quote about living in a state of sin
      - also paraphrased (I've heard) to include _analog_
         methods, presumably because the nonrepeating (form an
         initial seed/start)  nature makes repeating experiments
         impossible
    + Blum-Blum-Shub
      + How it Works
        - "The Blum-Blum-Shub PRNG is really very simple.
           There is source floating around on the crypto ftp
           sites, but it is a set of scripts for the Unix bignum
           calculator "bc", plus some shell scripts, so it is
           not very portable.

           "To create a BBS RNG, choose two random primes p and
           q which are congruent to 3 mod 4.  Then the RNG is
           based on the iteration x = x*x mod n.  x is
           initialized as a random seed.  (x should be a
           quadratic residue, meaning that it is the square of
           some number mod n, but that can be arranged by
           iterating the RNG once before using its output.)"
           [Hal Finney, 1994-05-14]
      - Look for blum-blum-shub-strong-randgen.shar and related
         files in pub/crypt/other at ripem.msu.edu. (This site
         is chock-full of good stuff. Of course, only Americans
         are allowed to use these random number generators, and
         even they face fines of $500,000 and imprisonment for
         up to 5 years for inappopriate use of random numbers.)
      - source code at ripem ftp site
      - "If you don't need high-bandwidth randomness, there are
         several good PRNG, but none of them run fast.  See the
         chapter on PRNG's in "Cryptology and Computational
         Number Theory"." [Eric Hughes, 1994-04-14]
    + "What about hardware random number generators?"
      + Chips are available
        -
        + "Hughes Aircraft also offers a true non-deterministic
           chip (16 pin DIP).
          - For more info contact me at kephart@sirena.hac.com"
             <7 April 94, sci.crypt>
    + "Should RNG hardware be a Cypherpunks project?"
      - Probably not, but go right ahead. Half a dozen folks
         have gotten all fired up about this, proposed a project-
         -then let it drop.
    - can use repeated applications of a cryptographic has
       function to generate pretty damn good PRNs (the RSAREF
       library has hooks for this)
    + "I need a pretty good random number generator--what
       should I use?"
      - "While Blum-Blum-Shub is probably the cool way to go,
         RSAREF uses repeated iterations of MD5 to generate its
         pseudo-randoms, which can be reasonably secure and use
         code you've probably already got hooks from perl
         for.[BillStewart,1994-04-15]
    + Libraries
      - Scheme code: ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/scheme-
         repository/scm/rand.scm
  + P and NP and all that jazz
    - complexity, factoring,
    + can quantum mechanics help?
      - probably not
  + Certification Authorities
    - heierarchy vs. distributed web of trust
    - in heierarchy, individual businesses may set themselves
       up as CAs, as CommerceNet is talking about doing
    + Or, scarily, the governments of the world may insist that
       they be "in the loop"
      - several ways to do this: legal system invocation, tax
         laws, national security....I expect the legal system to
         impinge on CAs and hence be the main way that CAs are
         partnered with the government
      - I mention this to give people some chance to plan
         alternatives, end-runs
    - This is one of the strongest reasons to support the
       decoupling of software from use (that is, to reject the
       particular model RSADSI is now using)
5.4.16. Randomness
  - A confusing subject to many, but also a glorious subject
     (ripe with algorithms, with deep theory, and readily
     understandable results).
  + Bill Stewart had a funny comment in sci.crypt which also
     shows how hard it is to know if something's really random
     or not: "I can take a simple generator X[i] = DES( X[i-1],
     K ), which will produce nice random white noise, but you
     won't be able to see that it's non-random unless you rent
     time on NSA's DES-cracker." [B.S. 1994-09-06]
    - In fact, many seemingly random strings are actually
       "cryptoregular": they are regular, or nonrandom, as soon
       as one uses the right key. Obviously, most strings used
       in crypto are cryptoregular in that they _appear_ to be
       random, and pass various randomness measures, but are
       not.
  + "How can the randomness of a bit string be measured?"
    - It can roughly be estimated by entropy measures, how
       compressible it is (by various compression programs),
       etc.
    - It's important to realize that measures of randomness
       are, in a sense, "in the eye of the beholder"--there just
       is no proof that a string is random...there's always room
       for cleverness, if you will
    + Chaitin-Kolmogoroff complexity theory makes this clearer.
       To use someone else's words:
      - "Actually, it can't be done.  The consistent measure of
         entropy for finite objects like a string or a (finite)
         series of random numbers is the so-called ``program
         length complexity''.  This is defined as the length of
         the shortest program for some given universal Turing
         machine
         which computes the string.  It's consistent in the
         sense that it has the familiar properties of
         ``ordinary'' (Shannon) entropy.  Unfortunately, it's
         uncomputable: there's no algorithm which, given an
         arbitrary finite string S, computes the program-length
         complexity of S.

         Program-length complexity is well-studied in the
         literature.  A good introductory paper is ``A Theory of
         Program Size Formally Identical to Information Theory''
         by  G. J. Chaitin, _Journal of the ACM_, 22 (1975)
         reprinted in Chaitin's book _Information Randomness &
         Incompleteness_, World Scientific Publishing Co.,
         1990." [John E. Kreznar, 1993-12-02]
  + "How can I generate reasonably random numbers?"
    - I say "reasonably" becuae of the point above: no number
       or sequence is provably "random." About the best that can
       be said is that a number of string is the reuslt of a
       process we call "random." If done algorithimically, and
       deterministically, we call this process "pseudo-random."
       (And  pseudorandom is usually more valuable than "really
       random" because we want to be able to generate the same
       sequence repeatedly, to repeat experiments, etc.)
5.4.17. Other crypto and hash programs
  + MDC, a stream cipher
    - Peter Gutman, based on NIST Secure Hash Algorithm
    - uses longer keys than IDEA, DES
  - MD5
  - Blowfish
  - DolphinEncrypt
5.4.18. RSA strength
  - casual grade, 384 bits, 100 MIPS-years (Paul Leyland, 3-31-
     94)
  - RSA-129, 425 bits, 4000 MIPS-years
  - 512 bits...20,000 MIPS-years
  - 1024 bits...
5.4.19. Triple DES
  - "It involves three DES cycles, in encrypt-decrypt-encrypt
     order. THe keys used may be either K1/K2/K3 or K1/K2/K1.
     The latter is   sometimes caled "double-DES".  Combining
     two DES operations like this requires twice as much work to
     break as one DES, and a lot more storage. If you have the
     storage, it just adds one bit to the effective key size.  "
     [Colin Plumb, colin@nyx10.cs.du.edu, sci.crypt, 4-13-94]
5.4.20. Tamper-resistant modules (TRMs) (or tamper-responding)
  + usually "tamper-indicating", a la seals
    - very tough to stop tampering, but relatively easy to see
       if seal has been breached (and then not restored
       faithfully)
    - possession of the "seal" is controlled...this is the
       historical equivalent to the "private key" in a digital
       signature system, with the technological difficulty of
       forging the seal being the protection
  + usually for crypto. keys and crypto. processing
    - nuclear test monitoring
    - smart cards
    - ATMs
  + one or more sensors to detect intrusion
    - vibration (carborundum particles)
    - pressure changes (a la museum display cases)
    - electrical
    - stressed-glass (Corning, Sandia)
  + test ban treaty verification requires this
    - fiber optic lines sealing a missile...
    - scratch patterns...
    - decals....
  + Epoxy resins
    - a la Intel in 1970s (8086)
    + Lawrence Livermore: "Connoisseur Project"
      - gov't agencies using this to protect against reverse
         engineering, acquisition of keys, etc.
    + can't stop a determined effort, though
      - etches, solvents, plasma ashing, etc.
      - but can cause cost to be very high (esp. if resin
         formula is varied frequently, so that "recipe" can't be
         logged)
    + can use clear epoxy with "sparkles" in the epoxy and
       careful 2-position photography used to record pattern
      - perhaps with a transparent lid?
  + fiber optic seal (bundle of fibers, cut)
    - bundle of fibers is looped around device, then sealed and
       cut so that about half the fibers are cut; the pattern of
       lit and
       unlit fibers is a signature, and is extremely difficult
       to reproduce
  - nanotechnology may be used (someday)
5.4.21. "What are smart cards?"
  - Useful for computer security, bank transfers (like ATM
     cards), etc.
  - may have local intelligence (this is the usual sense)
  - microprocessors, observor protocol (Chaum)
  + Smart cards and electronic funds transfer
    - Tamper-resistant modules
    + Security of manufacturing
      - some variant of  "cut-and-choose" inspection of
         premises
    + Uses of smart cards
      - conventional credit card uses
      - bill payment
      - postage
      - bridge and road tolls
      - payments for items received electronically (not
         necessarily anonymously)

5.5. Cryptology-Technical, Mathematical
 5.5.1. Historical Cryptography
  + Enigma machines
    - cracked by English at Bletchley Park
    - a secret until mid-1970s
    + U.K. sold hundreds of seized E. machines to embassies,
       governments, even corporations, in late 1940s, early
       1950s
      - could then crack what was being said by allies
  + Hagelin, Boris (?)
    - U.S. paid him to install trapdoors, says Kahn
    + his company, Crypto A.G., was probably an NSA front
       company
      - Sweden, then U.S., then Sweden, then Zug
    - rotor systems cracked
 5.5.2. Public-key Systems--HISTORY
  + Inman has admitted that NSA had a P-K concept in 1966
    - fits with Dominik's point about sealed cryptosystem boxes
       with no way to load new keys
    - and consistent with NSA having essentially sole access to
       nation's top mathematicians (until Diffies and Hellmans
       foreswore government funding, as a result of the anti-
       Pentagon feelings of the 70s)
  - Merkle's "puzzle" ideas, circa mid-70s
  - Diffie and Hellman
  - Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman
 5.5.3. RSA and Alternatives to RSA
  + RSA and other P-K patents are strangling development and
     dissemination of crypto systems
    - perhaps out of marketing stupidity, perhaps with the help
       of the government (which has an interest in keeping a
       monopoly on secure encryption)
  + One-way functions and "deposit-only envelopes"
    - one-way functions
    - deposit-only envelopes: allow additions to envelopes and
       only addressee can open
  - hash functions are easy to implement one-way functions
     (with no need for an inverse)
 5.5.4. Digital Signatures
  + Uses of Digital Signatures
    - Electronic Contracts
    - Voting
    - Checks and other financial instruments (similar to
       contracts)
    - Date-stamped Transactions (augmenting Notary Publics)
  - Undeniable digital signatures
  + Unforgeable signatures, even with unlimited computational
     power, can be achieved if the population is limited (a
     finite set of agents)
    - using an untraceable sending protocol, such as "the
       Dining Cryptographers Problem" of Chaum
 5.5.5. Randomness and incompressibility
  + best definition we have is due to Chaitin and Kolmogoroff:
     a string or any structure is "random" if it has no shorter
     description of itself than itself.
    - (Now even specific instances of "randomly generated
       strings" sometimes will be compressible--but not very
       often. Cf. the works of Chaitin and others for more on
       these sorts of points.)
 5.5.6. Steganography: Methods for Hiding the Mere Existence of
   Encrypted Data
  + in contrast to the oft-cited point (made by crypto purists)
     that one must assume the opponent has full access to the
     cryptotext, some fragments of decrypted plaintext,  and to
     the algorithm itself, i.e., assume the worst
    - a condition I think is practically absurd and unrealistic
    - assumes infinite intercept power (same assumption of
       infinite computer power would make all systems besides
       one-time pads breakable)
    - in reality, hiding the existence and form of an encrypted
       message is important
    + this will be all the more so as legal challenges to
       crypto are mounted...the proposed ban on encrypted
       telecom (with $10K per day fine), various governmental
       regulations, etc.
      - RICO and other broad brush ploys may make people very
         careful about revealing that they are even using
         encryption (regardless of how secure the keys are)
  + steganography, the science of hiding the existence of
     encrypted information
    - secret inks
    - microdots
    - thwarting traffic analysis
    - LSB method
  + Packing data into audio tapes (LSB of DAT)
    + LSB of DAT: a 2GB audio DAT will allow more than 100
       megabytes in the LSBs
      - less if algorithms are used to shape the spectrum to
         make it look even more like noise
      - but can also use the higher bits, too (since a real-
         world recording will have noise reaching up to perhaps
         the 3rd or 4th bit)
      + will manufacturers investigate "dithering"  circuits?
         (a la fat zero?)
        - but the race will still be on
  + Digital video will offer even more storage space (larger
     tapes)
    - DVI, etc.
    - HDTV by late 1990s
  + Messages can be put into GIFF, TIFF image files (or even
     noisy faxes)
    - using the LSB method, with a 1024 x 1024 grey scale image
       holding 64KB in the LSB plane alone
    - with error correction, noise shaping, etc., still at
       least 50KB
    - scenario: already being used to transmit message through
       international fax and image transmissions
  + The Old "Two Plaintexts" Ploy
    - one decoding produces "Having a nice time. Wish you were
       here."
    - other decoding, of the same raw bits, produces "The last
       submarine left this morning."
    - any legal order to produce the key generates the first
       message
    + authorities can never prove-save for torture or an
       informant-that another message exists
      - unless there are somehow signs that the encrypted
         message is somehow "inefficiently encrypted, suggesting
         the use of a dual plaintext pair method" (or somesuch
         spookspeak)
    - again, certain purist argue that such issues (which are
       related to the old "How do you know when to stop?"
       question) are misleading, that one must assume the
       opponent has nearly complete access to everything except
       the actual key, that any scheme to combine multiple
       systems is no better than what is gotten as a result of
       the combination itself
  - and just the overall bandwidth of data...
  + Several programs exist:
    - Stego
    - etc. (described elsewhere)
 5.5.7. The Essential Impossibility of Breaking Modern Ciphers and
   Codes
  - this is an important change from the past (and from various
     thriller novels that have big computers cracking codes)
  - granted, "unbreakable" is a misleading term
  + recall the comment that NSA has not really broken any
     Soviet systems in many years
    - except for the cases, a la the Walker case, where
       plaintext versions are gotten, i.e., where human screwups
       occurred
  - the image in so many novels of massive computers breaking
     codes is absurd: modern ciphers will not be broken (but the
     primitive ciphers used by so many Third World nations and
     their embassies will continue to be child's play, even for
     high school science fair projects...could be a good idea
     for a small scene, about a BCC student who has his project
     pulled)
  + But could novel computational methods crack these public
     key ciphers?
    + some speculative candidates
      + holographic computers, where large numbers are
         factored-or at least the possibilities are somehown
         narrowed-by using arrays that (somehow) represent the
         numbers to be factored
        - perhaps with diffraction, channeling, etc.
      - neural networks and evolutionary systems (genetic
         algorithms)
    - the idea is that somehow the massive computations can be
       converted into something that is inherently parallel
       (like a crystal)
    + hyperspeculatively: finding the oracle for these problems
       using nonconventional methods such as ESP and lucid
       dreaming
      - some groups feel this is worthwhile
 5.5.8. Anonymous Transfers
  - Chaum's digital mixes
  - "Dining Cryptographers"
  + can do it with exchanged diskettes, at a simple level
    - wherein each person can add new material
    + Alice to Bob to Carol....Alice and Carol can conspire to
       determine what Bob had added, but a sufficient "mixing"
       of bits and pieces is possible such that only if
       everybody conspires can one of the participants be caught
      - perhaps the card-shuffling results?
  + may become common inside compute systems...
    - by this vague idea I mean that various new OS protocols
       may call for various new mechanisms for exchanging
       information
 5.5.9. Miscellaneous Abstract Ideas
  - can first order logic predicates be proven in zero
     knowledge?
  - Riemannn hypothesis
  + P = NP?
    - would the universe change?
    - Smale has shown that if the squares have real numbers in
       them, as opposed to natural numbers (integers), then P =
       NP; perhaps this isn't surprising, as a real implies sort
       of a recursive descent, with each square having unlimited
       computer power
    + oracles
      - speculatively,  a character asks if Tarot cards, etc.,
         could be used (in addition to the normal idea that such
         devices help psychologically)
      - "a cascade of changes coming in from hundreds of
         decimal places out"
  + Quantum cryptography
    - bits can be exchanged-albeit at fairly low
       efficiencies-over a channel
    - with detection of taps, via the change of polarizations
    + Stephen Wiesner wrote a 1970 paper, half a decade before
       the P-K work, which outlined this-not published until
       much later
      - speculate that the NSA knew about this and quashed the
         publication
  + But could novel computational methods crack these public
     key ciphers?
    + some speculative candidates
      + holographic computers, where large numbers are
         factored-or at least the possibilities are somehown
         narrowed-by using arrays that (somehow) represent the
         numbers to be factored
        - perhaps with diffraction, channeling, etc.
      - neural networks and evolutionary systems (genetic
         algorithms)
    - the idea is that somehow the massive computations can be
       converted into something that is inherently parallel
       (like a crystal)
    + hyperspeculatively: finding the oracle for these problems
       using nonconventional methods such as ESP and lucid
       dreaming
      - some groups feel this is worthwhile
  - links to knot theory
  - "cut and choose" protocols (= zero knowledge)
  + can a "digital coin" be made?
    - this is formally similar to the idea of an active agent
       that is unforgeable, in the sense that the agent or coin
       is "standalone"
    + bits can always be duplicated (unless tied to hardware,
       as with TRMs), so must look elsewhere
      + could tie the bits to a specific location, so that
         duplication would be obvious or useless
        - the idea is vaguely that an agent could be placed in
           some location...duplications would be both detectable
           and irrelevant (same bits, same behavior,
           unmodifiable because of digital signature)
  + coding theory and cryptography at the "Discrete
     Mathematics"
    - http://www.win.tue.nl/win/math/dw/index.html
5.5.10. Tamper-resistant modules (TRMs) (or tamper-responding)
  + usually "tamper-indicating", a la seals
    - very tough to stop tampering, but relatively easy to see
       if seal has been breached (and then not restored
       faithfully)
    - possession of the "seal" is controlled...this is the
       historical equivalent to the "private key" in a digital
       signature system, with the technological difficulty of
       forging the seal being the protection
  + usually for crypto. keys and crypto. processing
    - nuclear test monitoring
    - smart cards
    - ATMs
  + one or more sensors to detect intrusion
    - vibration (carborundum particles)
    - pressure changes (a la museum display cases)
    - electrical
    - stressed-glass (Corning, Sandia)
  + test ban treaty verification requires this
    - fiber optic lines sealing a missile...
    - scratch patterns...
    - decals....
  + Epoxy resins
    - a la Intel in 1970s (8086)
    + Lawrence Livermore: "Connoisseur Project"
      - gov't agencies using this to protect against reverse
         engineering, acquisition of keys, etc.
    + can't stop a determined effort, though
      - etches, solvents, plasma ashing, etc.
      - but can cause cost to be very high (esp. if resin
         formula is varied frequently, so that "recipe" can't be
         logged)
    + can use clear epoxy with "sparkles" in the epoxy and
       careful 2-position photography used to record pattern
      - perhaps with a transparent lid?
  + fiber optic seal (bundle of fibers, cut)
    - bundle of fibers is looped around device, then sealed and
       cut so that about half the fibers are cut; the pattern of
       lit and
       unlit fibers is a signature, and is extremely difficult
       to reproduce
  - nanotechnology may be used (someday)

5.6. Crypto Programs and Products
 5.6.1. PGP, of course
  - it's own section, needless to say
 5.6.2. "What about hardware chips for encryption?"
  - Speed can be gotten, for sure, but at the expense of
     limiting the market dramatically. Good for military uses,
     not so good for civilian uses (especially as most civilians
     don't have a need for high speeds, all other things being
     equal).
 5.6.3. Carl Ellison's "tran" and mixing various ciphers in chains
  - "tran.shar is available at ftp.std.com:/pub/cme
  -      des | tran | des | tran | des
  - to make the job of the attacker much harder, and to make
     differential cryptanalyis harder
  - "it's in response to Eli's paper that I advocated prngxor,
     as in:
              des | prngxor | tran | des | tran | des
     with the DES instances in ECB mode (in acknowledgement of
     Eli's attack). The prngxor destroys any patterns from the
     input, which was the purpose of CBC, without using the
     feedback path which Eli exploited."[ Carl Ellison, 1994-07-
     15]
 5.6.4. The Blum-Blum-Shub RNG
  - about the strongest algorithmic RNG we know of, albeit slow
     (if they can predict the next bit of BBS, they can break
     RSA, so....
  - ripem.msu.edu:/pub/crypt/other/blum-blum-shub-strong-
     randgen.shar
 5.6.5. the Blowfish cipher
  + BLOWFISH.ZIP, written by Bruce Schneier,1994. subject of an
     article in Dr. Dobb's Journal:
    - ftp.dsi.unimi.it:/pub/security/crypt/code/schneier-
       blowfish.c.gz

5.7. Related Ideas
 5.7.1. "What is "blinding"?"
  + This is a basic primitive operation of most digital cash
     systems. Any good textbook on crypto should explain it, and
     cover the math needed to unerstand it in detail. Several
     people have explained it (many times) on the list; here's a
     short explanation by Karl Barrus:
    - "Conceptually, when you blind a message, nobody else can
       read it.  A property about blinding is that under the
       right circumstances if another party digitally signs a
       blinded message, the unblinded message will contain a
       valid digital signature.

       "So if Alice blinds the message "I owe Alice $1000" so
       that it reads (say) "a;dfafq)(*&" or whatever, and Bob
       agrees to sign this message, later Alice can unblind the
       message Bob signed to retrieve the original.  And Bob's
       digital signature will appear on the original, although
       he didn't sign the original directly.

       "Mathematically, blinding a message means multiplying it
       by a number (think of the message as being a number).
       Unblinding is simply dividing the original blinding
       factor out." [Karl Barrus, 1993-08-24]
  + And another explanation by Hal Finney, which came up in the
     context of how to delink pharmacy prescriptions from
     personal identity (fears of medial dossiers(:
    - "Chaum's "blinded credential" system is intended to solve
       exactly this kind of problem, but it requires an
       extensive infrastructure.  There has to be an agency
       where you physically identify yourself.  It doesn't have
       to know anything about you other than some physical ID
       like fingerprints.  You and it cooperate to create
       pseudonyms of various classes, for example, a "go to the
       doctor" pseudonym, and a "go to the pharmacy" pseudonym.
       These pseudonyms have a certain mathematical relationship
       which allows you to re-blind credentials written to one
       pseudonym to apply to any other.  But the agency uses
       your physical ID to make sure you only get one pseudonym
       of each kind....So, when the doctor gives you a
       prescription, that is a credential applied to your "go to
       the doctor" pseudonym.  (You can of course also reveal
       your real name to the doctor if you want.)  Then you show
       it at the pharmacy using your "go to the pharmacy"
       pseudonym.  The credential can only be shown on this one
       pseudonym at the pharamacy, but it is unlinkable to the
       one you got at the doctor's.  " [Hal Finney, 1994-09-07]
 5.7.2. "Crypto protocols are often confusing. Is there a coherent
   theory of these things?"
  - Yes, crypto protocols are often expressed as scenarios, as
     word problems, as "Alice and Bob and Eve" sorts of
     complicated interaction protocols. Not exactly game theory,
     not exactly logic, and not exactly anything else in
     particular...its own area.
  - Expert systems, proof-of-correctness calculi, etc.
  - spoofing, eavesdropping, motivations, reputations, trust
     models
  + In my opinion, much more work is needed here.
    - Graphs, agents, objects, capabilities, goals, intentions,
       logic
    - evolutionary game theory, cooperation, defection, tit-for-
       tat, ecologies, economies
    - mostly ignored, to date, by crypto community
 5.7.3. The holder of a key *is* the person, basically
  - that's the bottom line
  - those that worry about this are free to adopt stronger,
     more elaborate systems (multi-part, passphrases, biometric
     security, limits on account access, etc.)
  - whoever has a house key is essentially able to gain access
     (not saying this is the legal situation, but the practical
     one)
 5.7.4. Strong crypto is helped by huge increases in processor power,
   networks
  + Encryption *always wins out* over cryptanalysis...gap grows
     greater with time
    - "the bits win"
  + Networks can hide more bits...gigabits flowing across
     borders, stego, etc.
    - faster networks mean more "degrees of freedom," more
       avenues to hide bits in, exponentially increasing efforts
       to eavesdrop and track
    - (However, these additional degrees of freedome can mean
       greater chances for slipping up and leaving clues that
       allow correlation. Complexity can be a problem.)
  + "pulling the plug" hurts too much...shuts down world
     economy to stop illegal bits ("naughty bits"?)
    - one of the main goals is to reach the "point of no
       return," beyond which pulling the plug hurts too much
    - this is not to say they won't still pull the plug, damage
       be damned
 5.7.5. "What is the "Diffie-Hellman" protocol and why is it
   important?"
  + What it is
    - Diffie-Hellman, first described in 1976, allows key
       exchange over insecure channels.
    + Steve Bellovin was one of several people to explaine D-H
       to the list (every few months someone does!). I'm
       including his explanation, despite its length, to help
       readers who are not cryptologists get some flavor of the
       type of math involved. The thing to notice is the use of
       *exponentiations* and *modular arithmetic* (the "clock
       arithmetic" of our "new math" childhoods, except with
       really, really big numbers!). The difficulty of inverting
       the exponention (the discrete log problem) is what makes
       this a cryptographically interesting approach.
      - "The basic idea is simple.  Pick a large number p
         (probably a prime), and a base b that is a generator of
         the group of integers modulo p. Now, it turns out that
         given a known p, b, and (b^x) mod p, it's extremely
         hard to find out x.  That's known as the discrete log
         problem.

         "Here's how to use it.  Let two parties, X and Y, pick
         random numbers x and y, 1 < x,y < p.  They each
         calculate

             (b^x) mod p

         and

                 (b^y) mod p

         and transmit them to each other.  Now, X knows x and
         (b^y) mod p, so s/he can calculate (b^y)^x mod p =
         (b^(xy)) mod p.  Y can do the same calculation.  Now
         they both know (b^(xy)) mod p.  But eavesdroppers know
         only (b^x) mod p and (b^y) mod p, and can't use those
         quantities to recover the shared secret.  Typically, of
         course, X and Y will use that shared secret as a key to
         a conventional cryptosystem.

         "The biggest problem with the algorithm, as outlined
         above, is that there is no authentication.  An attacker
         can sit in the middle and speak that protocol to each
         legitimate party.

         "One last point -- you can treat x as a secret key, and
         publish
         (b^X) mod p as a public key.  Proof is left as an
         exercise for
         the reader."  [Steve Bellovin, 1993-07-17]
  - Why it's important
  + Using it
    + Matt Ghio has made available Phil Karn's program for
       generating numbers useful for D-H:
      - ftp cs.cmu.edu:
         /afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr12/mg5n/public/Karn.DH.generator
  + Variants and Comments
    + Station to Station protocol
      - "The STS protocol is a regular D-H followed by a
         (delicately designed) exchange of signatures on the key
         exchange parameters.  The signatures in the second
         exchange that they can't be separated from the original
         parameters.....STS is a well-thought out protocol, with
         many subtleties already arranged for.  For the issue at
         hand, though, which is Ethernet sniffing, it's
         authentication aspects are not required now, even
         though they certainly will be in the near future."
         [Eric Hughes, 1994-02-06]
 5.7.6. groups, multiple encryption, IDEA, DES, difficulties in
   analyzing
 5.7.7. "Why and how is "randomness" tested?"
  - Randomness is a core concept in cryptography. Ciphers often
     fail when things are not as random as designers thought
     they would be.
  - Entropy, randomness, predictablility. Can never actually
     _prove_ a data set is random, though one can be fairly
     confident (cf. Kolmogorov-Chaitin complexity theory).
  - Still, tricks can make a random-looking text block look
     regular....this is what decryption does; such files are
     said to be cryptoregular.
  + As to how much testing is needed, this depends on the use,
     and on the degree of confidence needed. It may take
     millions of test samples, or even more, to establish
     randomness in set of data. For example:
    - "The standard tests for 'randomness' utilized in govt
       systems requires 1X10^6 samples. Most of the tests are
       standard probability stuff and some are classified. "
       [Wray Kephart, sci.crypt, 1994-08-07]
    - never assume something is really random just becuase it
       _looks_ random! (Dynamic Markov compressors can find
       nonrandomness quickly.)
 5.7.8. "Is it possible to tell if a file is encrypted?"
  - Not in general. Undecideability and all that. (Can't tell
     in general if a virus exists in code, Adleman showed, and
     can't tell in general if a file is encrypted, compressed,
     etc. Goes to issues of what we mean by encrypted or
     compressed.)
  + Sometimes we can have some pretty clear signals:
    - headers are attached
    - other characteristic signs
    - entropy per character
  + But files encrypted with strong methods typically look
     random; in fact, randomness is closely related to
     encyption.
    + regularity: all symbols represented equally, in all bases
       (that is, in doubles, triples, and all n-tuples)
      - "cryptoregular" is the term: file looks random
         (regular) until proper key is applied, then the
         randomness vaDCharles Bennett, "Physics of Computation
         Workshop," 1993]
    - "entropy" near the maximum (e.g., near 6 or 7 bits per
       character, whereas ordinary English has roughly 1.5-2
       bits per character of entropy)
 5.7.9. "Why not use CD-ROMs for one-time pads?"
  - The key distribution problem, and general headaches. Theft
     or compromise of the keying material is of course the
     greatest threat.
  - And one-time pads, being symmetric ciphers, give up the
     incredible advantages of public key methods.
  - "CD ROM is a terrible medium for the OTP key stream.
     First, you want exactly two copies of the random stream.
     CD ROM has an economic advantage only for large runs.
     Second, you want to destroy the part of the stream already
     used.  CD ROM has no erase facilities, outside of physical
     destruction of the entire disk." [Bryan G. Olson,
     sci.crypt, 1994-08-31]
  - If you have to have a one-time pad, a DAT makes more sense;
     cheap, can erase the bits already used, doesn't require
     pressing of a CD, etc. (One company claims to be selling CD-
     ROMs as one-time pads to customers...the security problems
     here should be obvious to all.)

5.8. The Nature of Cryptology
 5.8.1. "What are the truly basic, core, primitive ideas of
   cryptology, crypto protocols, crypto anarchy, digital cash,
   and the things we deal with here?"
  - I don't just mean things like the mechanics of encryption,
     but more basic conceptual ideas.
 5.8.2. Crypto is about the creation and linking of private spaces...
 5.8.3. The "Core" Ideas of Cryptology and What we Deal With
  - Physics has mass, energy, force, momentum, angular
     momentum, gravitation, friction, the Uncertainty Principle,
     Complementarity, Least Action, and a hundred other such
     concepts and prinicples, some more basic than others. Ditto
     for any other field.
  + It seems to many of us that crypto is part of a larger
     study of core ideas involving: identity, proof, complexity,
     randomness, reputations, cut-and-choose protocols, zero
     knowledge, etc. In other words, the buzzwords.
    - But which of these are "core" concepts, from which others
       are derived?
    - Why, for example, do the "cut-and-choose" protocols work
       so well, so fairly? (That they do has been evident for a
       long time, and they literally are instances of Solomonic
       wisdom. Game theory has explanations in terms of payoff
       matrices, Nash equilibria, etc. It seems likely to me
       that the concepts of crypto will be recast in terms of a
       smaller set of basic ideas taken from these disparate
       fields of economics, game theory, formal systems, and
       ecology. Just my hunch.)
  + statements, assertions, belief, proof
    - "I am Tim"
    + possession of a key to a lock is usually treated as proof
       of...
      - not always, but that's the default assumption, that
         someone who unlocks a door is one of the proper
         people..access privileges, etc.
 5.8.4. We don't seem to know the "deep theory" about why certain
   protocols "work." For example, why is "cut-and-choose," where
   Alice cuts and Bob chooses (as in fairly dividing a pie),
   such a fair system? Game theory has a lot to do with it.
   Payoff matrices, etc.
  - But many protocols have not been fully studied. We know
     they work, but I think we don't know fully why they work.
     (Maybe I'm wrong here, but I've seen few papers looking at
     these issues in detail.)
  - Economics is certainly crucial, and tends to get overlooked
     in analysis of crypto protocols....the various "Crypto
     Conference Proceedings" papers typically ignore economic
     factors (except in the area of measuring the strength of a
     system in terms of computational cost to break).
  - "All crypto is economics."
  - We learn what works, and what doesn't. My hunch is that
     complex crypto systems will have emergent behaviors that
     are discovered only after deployment, or good simulation
     (hence my interest in "protocol ecologies").
 5.8.5. "Is it possible to create ciphers that are unbreakable in any
   amount of time with any amount of computer power?"
  + Information-theoretically secure vs. computationally-secure
    + not breakable even in principle, e.g., a one-time pad
       with random characters selected by a truly random process
       (die tosses, radioactive decay, certain types of noise,
       etc.)
      - and ignoring the "breakable by break-ins" approach of
         stealing the one-time pad, etc. ("Black bag
         cryptography")
    - not breakable in "reasonable" amounts of time with
       computers
  - Of course, a one-time pad (Vernam cipher) is theoretically
     unbreakable without the key. It is "information-
     theoretically secure."
  - RSA and similar public key algorithms are said to be only
     "computationally-secure," to some level of security
     dependent on modulus lenght, computer resources and time
     available, etc. Thus, given enough time and enough computer
     power, these ciphers are breakable.
  - However, they may be practically impossible to break, given
     the amount of energy in the universe.Not to split universes
     here, but it is interesting to consider that some ciphers
     may not be breakable in _our_ universe, in any amount of
     time. Our universe presumably has some finite number of
     particles (currently estimated to be 10^73 particles). This
     leads to the "even if every particle were a Cray Y-MP it
     would take..." sorts of thought experiments.

     But I am considering _energy_ here. Ignoring reversible
     computation for the moment, computations dissipate energy
     (some disagree with this point). There is some uppper limit
     on how many basic computations could ever be done with the
     amount of free energy in the universe. (A rough calculation
     could be done by calculating the energy output of stars,
     stuff falling into black holes, etc., and then assuming
     about kT per logical operation. This should be accurate to
     within a few orders of magnitude.) I haven't done this
     calculation, and won't today, but the result would likely
     be something along the lines of X joules of energy that
     could be harnessed for computation, resulting in Y basic
     primitive computational steps.

     I can then find a modulus of 3000 digits or 5000 digits, or
     whatever,that takes more than this number of steps to
     factor.

     Caveats:

     1. Maybe there are really shortcuts to factoring. Certainly
     improvements in factoring methods will continue. (But of
     course these improvements are not things that convert
     factoring into a less than exponential-in-length
     problem...that is, factoring appears to remain "hard.")

     2. Maybe reversible computations (a la Landauer, Bennett,
     et. al.) actually work. Maybe this means a "factoring
     machine" can be built which takes a fixed, or very slowly
     growing, amount of energy.

     3. Maybe the quantum-mechanical idea of Shore is possible.
     (I doubt it, for various reasons.)

     I continue to find it useful to think of very large numbers
     as creating "force fields" or "bobbles" (a la Vinge) around
     data. A 5000-decimal-digit modulus is as close to being
     unbreakable as anything we'll see in this universe.

5.9. Practical Crypto
 5.9.1. again, this stuff is covered in many of the FAQs on PGP and
   on security that are floating around...
 5.9.2. "How long should crypto be valid for?"
  + That is, how long should a file remain uncrackable, or a
     digital signature remain unforgeable?
    - probabalistic, of course, with varying confidence levels
    - depends on breakthroughs, in math and in computer power
  + Some messages may only need to be valid for a few days or
     weeks. Others, for decades. Certain contracts may need to
     be unforgeable for many decades. And given advances in
     computer power, what appears to be a strong key today may
     fail utterly by 2020 or 2040.  (I'm of course not
     suggesting that a 300- or 500-digit RSA modulus will be
     practical by then.)
    + many people only need security for a matter of months or
       so, while others may need it (or think they need it) for
       decades or even for generations
      - they may fear retaliation against their heirs, for
         example, if certain communications were ever made
         public
  - "If you are signing the contract digitally, for instance,
     you would want to be sure that no one could forge your
     signature to change the terms after the fact -- a few
     months isn't enough for such purposes, only something that
     will last for fifteen or twenty years is okay." [Perry
     Metzger, 1994-07-06]
 5.9.3. "What about commercial encryption programs for protecting
   files?"
  - ViaCrypt, PGP 2.7
  - Various commercial programs have existed for years (I got
     "Sentinel" back in 1987-8...long since discontinued). Check
     reviews in the leading magazines.
  + Kent Marsh, FolderBolt for Macs and Windows
    - "The best Mac security program....is CryptoMactic by Kent
       Marsh Ltd.  It uses triple-DES in CBC mode, hashes an
       arbitrary-length password into a key, and has a whole lot
       of Mac-interface features.  (The Windows equivalent is
       FolderBolt for Windows, by the way.)" [Bruce Schneier,
       sci.crypt, 1994-07-19]
 5.9.4. "What are some practical steps to take to improve security?"
  - Do you, like most of us, leave backup diskettes laying
     around?
  - Do you use multiple-pass erasures of disks? If not, the
     bits may be recovered.
  - (Either of these can compromise all encrypted material you
     have, all with nothing more than a search warrant of your
     premises.)
 5.9.5. Picking (and remembering) passwords
  - Many of the issues here also apply to choosing remailers,
     etc. Things are often trickier than they seem. The
     "structure" of these spaces is tricky. For example, it may
     seem really sneaky (and "high entropy" to permute some
     words in a popular song and use that as a pass
     phrase....but this is obviously worth only a few bits of
     extra entropy. Specifically, the attacker will like take
     the thousand or so most popular songs, thousand or so most
     popular names, slogans, speeches, etc., and then run many
     permutations on each of them.
  - bits of entropy
  - lots of flaws, weaknesses, hidden factors
  - avoid simple words, etc.
  - hard to get 100 or more bits of real entropy
  - As Eli Brandt puts it, "Obscurity is no substitute for
     strong random numbers." [E.B., 1994-07-03]
  - Cryptanalysis is a matter of deduction, of forming and
     refining hypotheses. For example, the site
     "bitbucket@ee.und.ac.za" is advertised on the Net as a
     place to send "NSA food" to...mail sent to it gets
     discarded. So , a great place to send cover traffic to, no?
     No, as the NSA will mark this site for what it is and its
     usefulness is blown. (Unless its usefulness is actually
     something else, in which case the recursive descent has
     begun.)
  - Bohdan Tashchuk suggests [1994-07-04] using telephone-like
     numbers, mixed in with words, to better fit with human
     memorization habits; he notes that 30 or more bits of
     entropy are routinely memorized this way.
 5.9.6. "How can I remember long passwords or passphrases?"
  - Lots of security articles have tips on picking hard-to-
     guess (high entropy) passwords and passphrases.
  + Just do it.
    - People can learn to memorize long sequences. I'm not good
       at this, but others apparently are. Still, it seems
       dangerous, in terms of forgetting. (And writing down a
       passphrase may be vastly more risky than a shorter but
       more easily memorized passphrase is.  I think theft
       of keys and keystroke capturing on compromised machines
       are much
       more important practical weaknesses.)
  + The first letters of long phrases that have meaning only to
     the owner.
    - e.g., "When I was ten I ate the whole thing."--->
       "wiwtiatwt" (Purists will quibble that prepositional
       phrases like "when i was" have lower entropy. True, but
       better than "Joshua.")
  + Visual systems
    - Another approach to getting enough entropy in
       passwords/phrases is a "visual key" where one mouses from
       position to position in a visual environment. That is,
       one is presented with a scene containg some number of
       nodes, perhaps representing familiar objects from one's
       own home, and a path is chosen.  The advantage is that
       most people can remember fairly complicated
       (read: high entropy) "stories." Each object triggers a
       memory of the next object to visit. (Example: door to
       kitchen to blender to refrigerator to ..... ) This is the
       visual memory system said to be favored by Greek epic
       poets. This also gets around the keyboard-monitoring
       trick (but not necessarily the CRT-reading trick, of
       course).

       It might be an interesting hack to offer this as a front
       end for PGP. Even a simple grid of characters which could
       be moused on could be an assist in using long
       passphrases.

5.10. DES
5.10.1. on the design of DES
  - Biham and Shamir showed how "differential cryptanalyis"
     could make the attack easier than brute-force search of the
     2^56 keyspace. Wiener did a thought experiment design of a
     "DES buster" machine (who ya gonna call?) that could break
     a DES key in a matter of days. (Similar to the Diffie and
     Hellman analysis of the mid-70s, updated to current
     technology.)
  + The IBM designers knew about differential cryptanalyis, it
     is now clear, and took steps to optimize DES. After Shamir
     and Biham published, Don Coppersmith acknowledged this.
     He's written a review paper:
    - Coppersmith, D.,  "The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and
       its strength against attacks."  IBM Journal of Research
       and Development.  38(3): 243-250. (May 1994)

5.11. Breaking Ciphers
5.11.1. This is not a main Cypherpunks concern, for a variety of
   reasons (lots of work, special expertise, big machines, not a
   core area, ciphers always win in the long run). Breaking
   ciphers is something to consider, hence this brief section.
5.11.2. "What are the possible consequences of weaknesses in crypto
   systems?"
  - maybe reading messages
  - maybe forging messages
  - maybe faking timestamped documents
  - maybe draining a bank account in seconds
  - maybe winning in a crypto gambling system
  - maybe matters of life and death
5.11.3. "What are the weakest places in ciphers, practically
   speaking?"
  - Key management, without a doubt. People leave their keys
     lying around , write down their passphrases. etc.
5.11.4. Birthday attacks
5.11.5. For example, at Crypto '94 it was reported in a rump session
   (by Michael Wiener with Paul van Oorschot) that a machine to
   break the MD5 ciphers could be built for about $10 M (in 1994
   dollars, of course) and could break MD5 in about 20 days.
   (This follows the 1993 paper on a similar machine to break
   DES.)
  - Hal Finney did some calculations and reported to us:
  - "I mentioned a few days ago that one of the "rump session"
     papers at the crypto conference claimed that a machine
     could be built which would find MD5 collisions for $10M in
     about 20 days.....The net result is that we have taken
     virtually no more time (the 2^64 creations of MD5 will
     dominate) and virtually no space (compared to 2^64  stored
     values) and we get the effect of a birthday attack.  This
     is another cautionary data point about the risks of relying
     on space costs for security rather than time costs." [Hal
     Finney, 1994-09-09]
5.11.6. pkzip reported broken
  - "I finally found time to take a closer look at the
     encryption algorithm by Roger Schlafly that is used in
     PKZIP and have developed a practical known plaintext attack
     that can find the entire 96-bit internal state." [Paul Carl
     Kocher, comp.risks, 1994-09-04]
5.11.7. Gaming attacks, where loopholes in a system are exploited
  - contests that are defeated by automated attacks
  - the entire legal system can be viewed this way, with
     competing teams of lawyers looking for legal attacks  (and
     the more complex the legal code, the more attacks can be
     mounted)
  - ecologies, where weaknesses are exploited ruthlessly,
     forcing most species into extinction
  - economies, ditto, except must faster
  - the hazards for crypto schemes are clear
  + And there are important links to the issue of overly formal
     systems, or systems in which ordinary "discretion" and
     "choice" is overridden by rules from outside
    - as with rules telling employers in great detail when and
       how they can discharge employees (cf. the discussion of
       "reasonable rules made mandatory," elsewhere)
    - such rules get exploited by employees, who follow the
       "letter of the law" but are performing in a way
       unacceptable to the employer
    - related to "locality of reference" points, in that
       problem should be resolved locally, not with intervention
       from afar.
    - things will never be perfect, from the perspetive of all
       parties, but meddling from outside makes things into a
       game, the whole point of this section
  + Implications for digital money: overly complex legal
     systems, without the local advantages of true cash (settled
     locally)
    + may need to inject some supra-legal enforcement
       mechanisms into the system, to make it converge
      - offshore credit databases, beyond reach of U.S. and
         other laws
      + physical violence (one reason people don't "play games"
         with Mafia, Triads, etc., is that they know the
         implications)
        - it's not unethical, as I see it, for contracts  in
           which the parties understand that a possible or even
           likely consequence of their failure to perform is
           death
5.11.8. Diffie-Hellman key exchange vulnerabilities
  - "man-in-the-midle" attack
  + phone systems use voice readback of LCD indicated number
    - as computer power increases, even _this_ may be
       insufficient
5.11.9. Reverse engineering of ciphers
  - A5 code used in GSM phones was reverse engineered from a
     hardware description
  - Graham Toal reports (1994-07-12) that GCHQ blocked a public
     lectures on this

5.12. Loose Ends
5.12.1. "Chess Grandmaster Problem" and other Frauds and Spoofs
  - of central importance to proofs of identity (a la Fiat-
     Shamir)
  - "terrorist" and "Mafia spoof" problems

6. The Need For Strong Crypto

6.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

6.2. SUMMARY: The Need For Strong Crypto
 6.2.1. Main Points
  - Strong crypto reclaims the power to decide for one's self,
     to deny the "Censor" the power to choose what one reads,
     watches, or listens to.
 6.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
 6.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
 6.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - this section is short, but is less focussed than other
     sections; it is essentially a "transition" chapter.

6.3. General Uses of and Reasons for Crypto
 6.3.1. (see also the extensive listing of "Reasons for Anonymity,"
   which makes many points about the need and uses for strong
   crypto)
 6.3.2. "Where is public key crypto really needed?"
  - "It is the case that there is relatively little need for
     asymmetric key cryptography in small closed populations.
     For example, the banks get along quite well without.  The
     advantage of public key is that it permits private
     communication in a large and open population and with a
     minimum of prearrangement." [WHMurray, sci.crypt, 1994-08-
     25]
  - That is, symmetric key systems (such as conventional
     ciphers, one time pads, etc.) work reasonably well by
     prearrangement between parties. And of course one time pads
     have the additional advantage of being information-
     theoretically secure. But asymmetric or public key methods
     are incredibly useful when: the parties have not met
     before, when key material has not been exchanged, and when
     concerns exist about storing the key material. The so-
     called "key management problem" when N people want to
     communicate pairwise with each other is well-founded.
  - And of course public key crypto makes possible all the
     other useful stuff like digital money, DC-Nets, zero
     knowledge proofs, secret sharing, etc.
 6.3.3. "What are the main reasons to use cryptography?"
  - people encrypt for the same reason they close and lock
     their doors
  + Privacy in its most basic forms
    - text -- records, diaries, letters, e-mail
    - sound -- phone conversations
    - other --video
    + phones, intercepts, cellular, wireless, car phones,
       scanners
      + making listening illegal is useless (and wrong-headed)
        - and authorites are exempt from such laws
    - people need to protect, end to end
    + "How should I protect my personal files, and my phone
       calls?"
      - Personally, I don't worry too much. But many people do.
         Encryption tools are widely available.
      - Cellular telephones are notoriously insecure, as are
         cordless phones (even less secure). There are laws
         about monitoring, small comfort as that may be. (And
         I'm largely opposed to such laws, for libertarian
         reasons and because it creates a false sense of
         security.)
      - Laptops are probably less vulnerable to Van Eck types
         of RF monitoring than are CRTs. The trend to lower
         power, LCDs, etc., all works toward decreasing
         vulnerability. (However, computer power for extracting
         weak signals out of noise is increasing faster than RF
         are decreasing....tradeoffs are unclear.)
  + encrypting messages because mail delivery is so flaky
    - that is, mail is misdelivered,via hosts incorrectly
       processing the addresses
    - encryption obviously prevents misunderstandings (though
       it does little to get the mail delivered correctly)
  + Encryption to Protect Information
    - the standard reason
    + encryption of e-mail is increasing
      - the various court cases about employers reading
         ostensibly private e-mail will sharpen this debate (and
         raise the issue of employers forbidding encryption;
         resonances with the mostly-settled issue of reasonable
         use of company phones for private calls-more efficient
         to let some personal calls be made than to lose the
         time of employees going to public phones)
    + encryption of faxes will increase, too, especially as
       technology advances and as the dangers of interception
       become more apparent
      - also, tighter links between sender and receive, as
         opposed to the current "dial the number and hope it's
         the right one" approach, will encourage the additional
         use of encryption
    - "electronic vaulting" of large amounts of information,
       sent over T1 and T3 data networks, e.g., backup material
       for banks and large corporations
    + the miles and miles of network wiring within a
       corporation-LANs, WANs, Novell, Ethernet, TCP-IP, Banyan,
       and so on-cannot all be checked for taps...who would even
       have the records to know if some particular wire is going
       where it should? (so many undocumented hookups, lost
       records, ad hoc connections, etc.)
      - the solution is to have point-to-point encryption, even
         withing corporations (for important items, at least)
    - wireless LANs
    + corporations are becoming increasingly concerned about
       interception of important information-or even seemingly
       minor information-and about hackers and other intruders
      - calls for network security enhancement
      - they are hiring "tiger teams" to beef up security
      + cellular phones
        - interceptions are common (and this is becoming
           publicized)
        - modifications to commercial scanners are describe in
           newsletters
      - something like Lotus Notes may be a main substrate for
         the effective introduction of crypto methods (ditto for
         hypertext)
    - encryption provides "solidity" to cyberspace, in the
       sense of creating walls, doors, permanent structures
    - there may even be legal requirements for better security
       over documents, patient files, employee records, etc.
    + Encryption of Video Signals and Encryption to Control
       Piracy
      - this is of course a whole technology and industry
      - Videocypher II has been cracked by many video hackers
      - a whole cottage industry in cracking such cyphers
      - note that outlawing encryption would open up many
         industries to destruction by piracy, which is yet
         another reason a wholesale ban on encryption is doomed
         to failure
    - Protecting home videos--several cases of home burglaries
       where private x-rated tapes of stars were taken, then
       sold (Leslile Visser, CBS Sports)
  - these general reasons will make encryption more common,
     more socially and legally acceptable, and will hence make
     eventual attempts to limit the use of crypto anarchy
     methods moot
  + Digital Signatures and Authentication
    + for electronic forms of contracts and digital
       timestamping
      - not yet tested in the courts, though this should come
         soon (perhaps by 1996)
      + could be very useful for proving that transactions
         happened at a certain time (Tom Clancy has a situation
         in "Debt of Honor" in which all Wall Street central
         records of stock trades are wiped out in a software
         scheme: only the records of traders are useful, and
         they are worried about these being fudged to turn
         profits...timestamping would help immensely)
        - though certain spoofs, a la the brilliant penny scam,
           are still possible (register multiple trades, only
           reveal the profitable ones)
    - negotiations
    - AMIX, Xanadu, etc.
    + is the real protection against viruses (since all other
       scanning methods will increasingly fail)
      - software authors and distributors "sign" their
         work...no virus writer can possibly forge the digital
         signature
  + Proofs of identity, passwords, and operating system use
    - ZKIPS especially in networks, where the chances of seeing
       a password being transmitted are much greater (an obvious
       point that is not much discussed)
    + operating systems and databases will need more secure
       procedures for access, for agents and the like to pay for
       services, etc.
      - unforgeable tokens
    + Cyberspace will need better protection
      - to ensure spoofing and counterfeiting is reduced
         (recall Habitat's problems with people figuring out the
         loopholes)
      + if OH is also working on "world- building" at Los
         Alamos, he may be using evolutionary systems and
         abstract math to help build better and more "coherent"
         worlds
        - agents, demons, structures, persistent objects
        - encryption to protect these structures
        + the abstract math part of cyberspace: abstract
           measure spaces, topologies, distance metrics
          - may figure in to the balance between user
             malleabilty and rigidity of the space
        - Chaitin's AIT...he has obtained measures for these
  + Digital Contracts
    - e-mail too easily forged, faked (and lost, misplaced)
    + Anonymity
      - remailing
      - law avoidance
      - samizdats,
  - Smart cards, ATMs, etc.
  - Digital Money
  - Voting
  + Information Markets
    - data havens, espionage
  + Privacy of Purchases
    - for general principles, to prevent a surveillance society
    + specialized mailing lists
      - vendors pay to get names (Crest labels)
      - Smalltalk job offers
      - in electronic age, will be much easier to "troll" for
         specialized names
      - people will want to "selectively disclose" their
         interests (actually, some will, some won't)
 6.3.4. "What may limit the use of crypto?"
  + "It's too hard to use"
    - multiple protocols (just consider how hard it is to
       actually send encrypted messages between people today)
    - the need to remember a password or passphrase
    + "It's too much trouble"
      - the argument being that people will not bother to use
         passwords
      - partly because they don't think anything will happen to
         them
  + "What have you got to hide?"
    - e.g.,, imagine some comments I'd have gotten at Intel had
       I encrypted everything
    - and governments tend to view encryption as ipso facto
       proof that illegalities are being committed: drugs, money
       laundering, tax evasion
    - recall the "forfeiture" controversy
  + Government is taking various steps to limit the use of
     encryption and secure communication
    - some attempts have failed (S.266), some have been
       shelved, and almost none have yet been tested in the
       courts
    - see the other sections...
  + Courts Are Falling Behind, Are Overcrowded, and Can't Deal
     Adequately with New Issues-Such as Encryption and Cryonics
    - which raises the issue of the "Science Court" again
    - and migration to private adjudication (regulatory
       arbitrage)
  - BTW, anonymous systems are essentially the ultimate merit
     system (in the obvious sense) and so fly in the face of the
     "hiring by the numbers" de facto quota systems now
     creeeping in to so many areas of life....there may be rules
     requiring all business dealings to keep track of the sex,
     race, and "ability group" (I'm kidding, I hope) of their
     employees and their consultants
 6.3.5. "What are some likely future uses of crypto?"
  - Video conferencing: without crypto, or with government
     access, corporate meetings become public...as if a
     government agent was sitting in a meeting, taking notes.
     (There may be some who think this is a good idea, a check
     on corporate shenanigans. I don't. Much too high a price to
     pay for marginal or illusory improvements.)
  - presenting unpopular views
  + getting and giving medical treatments
    - with or without licenses from the medical union (AMA)
    - unapproved treatments
  - bootleg medical treatments
  - information markets
  + sanctuary movements, underground railroads
    - for battered wives
    - and for fathers taking back their children
    - (I'm not taking sides)
  - smuggling
  - tax evasion
  - data havens
  - bookies, betting, numbers games
  - remailers, anonymity
  - religious networks (digital confessionals)
  - digital cash, for privacy and for tax evasion
  - digital hits
  - newsgroup participation -- archiving of Netnews is
     commonplace, and increases in storage density make it
     likely that in future years one will be able to purchase
     disks with "Usenet, 1985-1995" and so forth (or access,
     search, etc. online sites)
 6.3.6. "Are there illegal uses of crypto?"
  - Currently, there are no blanket laws in the U.S. about
     encryption.
  + There are specific situations in which encryption cannot be
     freely used (or the use is spelled out)
    - over the amateur radio airwave...keys must be provided
  + Carl Elllison has noted many times that cryptography has
     been in use for many centuries; the notion that it is a
     "military" technology that civilians have some how gotten
     ahold of is just plain false.
    - and even public key crypto was developed in a university
       (Stanford, then MIT)

6.4. Protection of Corporate and Financial Privacy
 6.4.1. corporations are becoming increasingly concerned about
   interception of important information-or even seemingly minor
   information-and about hackers and other intruders
  - calls for network security enhancement
  - they are hiring "tiger teams" to beef up security
  + cellular phones
    - interceptions are common (and this is becoming
       publicized)
    - modifications to commercial scanners are describe in
       newsletters
  - something like Lotus Notes may be a main substrate for the
     effective introduction of crypto methods (ditto for
     hypertext)
 6.4.2. Corporate Espionage (or "Business Research")
  + Xeroxing of documents
    - recall the way Murrray Woods inspected files of Fred
       Buch, suspecting he had removed the staples and Xeroxed
       the documents for Zilog (circa late 1977)
    - a precedent: shapes of staples
    + colors of the paper and ink...blues, for example
      - but these low-tech schemes are easy to circumvent
  + Will corporations crack down on use of modems?
    + after all, the specs of a chip or product could be mailed
       out of the company using the companies own networks!
      - applies to outgoing letters as well (and I've never
         heard of  any company inspecting to this detail, though
         it may happen at defense contractors)
    + and messages can still be hidden (covert channels)
      - albeit at much lower bandwidths and with more effort
         required (it'll stop the casual leakage of information)
      - the LSB method (though this still involves a digital
         storage means, e.g., a diskette, which might be
         restricted)
      - various other schemes: buried in word processing format
         (at low bandwidth)
      - subtleties such as covert channels are not even
         considered by corporations-too many leakage paths!
    + it seems likely that government workers with security
       clearances will face restrictions on their access to AMIX-
       like systems, or even to "private" use of conventional
       databases
      - at least when they use UseNet, the argument will go,
         they can be overseen to some extent
  + Offsite storage and access of stolen material
    + instead of storing stolen blueprints and schematics on
       company premises, they may be stored at a remote location
      - possiby unknown to the company, via cryptoanarchy
         techniques
  + "Business research" is the euphemism for corporate
     espionage
    - often hiring ex-DIA and CIA agents
  + American companies may step up their economic espionage
     once it is revealed just how extensive the spying by
     European and Japanese companies has been
    - Chobetsu reports to MITI
    - Mossad aids Israeli companies, e.g., Elscint. Elbit
  + Bidzos calls this "a digital Pearl Harbor" (attacks on
     network security)
    - would be ironic if weaknesses put into encryption gear
       came back to haunt us
  + corporations will want an arms length relationship with
     corporate spies, to protect themselves against lawsuits,
     criminal charges, etc.
    - third party research agencies will be used
 6.4.3. Encryption to Protect Information
  - the standard reason
  + encryption of e-mail is increasing
    - the various court cases about employers reading
       ostensibly private e-mail will sharpen this debate (and
       raise the issue of employers forbidding encryption;
       resonances with the mostly-settled issue of reasonable
       use of company phones for private calls-more efficient to
       let some personal calls be made than to lose the time of
       employees going to public phones)
  + encryption of faxes will increase, too, especially as
     technology advances and as the dangers of interception
     become more apparent
    - also, tighter links between sender and receive, as
       opposed to the current "dial the number and hope it's the
       right one" approach, will encourage the additional use of
       encryption
  - "electronic vaulting" of large amounts of information, sent
     over T1 and T3 data networks, e.g., backup material for
     banks and large corporations
  + the miles and miles of network wiring within a
     corporation-LANs, WANs, Novell, Ethernet, TCP-IP, Banyan,
     and so on-cannot all be checked for taps...who would even
     have the records to know if some particular wire is going
     where it should? (so many undocumented hookups, lost
     records, ad hoc connections, etc.)
    - the solution is to have point-to-point encryption, even
       withing corporations (for important items, at least)
  - wireless LANs
  - encryption provides "solidity" to cyberspace, in the sense
     of creating walls, doors, permanent structures
  - there may even be legal requirements for better security
     over documents, patient files, employee records, etc.
 6.4.4. U.S. willing to seize assets as they pass through U.S.
   (Haiti, Iraq)
 6.4.5. Privacy of research
  - attacks on tobacco companies, demanding their private
     research documents be turned over to the FDA (because
     tobacco is 'fair game" for all such attacks, ...)
 6.4.6. Using crypto-mediated business to bypass "deep pockets"
   liability suits, abuse of regulations, of the court system,
   etc.
  + Abuses of Lawsuits: the trend of massive
     judgments...several million for a woman burned when she
     spilled hot coffee at a MacDonald's ($160K for damages, the
     rest for "punitive damages")
    - billions of dollars for various jury decisions
    - "deep pockets" lawsuits are a new form of populism, of de
       Tocqueville's pocket-picking
  + For example, a shareware author might collect digital cash
     without being traceable by those who feel wronged
    - Is this "right"? Well , what does the contract say? If
       the customer bought or used the product knowing that the
       author/seller was untraceable, and that no additional
       warranties or guarantees were given, what fraud was
       committed?
  + crypto can, with some costs, take interactions out of the
     reach of courts
    - replacing the courts with PPL-style private-produced
       justice
 6.4.7. on anonymous communication and corporations
  - Most corporations will avoid anonymous communications,
     fearing the repercussions, the illegality (vis-a-vis
     antitrust law), and the "unwholesomeness" of it
  + Some may use it to access competitor intelligence, offshore
     data havens, etc.
    - Even here, probably through "arm's length" relationships
       with outside consultants, analogous to the cutouts used
       by the CIA and whatnot to insulate themselves from
       charges
  - Boldest of all will be the "crypto-zaibatsu" that use
     strong crypto of the crypto anarchy flavor to arrange
     collusive deals, to remove competitors via force, and to
     generally pursue the "darker side of  the force," to coin a
     phrase.

6.5. Digital Signatures
 6.5.1. for electronic forms of contracts
  - not yet tested in the courts, though this should come soon
     (perhaps by 1996)
 6.5.2. negotiations
 6.5.3. AMIX, Xanadu, etc.
 6.5.4. is the real protection against viruses (since all other
   scanning methods will increasingly fail)
  - software authors and distributors "sign" their work...no
     virus writer can possibly forge the digital signature

6.6. Political Uses of Crypto
 6.6.1. Dissidents, Amnesty International
  - Most governments want to know what their subjects are
     saying...
  - Strong crypto (including steganography to hide the
     existence of the communications) is needed
  - Myanmar (Burma) dissidents are known to be using PGP
 6.6.2. reports that rebels in Chiapas (Mexico, Zapatistas) are on
   the Net, presumably using PGP
  - (if NSA can really crack PGP, this is probably a prime
     target for sharing with the Mexican government)
 6.6.3. Free speech has declined in America--crypto provides an
   antidote
  - people are sued for expressing opinions, books are banned
     ("Loompanics Press" facing investigations, because some
     children ordered some books)
  + SLAPP suits (Strategic Lawsuiits Against Public
     Participation), designed to scare off differing opinions by
     threatening legal ruination in the courts
    - some judges have found for the defendants and ordered the
       SLAPPers to pay damages themselves, but this is still a
       speech-chilling trend
  - crypto untraceability is good immunity to this trend, and
     is thus *real* free speech

6.7. Beyond Good and Evil, or, Why Crypto is Needed
 6.7.1. "Why is cryptography good? Why is anonymity good?"
  - These moral questions pop up on the List once in a while,
     often asked by someone preparing to write a paper for a
     class on ethics or whatnot. Most of us on the list probably
     think the answers are clearly "yes," but many in the public
     may not think so. The old dichotomy between "None of your
     damned business" and "What have you got to hide?"
  - "Is it good that people can write diaried unread by
     others?" "Is it good that people can talk to each other
     without law enforcement knowing what they're saying?" "Is
     it good that people can lock their doors and hide from
     outsiders?" These are all essentially equivalent to the
     questions above.
  - Anonymity may not be either good or not good, but the
     _outlawing_ of anonymity would require a police state to
     enforce, would impinge on basic ideas about private
     transactions, and would foreclose many options that some
     degree of anonymity makes possible.
  - "People should not be anonymous" is a normative statement
     that is impractical to enforce.
 6.7.2. Speaking of the isolation from physical threats and pressures
   that cyberspace provides, Eric Hughes writes: "One of the
   whole points of anonymity and pseudonymity is to create
   immunity from these threats, which are all based upon the
   human body and its physical surroundings.  What is the point
   of a system of anonymity which can be pierced when something
   "bad" happens?  These systems do not reject the regime of
   violence; rather, they merely mitigate it slightly further
   and make their morality a bit more explicit.....I desire
   systems which do not require violence for their existence and
   stability.  I desire anonymity as an ally to break the hold
   of morality over culture." [Eric Hughes, 1994-08-31]
 6.7.3. Crypto anarchy means prosperity for those who can grab it,
   those competent enough to have something of value to offer
   for sale; the clueless 95% will suffer, but that is only
   just. With crypto anarchy we can painlessly, without
   initiation of aggression, dispose of the nonproductive, the
   halt and the lame. (Charity is always possible, but I suspect
   even the liberal do-gooders will throw up their hands at the
   prospect of a nation of mostly unskilled and essentially
   illiterate and innumerate workers being unable to get
   meaninful, well-paying jobs.)
 6.7.4. Crypto gets more important as communication increases and as
   computing gets distributed
  + with bits and pieces of one's environment scattered around
    - have to worry about security
    - others have to also protect their own products, and yet
       still provide/sell access
  - private spaces needed in disparate
     locations...multinationals, teleconferencing, video

6.8. Crypo Needed for Operating Systems and Networks
 6.8.1. Restrictions on cryptography--difficult as they may be to
   enforce--may also impose severe hardships on secure operating
   system design, Norm Hardy has made this point several times.
  - Agents and objects inside computer systems will likely need
     security, credentials, robustness, and even digital money
     for transactions.
 6.8.2. Proofs of identity, passwords, and operating system use
  - ZKIPS especially in networks, where the chances of seeing a
     password being transmitted are much greater (an obvious
     point that is not much discussed)
  + operating systems and databases will need more secure
     procedures for access, for agents and the like to pay for
     services, etc.
    - unforgeable tokens
 6.8.3. An often unmentioned reason why encyption is needed is for
   the creation of private, or virtual, networks
  - so that channels are independent of the "common carrier"
  + to make this clear: prospects are dangerously high for a
     consolidation under government control of networks
    - in parallel with roads
    + and like roads, may insist on equivalent of licenses
      - is-a-person
      - bans on encryption
    - The Nightmare Scenario: "We own the networks, we won't
       let anyone install new networks without our approval, and
       we will make the laws about what gets carried, what
       encryption can be used, and how taxes will be collected."
    - Fortunately, I doubt this is enforceable...too many ways
       to create virtual networks...satellites like Iridium,
       fiber optics, ways to hide crypto or bury it in other
       traffic
  + cyberspace walls...
    + more than just crypto: physical security is needed (and
       for much the same reason no "digital coin" exists)
      - processes running on controlled-accesss machines (as
         with remailers)
    - access by crypto
    + a web of mutually suspicious machines may be sufficient
      - robust cyberspaces built with DC-Net ("dining
         cryptographers") methods?

6.9. Ominous Trends
 6.9.1. Ever-increasing numbers of laws, complexities of tax codes,
   etc.
  - individuals no longer can navigate
 6.9.2. National ID cards
  - work permits, immigration concerns, welfare fraud, stopping
     terrorists, collecting taxes
  - USPS and other proposals
 6.9.3. Key Escrow
 6.9.4. Extension of U.S. law around the world
  - Now that the U.S. has vanquished the U.S.S.R., a free field
     ahead of it for spreading the New World Order, led of
     course by the U.S.A. and its politicians.
  - treaties, international agreements
  - economic hegemony
  - U.N. mandates, forces, "blue helmets"
 6.9.5. AA BBS case means cyberspace is not what we though it was

6.10. Loose Ends
6.10.1. "Why don't most people pay more attention to security
   issues?"
  - Fact is, most people never think about real security.
  - Safe manufacturers have said that improvements in safes
     (the metal kind) were driven by insurance rates. A direct
     incentive to spend more
     money to improve security (cost of better safe < cost of
     higher insurance rate).
  - Right now there is almost no economic incentive for people
     to worry
     about PIN security, about protecting their files, etc.
     (Banks eat the
     costs and pass them on...any bank which tried to save a few
     bucks in
     losses by requiring 10-digit PINs--which people would
     *write down*
     anyway!--would lose customers. Holograms and pictures on
     bank cards
     are happening because the costs have dropped enough.)
  - Crypto is economics. People will begin to really care when
     it costs them.

6.10.2. What motivates an attackers is not the intrinsic value of the
   data but his perception of the value of the data.
6.10.3. Crypto allows more refinement of permissions...access to
   groups, lists
  - beyond such crude methods as banning domain names or "edu"
     sorts of accounts
6.10.4. these general reasons will make encryption more common, more
   socially and legally acceptable, and will hence make eventual
   attempts to limit the use of crypto anarchy methods moot
6.10.5. protecting reading habits..
  - (Imagine using your MicroSoftCashCard for library
     checkouts...)
6.10.6. Downsides
  - loss of trust
  - markets in unsavory things
  - espionage
  + expect to see new kinds of con jobs
    - confidence games
    - "Make Digital Money Fast"
6.10.7. Encryption of Video Signals and Encryption to Control Piracy
  - this is of course a whole technology and industry
  - Videocypher II has been cracked by many video hackers
  - a whole cottage industry in cracking such cyphers
  - note that outlawing encryption would open up many
     industries to destruction by piracy, which is yet another
     reason a wholesale ban on encryption is doomed to failure

7. PGP --  Pretty Good Privacy

7.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

7.2. SUMMARY: PGP --  Pretty Good Privacy
 7.2.1. Main Points
  - PGP is the most important crypto tool there is, having
     single-handedly spread public key methods around the world
  - many other tools are being built on top of it
 7.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
  - ironically, almost no understanding of how PGP works in
     detail is needed; there are plenty of experts who
     specialize in that
 7.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - newsgroups carry up to date comments; just read them for a
     few weeks and many things will float by
  - various FAQs on PGP
  + even an entire book, by Simpson Garfinkel:
    -   PGP: Pretty Good Privacy
          by Simson Garfinkel
          1st Edition November 1994 (est.)
          250 pages (est),ISBN: 1-56592-098-8, $17.95 (est)
 7.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - a vast number of ftp sites, URLs, etc., and these change
  - this document can't possibly stay current on these--see the
     pointers in the newsgroups for the most current sites

7.3. Introduction
 7.3.1. Why does PGP rate its own section?
  - Like Clipper, PGP is too big a set of issues not to have
     its own section
 7.3.2. "What's the fascination in Cypherpunks with PGP?"
  - Ironically, our first meeting, in September 1992, coincided
     within a few days of the release of PGP 2.0. Arthur Abraham
     provided diskettes of 2.0, complete with laser-printed
     labels. Version 2.0 was the first truly useful version of
     PGP (so I hear....I never tried Version 1.0, which had
     limited distribution). So PGP and Cypherpunks shared a
     history--and Phil Zimmermann has been to some physical
     meetings.
  - A practical, usable, understandable tool. Fairly easy to
     use. In contrast, many other developments are more abstract
     and do not lend themselves to use by hobbyists and
     amateurs. This alone ensures PGP an honored place (and
     might be an object lesson for developers of other tools).
 7.3.3. The points here focus on PGP, but may apply as well to
   similar crypto programs, such as commercial RSA packages
   (integrated into mailers, commercial programs, etc.).

7.4. What is PGP?
 7.4.1. "What is PGP?"
 7.4.2. "Why was PGP developed?"
 7.4.3. Who developed PGP?

7.5. Importance of PGP
 7.5.1. PGP 2.0 arrived at an important time
  - in September 1992, the very same week the Cypherpunks had
     their first meeting, in Oakland, CA. (Arthur Abraham
     printed up professional-looking diskette labels for the PGO
     2.0 diskettes distributed. A general feeling that we were
     forming at the "right time.")
  - just 6 months before the Clipper announcement caused a
     firestorm of interest in public key cryptography
 7.5.2. PGP has been the catalyst for major shifts in opinion
  - has educated tens of thousands of users in the nature of
     strong crypto
  - has led to other tools, including encrypted remailers,
     experiments in digital money, etc.
 7.5.3. "If this stuff is so important, how come not everyone is
   digitally signing their messages?"
  - (Me, for example. I never sign my messages, and this FAQ is
     not signed. Maybe I will, later.)
  - convenience, ease of use, "all crypto is economics"
  - insecurity of host Unix machines (illusory)
  - better integration with mailers needed
 7.5.4. Ripem appears to be dead; traffic in alt.security.ripem is
   almost zero. PGP has obviously won the hearts and minds of
   the user community; and now that it's "legal"...

7.6. PGP Versions
 7.6.1. PGP Versions and Implementations
  - 2.6ui is the version compatible with 2.3
  + What is the difference between versions 2.6 and 2.6ui?
    - "PGP 2.6 is distributed from MIT and is legally available
       to US and Canadian residents. It uses the RSAREF library.
       It has code that will prevent interoperation with earlier
       versions of PGP.
       "PGP 2.6ui is a modified version of PGP 2.3a which
       functions almost identically to MIT PGP 2.6, without the
       "cripple code" of MIT PGP 2.6. It is legally available
       outside the US and Canada only." [Rat
       <ratinox@ccs.neu.edu>, alt.security.pgp, 1994-07-03]
  + DOS
    - Versions
    + Pretty Good Shell
      - "When your Microsoft Mail supports an external Editor,
         you might want to try PGS (Pretty Good Shell),
         available as PGS099B.ZIP at several ftp sites. It
         enables you to run PGP from a shell, with a easy way to
         edit/encrypt files." [HHM LIMPENS, 1994-07-01]
  - Windows
  + Sun
    - "I guess that you should be able to use PGPsendmail,
       available at ftp.atnf.csiro.au:/pub/people/rgooch'
       [eric@terra.hacktic.nl (Eric Veldhuyzen), PGP support for
       Sun's Mailtool?, alt.security.pgp, 1994-06-29]
    + Mark Grant  <mark@unicorn.com> has been working on a tool
       to replace Sun's mailtool. "Privtool ("Privacy Tool") is
       intended to be a PGP-aware replacement for the standard
       Sun Workstation mailtool program, with a similar user
       interface and automagick support for PGP-signing and PGP-
       encryption." [MG, 1994-07-03]
      - "At the moment, the Beta release is available from
         ftp.c2.org in /pub/privtool as privtool-0.80.tar.Z, and
         I've attached the README.1ST file so that you can check
         out the features and bugs before you download it. ....
         Currently the program requires the Xview toolkit to
         build, and has only been compiled on SunOS 4.1 and
         Solaris 2.1."
  + MacPGP
    - 2.6ui: reports of problems, bombs (remove Preferencs set
       by previous versions from System folder)
    - "MacPGP 2.6ui is fully compatible with MIT's MacPGP 2.6,
       but offers several advantages, a chief one being that
       MacPGP 2.6ui is controllable via AppleScript.  This is a
       very powerful feature, and pre-written AppleScripts are
       already available.  A set of AppleScripts called the
       Interim Macintosh PGP Interface (IMPI) support
       encryption, decryption, and signing of files via drag-n-
       drop, finder selection, the clipboard, all accessible
       from a system-wide menu.  Eudora AppleScripts also exist
       to interface MacPGP with the mail program Eudora.

       "MacPGP 2.6ui v1.2 is available via anonymous ftp from:

       FTP SITE                 DIRECTORY
       CONTENTS
       --------                 ---------
       --------
       ftp.darmstadt.gmd.de     pub/crypto/macintosh/MacPGP
       MacPGP 2.6ui, source

       AppleScripts for 2.6ui are available for U.S. and
       Canadian citizens ONLY
       via anonymous ftp from:

       FTP SITE                 DIRECTORY
       CONTENTS
       --------                 ---------
       --------
       ftp.csn.net              mpj
       IMPI & Eudora scripts

       MacPGP 2.6ui, source
       [phinely@uhunix.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu (Peter Hinely),
       alt.security.pgp, 1994-06-28]
  - Amiga
  + VMS
    - 2.6ui is said to compile and run under VMS.
  + German version
    - MaaPGP0,1T1,1
    - dtp8//dtp,dapmqtadt,gmd,de/ilaomilg/MaaP
    - Ahpiqtoph_Pagalies@hh2.maus.
    - (source:  andreas.elbert@gmd.de (A.Elbert). by way of
       qwerty@netcom.com (-=Xenon=-), 3-31-94
 7.6.2. What versions of PGP exist?
  - PGP 2.7 is ViaCrypt's commercial version of PGP 2.6
 7.6.3. PGP 2.6 issues
  - There has been much confusion, in the press and in
     discussion groups, about the issues surrounding 2.5, 2.6,
     2.6ui, and various versions of these. Motivations,
     conspiracies, etc., have all been discussed. I'm not
     involved as others on our list are, so I'm often confused
     too.
  + Here are some comments by Phil Zimmermann, in response to a
     misleading press report:
    - "PGP 2.6 will always be able to read messages,
       signatures, and keys from olderversions, even after
       September 1st.  The older versions will not be able to
       read messages, signatures and keys produced by PGP 2.6
       after September 1st.  This is an entirely different
       situation.  There is every reason for people to switch to
       PGP 2.6, because it will be able to handle both data
       formats, while the older versions will not.  Until
       September, the new PGP will continue to produce the old
       format that can be read by older versions, but will start
       producing the new format after that date.  This delay
       allows time for everyone to obtain the new version of
       PGP, so that they will not be affected by the change.
       Key servers will still be able to carry the keys made in
       the old format, because PGP 2.6 will still read them with
       no problems. "  [Phil Zimmermann, 1994-07-07, also posted
       to Usenet groups] [all dates here refer to 1994]
    - "I developed PGP 2.6 to be released by MIT, and I think
       this new
       arrangement is a breakthrough in the legal status of PGP,
       of benefit to
       all PGP users.  I urge all PGP users to switch to PGP
       2.6, and abandon
       earlier versions.  The widespread replacement of the old
       versions with
       this new version of PGP fits in with future plans for the
       creation of a
       PGP standard."  [Phil Zimmermann, 1994-07-07, also posted
       to Usenet groups]
 7.6.4. PGP version 2.6.1
  - "MIT will be releasing Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) version
     2.6.1 real soon now.  By tomorrow, I think.  The MSDOS
     release filename will be pgp261.zip, and the source code
     will be in pgp261s.zip.  The MIT FTP site is net-
     dist@mit.edu, in the pub/PGP directory." [corrected by
     Derek Atkins to be: net-dist.mit.edu, not net-
     dist@mit.edu.]

     "This new version has a lot of bug fixes over version 2.6.
     I hope this is the final release of this family of PGP
     source code.  We've been working on an entirely new version
     of PGP, rewritten from scratch, which is much cleaner and
     faster, and better suited for the future enhancements we
     have planned.  All PGP development efforts will be
     redirected toward this new code base, after this 2.6.1
     release." [Phil Zimmermann, Cypherpunks list, 1994-09-02]

7.7. Where to Get PGP?
 7.7.1. "Where can I get PGP on CompuServe?"
  - Note: I can't keep track of the major ftp sites for the
     various crypto packages, let alone info on services like
     this. But, here it is;
  - "Current as of 5-Jul-1994:"
     GO EURFORUM / Utilities   PGP26UI.ZIP   PGP 2.6ui
     GO PWOFORUM / New uploads PGP26.ZIP     PGP 2.6
      PWOFORUM also has the source code and documentation, plus
     a number of shell utilities for PGP.  Version 2.3a is also
     still around." [cannon@panix.com, Kevin Martin,  PGP on
     Compuserve??, alt.security.pgp, 1994-07-08]
 7.7.2. Off line PGP
  + ftp.informatik.uni-
     hamburg.de:/pub/virus/crypt/pgp/tools/pgp-elm.zip
    - another place: Crosspoint: ftp.uni-
       kl.de:/pub3/pc/dos/terminal/xpoint XP302*.EXE
  + "I highly recommend Offline AutoPGP v2.10.  It works
     seamlessly with virtually any offline mail reader that
     supports .QWK packets.  Shareware registration is $10.00
     US.  The author is Staale Schumacher, a student at the
     University of Oslo, is reachable at staale@ifi.uio.no .
     The program should be pretty widely available on US bbs's
     by now.  I use the program constantly for bbs mail.  It's
     really quite a slick piece of work.  If you have any
     trouble finding it, drop me a note."
     [bhowatt@eis.calstate.edu  Brent H. Howatt, PGP in an
     offline reader?, alt.security.pgp, 1994-07-05]
    - oak.oakland.edu in /pub/msdos/offline, version 2.11
    - ftp.informatik.uni-
       hamburg.de:/pub/virus/crypt/pgp/tools/apgp211.zip
 7.7.3. "Should I worry about obtaining and compiling the PGP
   sources?"
  - Well, unless you're an expert on the internals of PGP, why
     bother? And a subtle bug in the random number generator
     eluded even Colin Plumb for a while.
  - The value of the source being available is that others can,
     if they wish, make the confirmation that the executable
     correspond to the source. That this _can_ be done is enough
     for me. (Strategy: Hold on to the code for a while, wait
     for reports of flaws or holes, then use with confidence.)
  - Signatures can be checked. Maybe timestamped versions,
     someday.
  - Frankly, the odds are much higher that one's messages or
     pseudonymous identity will be exposed in others ways than
     that PGP has been compromised. Slip-ups in sending messages
     sometimes reveal identities, as do inadvertent comments and
     stylistic cues.

7.8. How to Use PGP
 7.8.1. How does PGP work?
 7.8.2. "How should I store the secret part of my key? Can I memorize
   it?"
  - Modern ciphers use keys that are far beyond memorization
     (or even typing in!). The key is usually stored on one's
     home machine, or a machine that is reasonably secure, or on
     diskette. The passphrase should always be memorized or
     written down (ugh) in one's wallet or other such place.
     Secure "dongles" worn around the neck, or a ring or watch,
     may eventually be used. Smartcards and PDAs are a more
     likely intermediate solution (many PCs now have PCMCIA card
     slots).
 7.8.3. "How do I sign messages?"
  - cf. the PGP docs
  + however, this has come up on the List, and:
    -
    + pgp -sta +clearsig=on message.txt
      -
      - That's from pgpdoc2.txt.  Hope it helps.  You might
         wish to set up your mail
      - user agent to invoke this command upon exiting your
         default message editor,
      - with "message.txt" set to whatever your editor calls
         the temporary message
      - file.               <Russell Whitaker,
         whitaker@sgi.com, 4-15-94, Cypherpunks>
 7.8.4. Why isn't PGP easier to use?
  - Compared to other possible crypto applications (like
     digital money or voting systems), it is actually _very_
     easy to use
  - semantic gap...learning
 7.8.5. How should I learn PGP?
 7.8.6. "What's the status of PGP integration with other programs?"
  + Editors
    + emacs
      + emacs supports pgp, probably in various flavors (I've
         seen several reports of different packages)..the built-
         in language certainly helps
        - Rick Busdiecker <rfb@lehman.com> has an emacs front
           end to PGP available
        - Jin S. Choi <jsc@monolith.MIT.EDU> once described a
           package he wrote in elisp which supported GNU emacs:
           "mailcrypt"
        - there are probably many more
  + Mailers
    - That is, are there any mailers that have a good link to
       PGP? Hooks into existing mailers are needed
    + emacs
      + emacs supports pgp, probably in various flavors (I've
         seen several reports of different packages)..the built-
         in language certainly helps
        - Rick Busdiecker <rfb@lehman.com> has an emacs front
           end to PGP available
        - Jin S. Choi <jsc@monolith.MIT.EDU> once described a
           package he wrote in elisp which supported GNU emacs:
           "mailcrypt"
        - there are probably many more
    - elm
    - Eudora
    + PGP sendmail, etc.
      - "Get the PGPsendmail Suite, announced here a few days
         ago. It's available for anonymous ftp from:
         ftp.atnf.csiro.au: pub/people/rgooch   (Australia)
         ftp.dhp.com: pub/crypto/pgp/PGPsendmail(U.S.A.)
         ftp.ox.ac.uk: src/security  (U.K.)... It works by
         wrapping around the regular  sendmail  programme, so
         you get automatic encryption for all mailers, not just
         Rmail. " [Richard Gooch, alt.security.pgp, 1994-07-10]
    + MIME
      - MIME and PGP <Derek Atkins, 4-6-94>
      - [the following material taken from an announcement
         forwarded to the Cypherpunks list by
         remijn@athena.research.ptt.nl, 1994-07-05]
      - "MIME [RFC-1341,  RFC-1521] defines a format and
         general framework for the representation of a wide
         variety of data types in Internet mail.  This document
         defines one particular type of MIME data, the
         application/pgp type, for "pretty good" privacy,
         authentication, and encryption in Internet mail.  The
         application/pgp MIME type is intended to facilitate the
         wider  interoperation of private mail across a wide
         variety of hardware and software platforms.
  + Newsreaders
    - useful for automatic signing/verification, and e-mail
       from withing newsreader
    - yarn
    - tin
    - The "yarn" newsreader reportedly has PGP built in.
 7.8.7. "How often should I change my key or keys?"
  - Hal Finney points out that many people seem to think PGP
     keys are quasi-permanent. In fact, never changing one's key
     is an invitation to disaster, as keys may be compromised in
     various ways (keystroke capture programs, diskettes left
     lying around, even rf monitoring) and may conceivably be
     cracked.
  - "
  + "What is a good interval for key changes?  I would suggest
     every year or so
    - makes sense, especially if infrastructure can be
       developed to make it easier
    - to propagate key changes.  Keys should be overlapped in
       time, so that you make
    - a new key and start using it, while continuing to support
       the old key for a
    - time. <Hal Finney, hfinney@shell.portal.com, 4-15-94,
       cypherpunks>
  - Hal also recommends that remailer sites change their keys
     even more frequently, perhaps monthly.

7.9. Keys, Key Signings, and Key Servers
 7.9.1. Web of trust vs. heierarchical key management
  - A key innovations of Phil Zimmermann was the use of a "web
     of trust" model for distributed trust in keys.
  - locality, users bear costs
  - by contrast, government estimates $1-2 B a year to run key
     certification agencies for a large fraction of the
     population
  - "PGP is about choice and constructing a web of trust that
     suits your needs. PGP supports a completely decentralized,
     personalized web of trust and also the most highly
     structured bureaucratic centralized scheme you could
     imagine. One problem with relying solely on a personalized
     web of trust is that it limitsyour universe of
     correspondents. We can't expect Phil Zimmermann and a few
     well-known others to sign everyone's key, and I would not
     want to limit my private correspondence to just those
     people I know and trust plus those people whose keys have
     been signed by someone I know and trust." [William
     Stallings, SLED key verification, alt.security.pgp, 1994-09-
     01]
 7.9.2. Practical approaches to signing the keys of others
  + sign keys of folks you know and wish to communicate with
    - face-to-face encounters ("Here  is my key.")
  + trust--to varying extents--the keys signed by others you
     know
    - web-of-trust
  - trust--to a lesser extent--the keys of people in key
     registries
 7.9.3. Key Servers
  + There are several major sites which appear to be stable
    + MIT PGP Public Key Server
      - via www.eff.org
    + Vesselin Bontchev at University of Hamburg operates a
       very stable one:
      - Ftp:    ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de
         IP:     134.100.4.42
         Dir:    /pub/virus/crypt/pgp/
         File:   pubkring.pgp
         E-Mail: pgp-public-keys@fbihh.informatik.uni-hamburg.de
    - pgpkeys.io.com
  + http://martigny.ai.mit.edu/~bal/pks-commands.html
    - This is a PGP keyserver in Zurich.   <Russell Whitaker, 7
       April 1994>
    -
 7.9.4. Use of PGP key fingerprints
  - "One of the better uses for key fingerprints is for
     inclusion in signature files and other places that a key
     itself is too bulky.  By widespread dissemination of the
     fingerprint, the chances of a bogus key being undetected
     are decreased, since there are more channels for the
     fingerprint to get to recipients, and more channels for the
     owner of a key to see any bogus fingerprints out on the
     net. [Bill Stewart, 1994-08-31]
 7.9.5. "How should address changes be handled? Do old keys have to
   be revoked?"
  - Future versions of PGP may handle better
  - One way is to issue .... "User-id revocation certificates
     are a *good* idea and the PGP key format allows for them -
     maybe one day PGP will do something about it." [Paul Allen,
     alt.security.pgp, 1994-07-01]
  - Persistent e-mail addresses is one approach. Some  people
     are using organization like the ACM to provide this (e.g.,
     Phil Zimmermann is prz@acm.org). Others are using remapping
     services.  For example, "I signed up with the SLED (Stable
     Large E-mail Database), which is a cross-referencing
     database for linking old, obsolete E-mail addresses with
     current ones over the course of time.... Anyone using this
     key will always be able to find me on the SLED by
     conducting a search with "blbrooks..." as the keyword. Thus
     my key and associated sigs always remain good....  If you
     are interested in the SLED, its address is
     sled@drebes.com." [Robert Brooks, alt.security.pgp, 1994-07-
     01]
 7.9.6. "How can I ensure that my keys have not been tampered with?"
  + Keep your private key secure
    + if on an unsecured machine, take steps to protect it
      - offlline storage (Perry Metzger loads his key(s) every
         morning, and removes it when he leaves the machine)
    + memorize your PGP passphrase and don't write it down, at
       least not anywhere near where the private key is
       available
      - sealed envelopes with a lawyer, safe deposit boxes,
         etc., are possibilities
      - given the near-impossibility of recovering one's files
         if the passphrase is lost permanently, I recommend
         storing it _someplace_, despite the slight loss in
         security (this is a topic of debate...I personally feel
         a lot more comfortable knowing my memory is backed up
         somewhere)
  - Colin Plumb has noted that if someone has accesss to your
     personal keyring, they also probably have access to your
     PGP program and could make modifications to it *directly*.
  - Derek Atkins answered a similar question on sci.crypt:
     "Sure.  You can use PGP to verify your keyring, and using
     the web-of-trust, you can then have it verify your
     signatures all the keys that you signed, and recurse
     through your circle-of-friends.  To verify that your own
     key was not munged, you can sign something with your secret
     key and then try to verify it.  This will ensure that your
     public key wasn't munged." [Derek Atkins, sci.crypt, 1994-
     07-06]
 7.9.7. "Why are key revocations needed?"
  - Key revocation is the "ebb-of-trust"
  - "There are a number of real reasons.  Maybe you got coerced
     into signing the key, or you think that maybe the key was
     signed incorrectly, or maybe that person no longer uses
     that email address, because they lost the account, or that
     maybe you don't believe that the binding of key to userID
     is valid for any number of reasons." [Derek Atkins, 4-28-
     94]
 7.9.8. "Is-a-person" registries
  + There have been proposals that governments could and should
     create registries of "legal persons." This is known in the
     crypto community as "is-a-person" credentialling, and
     various papers (notably Fiat-Shamir) have dealt with issues
    - of spoofing by malicious governments
    - of the dangers of person-tracking
  + We need to be very careful here!
    - this could limit the spread of 'ad hoc crypto' (by which
       I mean the use of locally-generated keys for reasons
       other than personal use...digital cash, pseudonyms etc.)
    - any system which "issues" permission slips to allow keys
       to be generated is dangerous!
  + Could be an area that governments want to get into.
    - a la Fiat-Shamir "passport" issues (Murdoch, Libyan
       example)
  - I favor free markets--no limitations on which registries I
     can use
 7.9.9. Keyservers (this list is constantly changing, but most share
   keys, so all one needs is one). Send "help" message. For
   current information, follow alt.security.pgp.
  - about 6000 keys on the main keyservers, as of 1994-08.
  - pgp-public-keys@martigny.ai.mit.edu
  - pgp-public-keys@dsi.unimi.it
  - pgp-public-keys@kub.nl
  - pgp-public-keys@sw.oz.au
  - pgp-public-keys@kiae.su
  - pgp-public-keys@fbihh.informatick.uni-hamburg.de
  - and wasabi.io.com offers public keys by finger (I couldn't
     get it to work)
7.9.10. "What are key fingerprints and why are they used?"
  - "Distributing the key fingerprint allows J. Random Human to
     correlate a key supplied via one method with that supplied
     via another. For example, now that I have the fingerprint
     for the Betsi key, I can verify whether any other alleged
     Betsi key I see is real or not.....It's a lot easier to
     read off & cross-check 32-character fingerprints than the
     entire key block, especially as signatures are added and
     the key block grows in size." [Paul Robichaux, 1994-08-29]
7.9.11. Betsi
  - Bellcore
  - key signing
7.9.12. on attacks on keyservers...
  + flooding attacks on the keyservers have started; this may
     be an attempt to have the keyservers shut down by using
     obscene, racist, sexist phrases as key names (Cypherpunks
     would not support shutting down a site for something so
     trivial as abusive, offensive language, but many others
     would.)
    - "It appears that some childish jerk has had a great time
       generating bogus PGP keys and uploading them to the
       public keyservers. Here are some of the keys I found on a
       keyserver:...[keys elided]..." [staalesc@ifi.uio.no,
       alt.security.pgp, 1994-09-05]

7.10. PGP Front Ends, Shells, and Tools
7.10.1. Many can be found at this ftp site:
  + ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de:/pub/virus/crypt/pgp/shells/
    - for various shells and front-ends for PGP
7.10.2. William Stallings had this to say in a Usenet post:
  - "PGPShell: runs directly on the DOS version, doesn't need
     Windows. Nice, simple interface. freeware

     "PGP Winfront: freeware windows front end. Uses a "control
     panel" style, with many options displayed in a compact
     fashion.

     "WinPGP: shareware ($45). Uses a drop-down menu style,
     common to many Windows applications." [William Stallings,
     Looking for PGP front end, alt.security, 1994-08-31]
7.10.3. Rick Busdiecker <rfb@lehman.com> has an emacs front end to
   PGP available
7.10.4. Pr0duct Cypher's tools:
  + ftp.informatik.uni-
     hamburg.de:/pub/virus/crypt/pgp/tools/PGPTools.tar.gz
    - Pr0duct Cypher's tools, and other tools in general

7.11. Other Crypto Programs And Tools
7.11.1. Other Ciphers and Tools
  - RIPEM
  - PEM
  - MD5
  + SFS (Secure FileSystem) 1.0
    - "SFS (Secure FileSystem) is a set of programs which
       create and manage a number of encrypted disk volumes, and
       runs under both DOS and Windows.  Each volume appears as
       a normal DOS drive, but all data stored on it is encryped
       at the individual-sector level....SFS 1.1 is a
       maintenance release which fixes a few minor problems in
       1.0, and adds a number of features suggested by users.
       More details on changes are given in in the README file."
       [Peter Gutmann, sci.crypt, 1994-08-25]
    - not the same thing as CFS!
    - 512-bit key using a MDC/SHS hash. (Fast)
    - only works on a386 or better (says V. Bontchev)
    - source code not available?
    - implemented as a device driver (rather than a TSR, like
       SecureDrive)
    - "is vulnerable to a special form of attack, which was
       mentioned once here in sci.crypt and is described in
       detaills in the SFS documentation. Take a loot at the
       section "Encryption Considerations"." [Vesselin Bontchev,
       sci.crypt, 1994-07-01]
    - Comparing SFS to SecureDrive: "Both packages are
       approximately equal in terms of user interface, but SFS
       seems to be quite a bit faster.  And comments from
       various people (previous message thread) seems to
       indicate that it is more "secure" as well." [Bill Couture
       <coutu001@gold.tc.umn.edu> , sci.crypt, 1994-0703]
  + SecureDrive
    - encrypts a disk (always be very careful!)
    - SecureDrive 1.3D, 128-bit IDEA cypher is based on an MD5
       hash of the passphrase
    - implemented as a TSR (rather than a device driver, like
       CFS)
    - source code available
    + Some problems reported (your mileage may vary)
      - "I have been having quite a bit of difficulty with my
         encrypted drive mangling files. After getting secure
         drive 1.3d installed on my hard drive, I find that
         various files are being corrupted and many times after
         accessing the drive a bunch of crosslinked files are
         present." [Vaccinia@uncvx1.oit.unc.edu, 1994-07-01]
    - Others report being happy with, under both DOS and
       Windows
    - no OS/2 or Mac versions reported; some say an OS/2 device
       driver will have to be used (such as Stacker for OS/2
       uses)
  + SecureDevice
    - "If you can't find it elsewhere, I have it at
       ftp://ftp.ee.und.ac.za/pub/crypto/secdev13.arj, but
       that's at the end of a saturated 64kbps link." [Alan
       Barrett, 1994-07-01]
7.11.2. MDC and SHS (same as SHA?)
  - "The MDC cyphers are believed to be as strong as it is
     difficult to invert the cryptographic hash function they
     are using. SHS was designed by the NSA and is believed to
     be secure. There might be other ways to attack the MDC
     cyphers, but nobody who is allowed to speak knows such
     methods."  [Vesselin Bontchev, sci.crypt, 1994-07-01]
  + Secure Hash Standard's algorithm is public, and hence can
     be analyzed and tested for weaknesses (in strong contrast
     with Skipjack).
    - may replace MD5 in future versions of PGP (a rumor)
  - Speed of MDC: "It's a speed tradeoff.  MDC is a few times
     faster than IDEA, so SFS is a few times faster than
     SecureDrive.  But MDC is less proven." [Colin Plumb,
     sci.crypt, 1994-07-04]
  + Rumors of problems with SHA
    - "The other big news is a security problem with the Secure
       Hash Algorithm (SHA), discussed in the Apr 94 DDJ.  The
       cryptographers at NSA have found a problem with the
       algorithm.  They won't tell anyone what it is, or even
       how serious it is, but they promise a fix soon.  Everyone
       is waiting with baited breath." [Bruce Schneier, reprot
       on Eurocrypt '94, 1994-07-01]
7.11.3. Stego programs
  + DOS
    - S-Tools (or Stools?). DOS? Encrypts in .gif and .wav
       (SoundBlaster format) files. Can set to not indicate
       encrypted files are inside.
  - Windows
  + Macintosh
    - Stego
    + sound programs
      - marielsn@Hawaii.Edu (Nathan Mariels) has written a
         program which "takes a file and encrypts it with IDEA
         using a MD5 hash of the password typed in by the user.
         It then stores the file in the lowest bit (or bits,
         user selectable) of a sound file."
7.11.4. "What about "Pretty Good Voice Privacy" or "Voice PGP" and
   Other Speech Programs?"
  + Several groups, including one led by Phil Zimmermann, are
     said to be working on something like this. Most are using
     commercially- and widely-available sound input boards, a la
     "SoundBlaster" boards.
    - proprietary hardware or DSPs is often a lose, as people
       won't be able to easily acquire the hardware; a software-
       only solution (possibly relying on built-in hardware, or
       readily-available add-in boards, like SoundBlasters) is
       preferable.
  + Many important reasons to do such a project:
    - proliferate more crypto tools and systems
    - get it out ahead of "Digital Telephony II" and Clipper-
       type systems; make the tools so ubiquitous that outlawing
       them is too difficult
    - people understand voice communcations in a more natural
       way than e-,mail, so people who don't use PGP may
       nevertheless use a voice encryption system
  + Eric Blossom has his own effort, and has demonstrated
     hardware at Cypherpunks meetings:
    - "At this moment our primary efforts are on developing a
       family of extensible protocols for both encryption and
       voice across point to point links.  We indend to use
       existing standards where ever possible.

       "We are currently planning on building on top of the RFCs
       for PPP (see RFCs 1549, 1548, and 1334).  The basic idea
       is to add a new Link Control Protocol (or possibly a
       Network Control Protocol) that will negotiate base and
       modulus and perform DH key exchange.  Some forms of
       Authentication are already supported by RFCs.  We're
       looking at others." [Eric Blossom, 1994-04-14]
  + Building on top of multimedia capabilities of Macintoshes
     and Windows may be an easier approach
    - nearly all Macs and Windows machines will be
       multimedia/audiovisual-capable soon
    - "I realize that it is quite possible to design a secure
       phone
       with a Vocoder, a modem and some cpu power to do the
       encryption, but I think that an easier solution may be on
       the horizon. ....I believe that Microsoft and many others
       are exploring hooking phones to PCs so people can do
       things like ship pictures of their weekend fun to
       friends. When PC's can easily access phone
       communications, then developing encrypted conversations
       should be as easy as programming for Windows :-)."
       [Peter Wayner, 1993--07-08]
7.11.5. Random Number Generators
  - A huge area...
  + Chaotic systems, pendula
    - may be unexpected periodicities (phase space maps show
       basins of attraction, even though behavior is seemingly
       random)
7.11.6. "What's the situation on the dispute between NIST and RSADSI
   over the DSS?"
  - NIST claims it doesn't infringe patents
  - RSADSI bought the Schnorr patent and claims DSS infringes
     it
  - NIST makes no guarantees, nor does it indemnify users
     [Reginald Braithwaite-Lee, talk.politics.crypto, 1994-07-
     04]
7.11.7. "Are there any programs like telnet or "talk" that use pgp?"
  - "Don't know about Telnet, but I'd like to see "talk"
     secured like that...  It exists. (PGP-ized ytalk, that is.)
     Have a look at ftp.informatik.uni-
     hamburg.de:/pub/virus/crypto/pgp/tools/pgptalk.2.0.tar.gz"
     [Vesselin Bontchev, alt.security.pgp, 1994-07-4]
7.11.8. Digital Timestamping
  + There are two flavors:
    - toy or play versions
    - real or comercial version(s)
  + For a play version, send a message to
     "timestamp@lorax.mv.com" and it will be timestamped and
     returned. Clearly this is not proof of much, has not been
     tested in court, and relies solely on the reputation of the
     timestamper. (A fatal flaw: is trivial to reset system
     clocks on computes and thereby alter dates.)
    - "hearsay" equivalent: time stamps by servers that are
       *not* using the "widely witnessed event" approach of
       Haber and Stornetta
  - The version of Haber and Stornetta is of course much more
     impressive, as it relies on something more powerful than
     mere trust that they have set the system clocks on their
     computers correctly!

7.12. Legal Issues with PGP
7.12.1. "What is RSA Data Security Inc.'s position on PGP?"
 I. They were strongly opposed to early versions
II. objections
    - infringes on PKP patents (claimed infringements, not
       tested in court, though)
    - breaks the tight control previously seen
    - brings unwanted attention to public key approaches (I
       think PGP also helped RSA and RSADSI)
    - bad blood between Zimmermann and Bidzos
III. objections
    - infringes on PKP patents (claimed infringements, not
       tested in court, though)
    - breaks the tight control previously seen
    - brings unwanted attention to public key approaches (I
       think PGP also helped RSA and RSADSI)
    - bad blood between Zimmermann and Bidzos
IV. Talk of lawsuits, actions, etc.
 V. The 2.6 MIT accomodation may have lessened the tension;
     purely speculative
7.12.2. "Is PGP legal or illegal"?
7.12.3. "Is there still a conflict between RSADSI and PRZ?"
  - Apparently not. The MIT 2.6 negotiations seem to have
     buried all such rancor. At least officially. I hear there's
     still animosity, but it's no longer at the surface. (And
     RSADSI is now facing lawsuits and patent suits.)

7.13. Problems with PGP, Flaws, Etc.
7.13.1. Speculations on possible attacks on PGP
  + There are periodically reports of problems, most just
     rumors. These are swatted-down by more knowledgeable
     people, for the most part. True flaws may exist, of course,
     as in any piece of software.
    - Colin Plumb acknowledged a flaw in the random number
       generation process in PGP 2.6, to be fixed in later
       versions.
  + spreading fear, uncertainty and doubt
    - rumors about security of PGP versions
    - selective prosecution of PGP users
    - death threats (a la against Bidzos)
  - sowing confusion in the user community
  - fragmenting it (perhaps via multiple, noninteroperable
     versions...such as we're beginning to see now?)
7.13.2. What does the NSA know about flaws in PGP?
  - They're not saying. Ironically, this violates the part of
     their charter that deals with making commercial security
     stronger. Now that PGP is kosher, they should help to make
     it stronger, and certainly should not keep mum about
     weaknesses they know about. But for them to help strengthen
     PGP is not really too likely.
7.13.3. The PGP timebomb
  - (As I've said elsewhere, it all gets very confusing. Many
     versions, many sites, many viewpoints, many tools, many
     shells, many other things. Fortunately, most of it is
     flotsam.)
  - I take no point of view--for various reasons--on avoiding
     the "timebomb" by using 2.6ui. Here's someone else's
     comment:  "I would like to take this time to encourage you
     to upgrade to 2.6ui which will overcome mit's timebomb and
     not exclude PGP 2.3a from decrypting messages.....DON'T USE
     MIT's 2.6, use PGP 2.6ui available from soda.berkeley.edu
     : /pub/cypherpunks/pgp" [Matrix at Cypherpunks, BLACK
     THURSAY!, alt.security.pgp, 1994-09-01]
  + can also be defeated with the "legal kludge":
    - ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de :
       /pub/virus/crypt/pgp/legal_kludge.txt
7.13.4. Spoofing
  - "Suitable timing constraints, and in particular real-time
     constraints, can be used to hinder, and perhaps defeat,
     spoofing attacks.  But with a store-and-forward e-mail
     system (such as PGP is designed to work with) these
     constraints cannot, in general, be set." [Ken Pizzini ,
     sci.crypt, 1994-07-05]
7.13.5. "How do we know that PGP doesn't have a back door or some
   other major flaw? After all, not all of us are programmers or
   cryptologists."
  - Yes, but many of us are. Many folks have analyzed the
     source code in PGP, have compiled the code themselves (a
     fairly common way to get the executable), and have examined
     the random number generators, the selection of primes, and
     all of the other math.
  + It would take only a single sharp-eyed person to blow the
     whistle on a conspiracy to insert flaws or backdoors. This
     has not been done. (Though Colin Plumb ackknowledged a
     slight weakness in the RNG of 2.6...being fixed.)
    - "While having source code available doesn't guarantee
       that the program is secure, it helps a lot.  Even though
       many users are not programmers or cryptographers, others
       are, and many of these will examine the code    carefully
       and publicly yell about weaknesses that they notice or
       think they notice.  For example, apparently there was a
       big discussion here about the xorbytes() bug in PGP 2.6.
       Contrast this with a commercial program, where such a bug
       might go undetected for years." [Paul Rubin,
       alt.security.pgp, 1994-09-06]
7.13.6. "Can I run PGP on a machine I don't control, e.g., the campus
   computer system?"
  - Sure, but the sysops and others may then have access to
     your key and passphrase. Only machines the user directly
     controls, and that are adequately firewalled from other
     machines, offer reasonable amounts of security.  Arguing
     about whether 1024-bit keylengths are "enough" is rather
     moot if the PGP program is being run on a corportate
     computer, or a university network. The illusion of security
     may be present, but no real security. Too many people are
     kidding themselves that their messages are secure.  That
     their electronic identities cannot be spoofed.
  - I'm not interested in the various elm and emacs PGP
     packages (several such shells and wrappers exist). Any
     sysop can not only obtain your secret key, stored on
     hissystem, but he can also capture your passphrase as you
     feed it to the PGP program (assuming you do...many people
     automate this part as well). Since this sysop or one of his
     cronies can then compromise your mail, sign messages and
     contracts as "you," I consider this totally unacceptable.
     Others apparently don't.
  - What can be done? Many of us only run PGP on home machines,
     or on machines we directly control. Some folks who use PGP
     on such machines at least take steps to better secure
     things....Perry Metzger, for example, once described the
     multi-stage process he went through each day to reload his
     key material in a way he felt was quasi-safe.
  - Until the "Internet-in-a-box" or TIA-type products are more
     widespread, many people will be connecting home or office
     machines to other systems they don't control. (To put this
     in sharper focus: do you want your electronic money being
     run out of an account that your sysop and his friends can
     monitor? Not hardly. "Electronic purses," which may be
     smart cards, Newton-like PDAs, or dongle-like rings or
     pendants, are clearly needed. Another entire discussion.)

7.14. The Future of PGP
7.14.1. "Does PGP help or hurt public key methods in general and RSA
   Data Security Inc. in particular?"
  - The outcome is not final, but on balance I think the
     position of RSADSI is helped by the publicity PGP has
     generated. Users of PGP will "graduate" to fully-licensed
     versions, in many cases. Corporations will then use
     RSADSI's products.
  + Interestingly, PGP could do the "radical" things that
     RSADSI was not prepared to do. (Uses familiar to
     Cypherpunks.)
    - bypassing export restrictions is an example of this
    - incorporation into experimental digital cash systems
  - Parasitism often increases the rate of evolution. Certainly
     PGP has helped to light a fire under RSADSI.
7.14.2. Stealth PGP
  - Xenon, Nik, S-Tools,
7.14.3. "Should we work on a more advanced version, a *Really Good
   Privacy*?"
  - easier said than done...strong committment of time
  - not clear what is needed...
7.14.4. "Can changes and improvements be made to PGP?"
  - I consider it one of the supreme ironies of our age that
     Phil Zimmermann has denounced Tom Rollins for making
     various changes to a version of PGP he makes available.
  + Issues:
    - Phil's reputation, and that of PGP
    - intellectual property
    - GNU Public license
    - the mere name of PGP
    - Consider that RSA said much the same thing, that PGP
       would degrade the reputation of public key (esp. as Phil
       was an "amateur," the same exact phrasing PRZ uses to
       criticize Tom Rollins!)
  - I'm not taking a stand here....I don't know the details.
     Just some irony.

7.15. Loose Ends
7.15.1. Security measures on login, passwords, etc.
  - Avoid entering passwords over the Net (such as in rlogins
     or telnets). If someone or some agent asks for your
     password, be paranoid.
  - Can use encrypted telnet, or something like Kerberos, to
     avoid sending passwords in the clear between machines. Lots
     of approaches, almost none of them commonly used (at least
     I never see them).

8. Anonymity, Digital Mixes, and Remailers

8.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

8.2. SUMMARY: Anonymity, Digital Mixes, and Remailers
 8.2.1. Main Points
  - Remailers are essential for anonymous and pseudonymous
     systems, because they defeat traffic analysis
  - Cypherpunks remailers have been one of the major successes,
     appearing at about the time of the Kleinpaste/Julf
     remailer(s), but now expanding to many sites
  - To see a list of sites:  finger remailer-
     list@kiwi.cs.berkeley.edu
     ( or http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~raph/remailer-list.html)
  - Anonymity in general is a core idea
 8.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
  - Remailers make the other technologies possible
 8.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - Very little has been written (formally, in books and
     journals) about remailers
  - David Chaum's papers are a start
 8.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - This remains one of the most jumbled and confusing
     sections, in my opinion. It needs a lot more reworking and
     reorganizing.
  + Partly this is because of several factors
    - a huge number of people have worked on remailers,
       contributing ideas, problems, code, and whatnot
    - there are many versions, many sites, and the sites change
       from day to day
    - lots of ideas for new features
    - in a state of flux
  - This is an area where actual experimentation with remailers
     is both very easy and very instructive...the "theory" of
     remailers is straighforward (compared to, say, digital
     cash) and the learning experience is better than theory
     anyway.
  - There are a truly vast number of features, ideas,
     proposals, discussion points, and other such stuff. No FAQ
     could begin to cover the ground covered in the literally
     thousands of posts on remailers.

8.3. Anonymity and Digital Pseudonyms
 8.3.1. Why is anonymity so important?
  - It allows escape from past, an often-essential element of
     straighening out (an important function of the Western
     frontier, the French Foreign Legion, etc., and something we
     are losing as the dossiers travel with us wherever we go)
  - It allows new and diverse types of opinions, as noted below
  - More basically, anonymity is important because identity is
     not as important as has been made out in our dossier
     society. To wit, if Alice wishes to remain anonymous or
     pseudonymous to Bob, Bob cannot "demand" that she provide
     here "real" name. It's a matter of negotiation between
     them. (Identity is not free...it is a credential like any
     other and cannot be demanded, only negotiated.)
  - Voting, reading habits, personal behavior...all are
     examples where privacy (= anonymity, effectively) are
     critical. The next section gives a long list of reasons for
     anonymity.
 8.3.2. What's the difference between anonymity and pseudonymity?
  + Not much, at one level...we often use the term "digital
     pseudonym" in a strong sense, in which the actual identity
     cannot be deduced easily
    - this is "anonymity" in a certain sense
  - But at another level, a pseudonym carries reputations,
     credentials, etc., and is _not_ "anonymous"
  - people use pseudonyms sometimes for whimsical reasons
     (e.g., "From spaceman.spiff@calvin.hobbes.org   Sep 6, 94
     06:10:30"), sometimes to keep different mailing lists
     separate (different personnas for different groups), etc.
 8.3.3. Downsides of anonymity
  - libel and other similar dangers to reputations
  + hit-and-runs actions (mostly on the Net)
    + on the other hand, such rantings can be ignored (KILL
       file)
      - positive reputations
  - accountability based on physical threats and tracking is
     lost
  + Practical issue. On the Cypherpunks list, I often take
     "anonymous" messages less seriously.
    - They're often more bizarre and inflammatory than ordinary
       posts, perhaps for good reason, and they're certainly
       harder to take seriously and respond to. This is to be
       expected. (I should note that some pseudonyms, such as
       Black Unicorn and Pr0duct Cypher, have established
       reputable digital personnas and are well worth replying
       to.)
  - repudiation of debts and obligations
  + infantile flames and run-amok postings
    - racism, sexism, etc.
    - like "Rumormonger" at Apple?
  - but these are reasons for pseudonym to be used, where the
     reputation of a pseudonym is important
  + Crimes...murders, bribery, etc.
    - These are dealt with in more detail in the section on
       crypto anarchy, as this is a major concern (anonymous
       markets for such services)
 8.3.4. "How will privacy and anonymity be attacked?"
  - the downsides just listed are often cited as a reason we
     can't have "anonymity"
  - like so many other "computer hacker" items, as a tool for
     the "Four Horsemen": drug-dealers, money-launderers,
     terrorists, and pedophiles.
  - as a haven for illegal practices, e.g., espionage, weapons
     trading, illegal markets, etc.
  + tax evasion ("We can't tax it if we can't see it.")
    - same system that makes the IRS a "silent partner" in
       business transactions and that gives the IRS access to--
       and requires--business records
  + "discrimination"
    - that it enables discrimination (this _used_ to be OK)
    - exclusionary communities, old boy networks
 8.3.5. "How will random accusations and wild rumors be controlled in
   anonymous forums?"
  - First off, random accusations and hearsay statements are
     the norm in modern life; gossip, tabloids, rumors, etc. We
     don't worry obsessively about what to do to stop all such
     hearsay and even false comments. (A disturbing trend has
     been the tendency to sue, or threaten suits. And
     increasingly the attitude is that one can express
     _opinions_, but not make statements "unless they can be
     proved." That's not what free speech is all about!)
  - Second, reputations matter. We base our trust in statements
     on a variety of things, including: past history, what
     others say about veracity, external facts in our
     possession, and motives.
 8.3.6. "What are the legal views on anonymity?"
  + Reports that Supreme Court struck down a Southern law
     requiring pamphlet distributors to identify themselves. 9I
     don't have a cite on this.)
    - However, Greg Broiles provided this quote, from _Talley
       v. State of California_, 362 U.S. 60, 64-65, 80 S.Ct.
       536, 538-539 (1960) : "Anonymous pamphlets, leaflets,
       brochures and even books have played an important role in
       the progress of mankind. Persecuted groups and sects from
       time to time throughout history have been able to
       criticize oppressive practices and laws either
       anonymously or not at all."

       Greg adds: "It later says "Even the Federalist Papers,
       written in favor of the adoption of our Constitution,
       were published under fictitious names. It is plain that
       anonymity has sometimes been assumed for the most
       constructive purposes." [Greg Broiles, 1994-04-12]

  + And certainly many writers, journalists, and others use
     pseudonyms, and have faced no legal action.
    - Provided they don't use it to evade taxes, evade legal
       judgments, commit fraud, etc.
  - I have heard (no cites) that "going masked for the purpose
     of going masked" is illegal in many jurisdictions. Hard to
     believe, as many other disguises are just as effective and
     are presumably not outlawed (wigs, mustaches, makeup,
     etc.). I assume the law has to do with people wearning ski
     masks and such in "inappropriate" places. Bad law, if real.
 8.3.7. Some Other Uses for Anonymous Systems:
  + Groupware and Anonymous Brainstorming and Voting
    - systems based on Lotus Notes and designed to encourage
       wild ideas, comments from the shy or overly polite, etc.
    - these systems could initially start in meeting and then
       be extended to remote sites, and eventually to nationwide
       and international forums
    - the NSA may have a heart attack over these trends...
  + "Democracy Wall" for encrypted messages
    - possibly using time-delayed keys (where even the public
       key, for reading the plaintext, is not distributed for
       some time)
    - under the cover of an electronic newspaper, with all of
       the constitutional protections that entails: letters to
       the editor can be anonymous, ads need not be screened for
       validity, advertising claims are not the responsibility
       of the paper, etc.
  + Anonymous reviews and hypertext (for new types of journals)
    + the advantages
      - honesty
      -  increased "temperature" of discourse
    + disadvantages
      - increased flames
      - intentional misinformation
  + Store-and-forward nodes
    - used to facillitate the anonymous voting and anonymous
       inquiry (or reading) systems
    - Chaum's "mix"
    + telephone forwarding systems, using digital money to pay
       for the service
      - and TRMs?
  + Fiber optics
    + hard to trace as millions of miles are laid, including
       virtually untraceable lines inside private buildings
      - suppose government suspects encrypted packets are going
         in to the buildings of Apple...absent any direct
         knowledge of crimes being aided and abetted, can the
         government demand a mapping of messages from input to
         output?
      - That is, will the government demand full disclosure of
         all routings?
    - high bandwidth means many degrees of freedom for such
       systems to be deployed
  + Within systems, i.e., user logs on to a secure system and
     is given access to his own processor
    - in a 288-processor system like the NCR/ATT 3600 (or even
       larger)
    - under his cryptonym he can access certain files, generate
       others, and deposit message untraceably in other mail
       locations that other agents or users can later  retrieve
       and forward....
    - in a sense, he can use this access to launch his own
       agent processes (anonymity is essential for many agent-
       based systems, as is digital money)
  + Economic incentives for others to carry mail to other
     sites...
    - further diffusion and hiding of the true functions
  + Binary systems (two or more pieces needed to complete the
     message)
    - possibly using viruses and worms to handle the
       complexities of distributing these messages
    - agents may handle the transfers, with isolation between
       the agents, so routing cannot be traced (think of scene
       in "Double-Crossed" where bales of marijuana are passed
       from plane to boat to chopper to trucks to cars)
    - this protects against conspiracies
  + Satellites
    + physical security, in that the satellites would have to
       be shot down to halt the broadcasting
      + scenario: WARC (or whomever) grants broadcast rights in
         1996 to some country or consortium, which then accepts
         any and all paying customers
        - cold cash
        - the BCCI of satellite operators
    + VSATs, L-Band, Satellites, Low-Earth Orbit
      - Very Small Aperture Terminals
      - L-Band...what frequency?
      + LEO, as with Motorola's Iridium, offers several
         advantages
        - lower-power receivers and smaller antennas
        - low cost to launch, due to small size and lower need
           for 10-year reliability
        - avoidance of the "orbital slot" licensing morass
           (though I presume some licensing is still involved)
      - can combine with impulse or nonsinusoidal transmissions
 8.3.8. "True Names"
 8.3.9. Many ways to get pseudonyms:
  - Telnet to "port 25" or use SLIP connections to alter domain
     name; not very secure
  - Remailers
8.3.10. "How is Pseudonymity Compromised?"
  - slip-ups in style, headers, sig blocks, etc.
  - inadvertent revealing, via the remailers
  - traffic analysis of remailers (not very likely, at least
     not for non-NSA adversaries)
  - correlations, violations of the "indistinguishability
     principle"
8.3.11. Miscellaneous Issues
  - Even digital pseudonyms can get confusing...someone
     recently mistook "Tommy the Tourist" for being such an
     actual digital pseudonym (when of course that is just
     attached to all posts going througha particular remailer).

8.4. Reasons for Anonymity and Digital Pseudonyms (and Untraceable E-
Mail)
 8.4.1. (Thre are so many reasons, and this is asked so often, that
   I've collected these various reasons here. More can be added,
   of course.)
 8.4.2. Privacy in general
 8.4.3. Physical Threats
  + "corporate terrrorism" is not a myth: drug dealers and
     other "marginal" businessmen face this every day
    - extortion, threats, kidnappings
  + and many businesses of the future may well be less
     "gentlemanly" than the conventional view has it
    - witness the bad blood between Intel and AMD, and then
       imagine it getting ten times worse
    - and national rivalries, even in ostensibly legal
       businesses (think of arms dealers), may cause more use of
       violence
    + Mafia and other organized crime groups may try to extort
       payments or concessions from market participants, causing
       them to seek the relative protection of anonymous systems
      - with reputations
    + Note that calls for the threatened to turn to the police
       for protection has several problems
      - the activities may be illegal or marginally illegal
         (this is the reason the Mafia can often get involved
         and why it may even sometimes have a positive effect,
         acting as the cop for illegal activities)
      - the police are often too busy to get involved, what
         with so much physical crime clogging the courts
  - extortion and kidnappings can be done using these very
     techniques of cryptoanarchy, thus causing a kind of arms
     race
  + battered and abused women and families may need the
     equivalent of a "witness protection program"
    + because of the ease of tracing credit card purchases,
       with the right bribes and/or court orders (or even
       hacking), battered wives may seek credit cards under
       pseudonyms
      - and some card companies may oblige, as a kind of
         politically correct social gesture
      + or groups like NOW and Women Against Rape may even
         offer their own cards
        - perhaps backed up by some kind of escrow fund
        - could be debit cards
  + people who participate in cyberspace businesses may fear
     retaliation or extortion in the real world
    - threats by their governments (for all of the usual
       reasons, plus kickbacks, threats to close them down,
       etcl)
    - ripoffs by those who covet their success...
 8.4.4. Voting
  - We take it for granted in Western societies that voting
     should be "anonymous"--untraceable, unlinkable
  - we don't ask people "What have you got to hide?" or tell
     them "If you're doing something anonymously, it must be
     illegal."
  - Same lesson ought to apply to a lot of things for which the
     government is increasingly demanding proof of identity for
  + Anonymous Voting in Clubs, Organizations, Churches, etc.
    + a major avenue for spreading CA methods: "electronic
       blackballing," weighted voting (as with number of shares)
      + e.g., a corporation issues "voting tokens," which can
         be used to vote anonymously
        - or even sold to others (like selling shares, except
           selling only the voting right for a specific election
           is cheaper, and many people don't much care about
           elections)
      + a way to protect against deep pockets lawsuits in, say,
         race discrimination cases
        - wherein a director is sued for some action the
           company takes-anonymity will give him some legal
           protection, some "plausible deniability"
      + is possible to set up systems (cf. Salomaa) in which
         some "supervotes" have blackball power, but the use of
         these vetos is indistinguishable from a standard
         majority rules vote
        - i.e., nobody, except the blackballer(s), will know
           whether the blackball was used!
        + will the government seek to limit this kind of
           protocol?
          - claiming discrimination potential or abuse of
             voting rights?
    + will Justice Department (or SEC) seek to overturn
       anonymous voting?
      - as part of the potential move to a "full disclosure"
         society?
      - related to antidiscrimination laws, accountability,
         etc.
    + Anonymous Voting in Reputation-Based Systems (Journals,
       Markets)
      + customers can vote on products, on quality of service,
         on the various deals they've been involved in
        - not clear how the voting rights would get distributed
        - the idea is to avoid lawsuits, sanctions by vendors,
           etc. (as with the Bose suit)
      + Journals
        - a canonical example, and one which I must include, as
           it combines anonymous refereeing (already standard,
           in primitive forms), hypertext (links to reviews),
           and basic freedom of speech issues
        - this will likely be an early area of use
      - this whole area of consumer reviews may be a way to get
         CA bandwidth up and running (lots of PK-encrypted
         traffic sloshing around the various nets)
 8.4.5. Maintenance of free speech
  - protection of speech
  + avoiding retaliation for controversial speech
    - this speech may be controversial, insulting, horrific,
       politically incorrect, racist, sexist, speciesist, and
       other horrible...but remailers and anonymity make it all
       impossible to stop
  - whistleblowing
  + political speech
    - KKK, Aryan Resistance League, Black National Front,
       whatever
    - cf. the "debate" between "Locke" and "Demosthenes" in
       Orson Scott Card's novel, "Ender's Game."
  - (Many of these reasons are also why 'data havens' will
     eventually be set up...indeed, they already exist...homolka
     trial, etc.)
 8.4.6. Adopt different personnas, pseudonyms
 8.4.7. Choice of reading material, viewing habits, etc.
  - to prevent dossiers on this being formed, anonymous
     purchases are needed (cash works for small items, not for
     video rentals, etc.)
  + video rentals
    - (Note: There are "laws" making such releases illegal,
       but...)
  - cable t.v. viewing habits
  + mail-order purchases
    - yes, they need your address to ship to, but there may be
       cutouts that delink (e.g., FedEx might feature such a
       service, someday
 8.4.8. Anonymity in Requesting Information, Services, Goods
  + a la the controversy over Caller ID and 900 numbers: people
     don't want their telephone numbers (and hence identities)
     fed into huge consumer-preference data banks
    - of the things they buy, the videos they rent, the books
       they read. etc. (various laws protect some of these
       areas, like library books, video rentals)
    - subscription lists are already a booming resale
       market...this will get faster and more finely "tuned"
       with electronic subscriptions: hence the desire to
       subscribe anonymously
  + some examples of "sensitive" services that anonymity may be
     desired in (especially related to computers, modems, BBSes)
    + reading unusual or sensitive groups: alt.sex.bondage,
       etc.
      - or posting to these groups!
      - recent controversy over NAMBLA may make such
         protections more desirable to some (and parallel calls
         for restrictions!)
    - posting to such groups, especially given that records are
       perpetual and that government agencies read and file
       postings (an utterly trivial thing to do)
    - requesting help on personal issues (equivalent to the
       "Name Witheld" seen so often)
    + discussing controversial political issues (and who knows
       what will be controversial 20 years later when the poster
       is seeking a political office, for example?)
      - given that some groups have already (1991) posted the
         past postings of people they are trying to smear!
    + Note: the difference between posting to a BBS group or
       chat line and writing a letter to an editor is
       significant
      - partly technological: it is vastly easier to compile
         records of postings than it is to cut clippings of
         letters to editors (though this will change rapidly as
         scanners make this easy)
      - partly sociological: people who write letters know the
         letters will be with the back issues in perpetuity,
         that bound issues will preserve their words for many
         decades to come (and could conceivably come back to
         haunt them), but people who post to BBSes probably
         think their words are temporary
      + and there are some other factors
        - no editing
        - no time delays (and no chance to call an editor and
           retract a letter written in haste or anger)
        + and letters can, and often are, written with the
           "Name Witheld" signature-this is currently next to
           impossible to do on networks
          - though some "forwarding" services have informally
             sprung up
  + Businesses may wish to protect themselves from lawsuits
     over comments by their employees
    + the usual "The opinions expressed here are not those of
       my employer" may not be enough to protect an employer
       from lawsuits
      - imagine racist or sexist comments leading to lawsuits
         (or at least being brought up as evidence of the type
         of "attitude" fostered by the company, e.g., "I've
         worked for Intel for 12 years and can tell you that
         blacks make very poor engineers.")
    + employees may make comments that damage the reputations
       of their companies
      - Note: this differs from the current situation, where
         free speech takes priority over company concerns,
         because the postings to a BBS are carried widely, may
         be searched electronically (e.g., AMD lawyers search
         the UseNet postings of 1988-91 for any postings by
         Intel employees besmirching the quality or whatever of
         AMD chips),
    - and so employees of corporations may protect themselves,
       and their employers, by adopting pseudonyms
  + Businesses may seek information without wanting to alert
     their competitors
    - this is currently done with agents, "executive search
       firms," and lawyers
    - but how will it evolve to handle electronic searches?
    + there are some analogies with filings of "Freedom of
       Information Act" requests, and of patents, etc.
      + these "fishing expeditions" will increase with time, as
         it becomes profitable for companies to search though
         mountains of electronically-filed materials
        - environmental impact studies, health and safety
           disclosures, etc.
        - could be something that some companies specialize in
  + Anonymous Consultation Services, Anonymous Stringers or
     Reporters
    + imagine an information broker, perhaps on an AMIX-like
       service, with a network of stringers
      + think of the arms deal newsletter writer in Hallahan's
         The Trade, with his network of stringers feeding him
         tips and inside information
        - instead of meeting in secretive locations, a very
           expensive proposition (in time and travel), a secure
           network can be used
        - with reputations, digital pseudonyms, etc.
    + they may not wish their actual identities known
      - threats from employers, former employers, government
         agencies
      + harassment via the various criminal practices that will
         become more common (e.g., the ease with which
         assailants and even assassins can be contracted for)
        - part of the overall move toward anonymity
      - fears of lawsuits, licensing requirements, etc.
    + Candidates for Such Anonymous Consultation Services
      + An arms deals newsletter
        - an excellent reputation for accuracy and timely
           information
        + sort of like an electronic form of Jane's
          - with scandals and government concern
        - but nobody knows where it comes from
        + a site that distributes it to subscribers gets it
           with another larger batch of forwarded material
          - NSA, FBI, Fincen, etc. try to track it down
      + "Technology Insider" reports on all kinds of new
         technologies
        - patterned after Hoffler's Microelectronics News, the
           Valley's leading tip sheet for two decades
        - the editor pays for tips, with payments made in two
           parts: immediate, and time-dependent, so that the
           accuracy of a tip, and its ultimate importance (in
           the judgment of the editor) can be proportionately
           rewarded
        + PK systems, with contributors able to encrypt and
           then publicly post (using their own means of
           diffusion)
          - with their messages containing further material,
             such as authentications, where to send the
             payments, etc.
      + Lundberg's Oil Industry Survey (or similar)
        - i.e., a fairly conventional newsletter with publicly
           known authors
        - in this case, the author is known, but the identities
           of contributors is well-protected
      + A Conspiracy Newsletter
        - reporting on all of the latest theories of
           misbehavior (as in the "Conspiracies" section of this
           outline)
        + a wrinkle: a vast hypertext web, with contributors
           able to add links and nodes
          + naturally, their real name-if they don't care about
             real-world repercussions-or one of their digital
             pseudonyms (may as well use cryptonyms) is attached
            + various algorithms for reputations
              - sum total of everything ever written, somehow
                 measured by other comments made, by "voting,"
                 etc.
              - a kind of moving average, allowing for the fact
                 that learning will occur, just as a researcher
                 probably gets better with time, and that as
                 reputation-based systems become better
                 understood, people come to appreciate the
                 importance of writing carefully
      + and one of the most controversial of all: Yardley's
         Intelligence Daily
        - though it may come out more than daily!
        + an ex-agent set this up in the mid-90s, soliciting
           contributions via an anonymous packet-switching sysem
          - refined over the next couple of years
          - combination of methods
        - government has been trying hard to identify the
           editor, "Yardley"
        - he offers a payback based on value of the
           information, and even has a "Requests" section, and a
           Classifed Ad section
        - a hypertext web, similar to the Conspiracy Newsletter
           above
        + Will Government Try to Discredit the Newsletter With
           False Information?
          - of course, the standard ploy in reputation-based
             systems
          + but Yardley has developed several kinds of filters
             for this
            - digital pseudonyms which gradually build up
               reputations
            - cross-checking of his own sort
            - he even uses language filters to analyze the text
          + and so what?
            - the world is filled with disinformation, rumors,
               lies, half-truths, and somehow things go on....
      + Other AMIX-like Anonymous Services
        + Drug Prices and Tips
          - tips on the quality of various drugs (e.g.,
             "Several reliable sources have told us that the
             latest Maui Wowie is very intense, numbers
             below...")
          + synthesis of drugs (possibly a separate
             subscription)
            - designer drugs
            - home labs
            - avoiding detection
        + The Hackers Daily
          - tips on hacking and cracking
          - anonymous systems themselves (more tips)
        - Product evaluations (anonymity needed to allow honest
           comments with more protection against lawsuits)
    + Newspapers Are Becoming Cocerned with the Trend Toward
       Paying for News Tips
      - by the independent consultation services
      - but what can they do?
      + lawsuits are tried, to prevent anonymous tips when
         payments are involved
        - their lawyers cite the tax evasion and national
           security aspects
  + Private Data Bases
    + any organization offering access to data bases must be
       concerned that somebody-a disgruntled customer, a
       whistleblower, the government, whoever-will call for an
       opening of the files
      - under various "Data Privacy" laws
      - or just in general (tort law, lawsuits, "discovery")
    + thus, steps will be taken to isolate the actual data from
       actual users, perhaps via cutouts
      + e.g., a data service sells access, but subcontracts out
         the searches to other services via paths that are
         untraceable
        + this probably can't be outlawed in general-though any
           specific transaction might later be declared illegal,
           etc., at which time the link is cut and a new one is
           established-as this would outlaw all subcontracting
           arrangements!
          - i.e., if Joe's Data Service charges $1000 for a
             search on widgets and then uses another possibly
             transitory (meaning a cutout) data service, the
             most a lawsuit can do is to force Joe to stop using
             this untraceble service
          - levels of indirection (and firewalls that stop the
             propagation of investigations)
  + Medical Polls (a la AIDS surveys, sexual practices surveys,
     etc.)
    + recall the method in which a participant tosses a coin to
       answer a question...the analyst can still recover the
       important ensemble information, but the "phase" is lost
      - i.e., an individual answering "Yes" to the question
         "Have you ever had xyz sex?" may have really answered
         "No" but had his answer flipped by a coin toss
    + researchers may even adopt sophisticated methods in which
       explicit diaries are kept, but which are then transmitted
       under an anonymous mailing system to the researchers
      - obvious dangers of authentication, validity, etc.
  + Medical testing: many reasons for people to seek anonymity
    - AIDS testing is the preeminent example
    - but also testing for conditions that might affect
       insurablity or employment (e.g.,  people may go to
       medical havens in Mexico or wherever for tests that might
       lead to uninsurability should insurance companies learn
       of the "precondition")
    + except in AIDS and STDs, it is probably both illegal and
       against medical ethics to offer anonymous consultations
      - perhaps people will travel to other countries
 8.4.9. Anonymity in Belonging to Certain Clubs, Churches, or
   Organizations
  + people fear retaliation or embarassment should their
     membership be discovered, now or later
    - e.g., a church member who belongs to controversial groups
       or clubs
  - mainly, or wholly, those in which physical contact or other
     personal contact is not needed (a limited set)
  - similar to the cell-based systems described elsewhere
  + Candidates for anonymous clubs or organizations
    - Earth First!, Act Up, Animal Liberation Front, etc.
    - NAMBLA and similar controversial groups
  - all of these kinds of groups have very vocal, very visible
     members, visible even to the point of seeking out
     television coverage
  - but there are probably many more who would join these
     groups if there identities could be shielded from public
     group, for the sake of their careers, their families, etc.
  + ironically, the corporate crackdown on outside activities
     considered hostile to the corporation (or exposing them to
     secondary lawsuits, claims, etc.) may cause greater use of
     anonymous systems
    - cell-based membership in groups
  - the growth of anonymous membership in groups (using
     pseudonyms) has a benefit in increasing membership by
     people otherwise afraid to join, for example, a radical
     environmental group
8.4.10. Anonymity in Giving Advice or Pointers to Information
  - suppose someone says who is selling some illegal or
     contraband product...is this also illegal?
  - hypertext systems will make this inevitable
8.4.11. Reviews, Criticisms, Feedback
  - "I am teaching sections for a class this term, and tomorrow
     I am going to: 1) tell my students how to use a remailer,
     and 2) solicit anonymous feedback on my teaching.

     "I figure it will make them less apprehensive about making
     honest suggestions and comments (assuming any of them
     bother, of course)." [Patrick J. LoPresti
     patl@lcs.mit.edu, alt.privacy.anon-server, 1994-09-08]
8.4.12. Protection against lawsuits, "deep pockets" laws
  + by not allowing the wealth of an entity to be associated
     with actions
    - this also works by hiding assets, but the IRS frowns on
       that, so unlinking the posting or mailing name with
       actual entity is usually easier
  + "deep pockets"
    - it will be in the interest of some to hide their
       identities so as to head off these kinds of lawsuits
       (filed for whatever reasons, rightly or wrongly)
    - postings and comments may expose the authors to lawsuits
       for libel, misrepresentation, unfair competition, and so
       on (so much for free speech in these beknighted states)
    + employers may also be exposed to the same suits,
       regardless of where their employees posted from
      - on the tenuous grounds that an employee was acting on
         his employer's behalf, e.g., in defending an Intel
         product on Usenet
    - this, BTW, is another reason for people to seek ways to
       hide some of their assets-to prevent confiscation in deep
       pockets lawsuits (or family illnesses, in which  various
       agencies try to seize assets of anybody they can)
    - and the same computers that allow these transactions will
       also allow more rapid determination of who has the
       deepest pockets!
  + by insulating the entity from repercussions of "sexist" or
     "racist" comments that might provoke lawsuits, etc.
    - (Don't laugh--many companies are getting worried that
       what their employees write on Usenet may trigger lawsuits
       against the companies.)
  + many transactions may be deemed illegal in some
     jursidictions
    + even in some that the service or goods provider has no
       control over
      - example: gun makers being held liable for firearms
         deaths in the District of Columbia (though this was
         recently cancelled)
    - the maze of laws may cause some to seek anonymity to
       protect themselves against this maze
  + Scenario: Anonymous organ donor banks
    + e.g., a way to "market" rare blood types, or whatever,
       without exposing one's self to forced donation or other
       sanctions
      - "forced donation" involves the lawsuits filed by the
         potential recipient
      - at the time of offer, at least...what happens when the
         deal is consummated is another domain
    - and a way to avoid the growing number of government
       stings
8.4.13. Journalism and Writing
  + writers have had a long tradtion of adopting pseudonyms,
     for a variety of reasons
    - because they couldn't get published under their True
       Names, because they didn't _want_ their true names
       published, for the fun of it, etc.
    - George Elliot, Lewis Carroll, Saki, Mark Twain, etc.
  - reporters
  + radio disc jockeys
    - a Cypherpunk who works for a technology company uses the
       "on air personna" of "Arthur Dent" ("Hitchhiker's Guide")
       for his part-time radio broadcasting job...a common
       situation, he tells me
  + whistleblowers
    - this was an early use
  + politically sensitive persons
    - "
    + I subsequently got myself an account on anon.penet.fi as
       the "Lt.
      - Starbuck" entity, and all later FAQ updates were from
         that account.
      - For reasons that seemed important at the time, I took
         it upon myself to
      - become the moderator/editor of the FAQ."
      - <an54835@anon.penet.fi, 4-3-94, alt.fan.karla-homolka>
  + Example: Remailers were used to skirt the publishing ban on
     the Karla Homolka case
    - various pseudonymous authors issued regular updates
    - much consternation in Canada!
  + avoidance of prosecution or damage claims for writing,
     editing, distributing, or selling "damaging" materials is
     yet another reason for anonymous systems to emerge: those
     involved in the process will seek to immunize themselves
     from the various tort claims that are clogging the courts
    - producers, distributors, directors, writers, and even
       actors of x-rated or otherwise "unacceptable" material
       may have to have the protection of anonymous systems
    - imagine fiber optics and the proliferation of videos and
       talk shows....bluenoses and prosecutors will use "forum
       shopping" to block access, to prosecute the producers,
       etc.
8.4.14. Academic, Scientific, or Professional
  - protect other reputations (professional, authorial,
     personal, etc.)
  - wider range of actions and behaviors (authors can take
     chances)
  - floating ideas out under pseudonyms
  - later linking of these pseudonyms to one's own identity, if
     needed (a case of credential transfer)
  -  floating unusual points of view
  - Peter Wayner writes: "I would think that many people who
     hang out on technical newsgroups would be very familiar
     with the anonymous review procedures practiced by academic
     journals. There is some value when a reviewer can speak
     their mind about a paper without worry of revenge. Of
     course everyone assures me that the system is never really
     anonymous because there are alwys only three or four people
     qualified to review each paper. :-) ....Perhaps we should
     go out of our way to make anonymous, technical comments
     about papers and ideas in the newsgroups to fascilitate the
     development of an anonymous commenting culture in
     cypberspace." [Peter Wayner, 1993-02-09]
8.4.15. Medical Testing and Treatment
  - anonymous medical tests, a la AIDS testing
8.4.16. Abuse, Recovery
  + personal problem discussions
    - incest, rape, emotional, Dear Abby, etc.
8.4.17. Bypassing of export laws
  - Anonymous remailers have been useful for bypassing the
     ITARs...this is how PGP 2.6 spread rapidly, and (we hope!)
     untraceably from MIT and U.S. sites to offshore locations.
8.4.18. Sex groups, discussions of controversial topics
  - the various alt.sex groups
  - People may feel embarrassed, may fear repercussions from
     their employers, may not wish their family and friends to
     see their posts, or may simply be aware that Usenet is
     archived in many, many places, and is even available on CD-
     ROM and will be trivially searchable in the coming decades
  + the 100% traceability of public postings to UseNet and
     other bulletin boards is very stifling to free expression
     and becomes one of the main justifications for the use of
     anonymous (or pseudononymous) boards and nets
    - there may be calls for laws against such compilation, as
       with the British data laws, but basically there is little
       that can be done when postings go to tens of thousands of
       machines and are archived in perpetuity by many of these
       nodes and by thousands of readers
    - readers who may incorporate the material into their own
       postings, etc. (hence the absurdity of the British law)
8.4.19. Avoiding political espionage
  + TLAs in many countries monitor nearly all international
     communications (and a lot of domestic communications, too)
    - companies and individuals may wish to avoid reprisals,
       sanctions, etc.
    - PGP is reported to be in use by several dissident groups,
       and several Cypherpunks are involved in assisting them.
    - "...one legitimate application is to allow international
       political groups or companies to exchange authenticated
       messages without being subjected to the risk of
       espionage/compromise by a three letter US agency, foreign
       intelligence agency, or third party." [Sean M. Dougherty,
       alt.privacy.anon-server, 1994-09-07]
8.4.20. Controversial political discussion, or membership in
   political groups, mailing lists, etc.
  + Recall House UnAmerican Activities Committee
    - and it's modern variant: "Are you now, or have you ever
       been, a Cypherpunk?"
8.4.21. Preventing Stalking and Harassment
  - avoid physical tracing (harassment, "wannafucks," stalkers,
     etc.)
  - women and others are often sent "wannafuck?" messages from
     the males that outnumber them 20-to-1 in many newsgroups--
     pseudonyms help.
  - given the ease with which net I.D.s can be converted to
     physical location information, many women may be worried.
  + males can be concerned as well, given the death threats
     issued by, for example, S. Boxx/Detweiler.
    - as it happens, S. Boxx threatened me, and I make my home
       phone number and location readily known...but then I'm
       armed and ready.
8.4.22. pressure relief valve: knowing one can flee or head for the
   frontier and not be burdened with a past
  - perhaps high rate of recidivism is correlated with this
     inability to escape...once a con, marked for life
     (certainly denied access to high-paying jobs)
8.4.23. preclude lawsuits, subpoenas, entanglement in the legal
   machinery
8.4.24. Business Reasons
  + Corporations can order supplies, information, without
     tipping their hand
    - the Disney purchase of land, via anonymous cutouts (to
       avoid driving the price way up)
    - secret ingredients (apocryphally, Coca Cola)
  - avoiding the "deep pockets" syndrome mentioned above
  - to beat zoning and licensing requirements (e.g., a certain
     type of business may not be "permitted" in a home office,
     so the homeowner will have to use cutouts to hide from
     enforcers)
  - protection from (and to) employers
  + employees of corporations may have to do more than just
     claim their view are not those of their employer
    - e.g., a racist post could expose IBM to sanctions,
       charges
    + thus, many employees may have to further insulate their
       identities
      - blanc@microsoft.com is now
         blanc@pylon.com...coincidence?
  + moonlighting employees (the original concern over Black Net
     and AMIX)
    - employers may have all kinds of concerns, hence the need
       for employees to hide their identities
    - note that this interects with the licensing and zoning
       aspects
  - publishers, service-prividers
  + Needed for Certain Kinds of Reputation-Based Systems
    + a respected scientist may wish to float a speculative
       idea
      - and be able to later prove it was in fact his idea
8.4.25. Protection against retaliation
  - whistleblowing
  + organizing boycotts
    - (in an era of laws regulating free speech, and "SLAPP"
       lawsuits)
  + the visa folks (Cantwell and Siegel) threatening those who
     comment with suits
    - the law firm that posted to 5,000 groups....also raises
       the issue again of why the Net should be subsidized
  - participating in public forums
  + as one person threatened with a lawsuit over his Usenet
     comments put it:
    - "And now they are threatening me. Merely because I openly
       expressed my views on their extremely irresponsible
       behaviour. Anyways, I have already cancelled the article
       from my site and I publicly appologize for posting it in
       the first place. I am scared :) I take all my words back.
       Will use the anonymous service next time :)"
8.4.26. Preventing Tracking, Surveillance, Dossier Society
  + avoiding dossiers in general
    - too many dossiers being kept; anonymity allows people to
       at least hold back the tide a bit
  + headhunting, job searching, where revealing one's identity
     is not always a good idea
    - some headhunters are working for one's current employer!
    - dossiers
8.4.27. Some Examples from the Cypherpunks List
  + S, Boxx, aka Sue D. Nym, Pablo Escobar, The Executioner,
     and an12070
    - but Lawrence Detweiler by any other name
    + he let slip his pseudonym-true name links in several ways
      - stylistic cues
      - mention of things only the "other" was likely to have
         heard
      + sysops acknowledged certain linkings
        - *not* Julf, though Julf presumably knew the identity
           of "an12070"
  + Pr0duct Cypher
    - Jason Burrell points out: "Take Pr0duct Cypher, for
       example. Many believe that what (s)he's doing(*) is a
       Good Thing, and I've seen him/her using the Cypherpunk
       remailers to conceal his/her identity....* If you don't
       know, (s)he's the person who wrote PGPTOOLS, and a hack
       for PGP 2.3a to decrypt messages written with 2.6. I
       assume (s)he's doing it anonymously due to ITAR
       regulations." [J.B., 1994-09-05]
  + Black Unicorn
    - Is the pseudonym of a Washington, D.C. lawyer (I think),
       who has business ties to conservative bankers and
       businessmen in Europe, especially Liechtenstein and
       Switzerland. His involvement with the Cypherpunks group
       caused him to adopt this pseudonym.
    - Ironically, he got into a battle with S. Boxx/Detweiler
       and threated legal action. This cause a rather
       instructive debate to occur.

8.5. Untraceable E-Mail
 8.5.1. The Basic Idea of Remailers
  - Messages are encrypted, envelopes within envelopes, thus
     making tracing based on external appearance impossible. If
     the remailer nodes keep the mapping between inputs and
     outputs secret, the "trail" is lost.
 8.5.2. Why is untraceable mail so important?
  + Bear in mind that "untraceable mail" is the default
     situation for ordinary mail, where one seals an envelope,
     applies a stamp, and drops it anonymously in a letterbox.
     No records are kept, no return address is required (or
     confirmed), etc.
    - regional postmark shows general area, but not source
       mailbox
    + Many of us believe that the current system of anonymous
       mail would not be "allowed" if introduced today for the
       first time
      - Postal Service would demand personalized stamps,
         verifiable return addresses, etc. (not foolproof, or
         secure, but...)
  + Reasons:
    - to prevent dossiers of who is contacting whom from being
       compiled
    - to make contacts a personal matter
    - many actual uses: maintaining pseudonyms, anonymous
       contracts, protecting business dealings, etc.
 8.5.3. How do Cypherpunks remailers work?
 8.5.4. How, in simple terms, can I send anonymous mail?
 8.5.5. Chaum's Digital Mixes
  - How do digital mixes work?
 8.5.6. "Are today's remailers secure against traffic analysis?"
  - Mostly not. Many key digital mix features are missing, and
     the gaps can be exploited.
  + Depends on features used:
    - Reordering (e.g., 10 messages in, 10 messages out)
    - Quantization to fixed sizes (else different sizes give
       clues)
    - Encryption at all stages (up to the customer, of course)
  - But probably not, given that current remailers often lack
     necessary features to deter traffic analysis. Padding is
     iffy, batching is often not done at all (people cherish
     speed, and often downcheck remailers that are "too slow")
  - Best to view today's remailers as experiments, as
     prototypes.

8.6. Remailers and Digital Mixes (A Large Section!)
 8.6.1.  What are remailers?
 8.6.2. Cypherpunks remailers compared to Julf's
  + Apparently long delays are mounting at the penet remailer.
     Complaints about week-long delays, answered by:
    - "Well, nobody is stopping you from using the excellent
       series of cypherpunk remailers, starting with one at
       remail@vox.hacktic.nl. These remailers beat the hell out
       of anon.penet.fi. Either same day or at worst next day
       service, PGP encryption allowed, chaining, and gateways
       to USENET." [Mark Terka, The normal delay for
       anon.penet.fi?, alt.privacy.anon-server, 1994-08-19]
  + "How large is the load on Julf's remailer?"
    - "I spoke to Julf recently and what he really needs is
       $750/month and one off $5000 to upgrade his feed/machine.
       I em looking at the possibility of sponsorship (but don't
       let that stop other people trying).....Julf has buuilt up
       a loyal, trusting following of over 100,000 people and
       6000 messages/day. Upgrading him seems a good
       idea.....Yes, there are other remailers. Let's use them
       if we can and lessen the load on Julf." [Steve Harris,
       alt.privacy.anon-server, 1994-08-22]
    - (Now if the deman on Julf's remailer is this high, seems
       like a great chance to deploy some sort of fee-based
       system, to pay for further expansion. No doubt many of
       the users would drop off, but such is the nature of
       business.)
 8.6.3. "How do remailers work?"
  - (The MFAQ also has some answers.)
  - Simply, they work by taking an incoming text block and
     looking for instructions on where to send the remaining
     text block, and what to do with it (decryption, delays,
     postage, etc.)
  + Some remailers can process the Unix mail program(s) outputs
     directly, operating on the mail headers
    - names of programs...
  + I think the "::" format Eric Hughes came up with in his
     first few days of looking at this turned out to be a real
     win (perhaps comparable to John McCarthy's decision to use
     parenthesized s-expressions in Lisp?).
    - it allows arbitary chaining, and all mail messages that
       have text in standard ASCII--which is all mailers, I
       believe--can then use the Cypherpunks remailers
 8.6.4. "What are some uses of remailers?"
  - Thi is mostly answered in other sections, outlining the
     uses of anonymity and digital pseudonyms:  remailers are of
     course the enabling technology for anonymity.
  + using remailers to foil traffic analysis
    - An interesting comment from someone not part of our
       group, in a discussion of proposal to disconnect U.K.
       computers from Usenet (because of British laws about
       libel, about pornography, and such): "PGP hides the
       target. The remailers discard the source info. THe more
       paranoid remailers introduce a random delay on resending
       to foil traffic analysis. You'd be suprised what can be
       done :-).....If you use a chain then the first remailer
       knows who you are but the destination is encrypted. The
       last remailer knows the destination but cannot know the
       source. Intermediate ones know neither."  [Malcolm
       McMahon, JANET (UK) to ban USENET?, comp.org.eff.talk,
       1994-08-30]
    - So, word is spreading. Note the emphasis on Cyphepunks-
       type remailers, as opposed to Julf-style anonymous
       services.
  + options for distributing anonymous messages
    + via remailers
      - the conventional approach
      - upsides: recipient need not do anything special
      - downsides: that's it--recipient may not welcome the
         message
    + to a newsgroup
      - a kind of message pool
      - upsides: worldwide dist
    - to an ftp site, or Web-reachable site
    - a mailing list
 8.6.5. "Why are remailers needed?"
  + Hal Finney summarized the reasons nicely in an answer back
     in early 1993.
    - "There are several different advantages provided by
       anonymous remailers. One of the simplest and least
       controversial would be to defeat traffic analysis on
       ordinary email.....Two people who wish to communicate
       privately can use PGP or some other encryption system to
       hide the content of their messages.  But the fact that
       they are communicating with each other is still visible
       to many people: sysops at their sites and possibly at
       intervening sites, as well as various net snoopers.  It
       would be natural for them to desire an additional amount
       of privacy which would disguise who they were
       communicating with as well as what they were saying.

       "Anonymous remailers make this possible.  By forwarding
       mail between themselves through remailers, while still
       identifying themselves in the (encrypted) message
       contents, they have even more communications privacy than
       with simple encryption.

       "(The Cypherpunk vision includes a world in which
       literally hundreds or thousands of such remailers
       operate.  Mail could be bounced through dozens of these
       services, mixing in with tens of thousands of other
       messages, re-encrypted at each step of the way.  This
       should make traffic analysis virtually impossible.  By
       sending periodic dummy messages which just get swallowed
       up at some step, people can even disguise _when_ they are
       communicating.)" [Hal Finney, 1993-02-23]

       "The more controversial vision associated with anonymous
       remailers is expressed in such science fiction stories as
       "True Names", by Vernor
       Vinge, or "Ender's Game", by Orson Scott Card.  These
       depict worlds in which computer networks are in
       widespread use, but in which many people choose to
       participate through pseudonyms.  In this way they can
       make unpopular arguments or participate in frowned-upon
       transactions without their activities being linked to
       their true identities.  It also allows people to develop
       reputations based on the quality of their ideas, rather
       than their job, wealth, age, or status." [Hal Finney,
       1993-02-23]
  - "Other advantages of this approach include its extension to
     electronic on-line transactions.  Already today many
     records are kept of our financial dealings - each time we
     purchase an item over the phone using a credit card, this
     is recorded by the credit card company.  In time, even more
     of this kind of information may be collected and possibly
     sold. One Cypherpunk vision includes the ability to engage
     in transactions anonymously, using "digital cash", which
     would not be traceable to the participants.  Particularly
     for buying "soft" products, like music, video, and software
     (which all may be deliverable over the net eventually), it
     should be possible to engage in such transactions
     anonymously.  So this is another area where anonymous mail
     is important."  [Hal Finney, 1993-02-23]
 8.6.6. "How do I actually use a remailer?"
  + (Note: Remailer instructions are posted _frequently_. There
     is no way I can keep up to date with them here. Consult the
     various mailing lists and finger sites, or use the Web
     docs, to find the most current instructions, keys, uptimes,
     etc._
    + Raph Levien's finger site is very impressive:
      + Raph Levien has an impressive utility which pings the
         remailers and reports uptime:
        - finger remailer-list@kiwi.cs.berkeley.edu
        - or use the Web at
           http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~raph/remailer-list.html
        - Raph Levien also has a remailer chaining script at
           ftp://kiwi.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/raph/premail-
           0.20.tar.gz
  + Keys for remailers
    - remailer-list@chaos.bsu.edu (Matthew Ghio maintains)
  + "Why do remailers only operate on headers and not the body
     of a message? Why aren't signatures stripped off by
     remailers?"
    - "The reason to build mailers that faithfully pass on the
       entire body of
       the message, without any kind of alteration, is that it
       permits you to
       send ANY body through that mailer and rely on its
       faithful arrival at the
       destination." [John Gilmore, 93-01-01]
    - The "::" special form is an exception
    - Signature blocks at the end of message bodies
       specifically should _not_ be stripped, even though this
       can cause security breaches if they are accidentally left
       in when not intended. Attempting to strip sigs, which
       come in many flavors, would be a nightmare and could
       strip other stuff, too. Besides, some people may want a
       sig attached, even to an encrypted message.
    - As usual, anyone is of course free to have a remailer
       which munges message bodies as it sees fit, but  I expect
       such remailers will lose customers.
    - Another possibility is another special form, such as
       "::End", that could be used to delimit the block to be
       remailed. But it'll be hard getting such a "frill"
       accepted.
  + "How do remailers handle subject lines?"
    - In various ways. Some ignore it, some preserve it, some
       even can accept instructions to create a new subject line
       (perhaps in the last remailer).
    - There are reasons not to have a subject line propagated
       through a chain of remailers: it tags the message and
       hence makes traffic analysis trivial. But there are also
       reasons to have a subject line--makes it easier on the
       recipient--and so these schemes to add a subject line
       exist.
  + "Can nicknames or aliases be used with the Cypherpunks
     remailers?"
    - Certainly digitally signed IDs are used (Pr0duct Cypher,
       for example), but not nicknames preserved in fields in
       the remailing and mail-to-Usenet gateways.
    - This could perhaps be added to the remailers, as an extra
       field. (I've heard the mail fields are more tolerant of
       added stuff than the Netnews fields are, making mail-to-
       News gateways lose the extra fields.)
    + Some remailer sites support them
      - "If you want an alias assigned at vox.hacktic.nl, one -
         only- needs to send some empty mail to
         <ping@vox.hacktic.nl> and the adress the mail was send
         from will be inculded in the data-base.....Since
         vox.hacktic.nl is on a UUCP node the reply can take
         some time, usually something like 8 to 12 hours."[Alex
         de Joode, <usura@vox.hacktic.nl>, 1994-08-29]
  + "What do remailers do with the various portions of
     messages? Do they send stuff included after an encrypted
     block? Should they? What about headers?"
    + There are clearly lots of approaches that may be taken:
      - Send everything as is, leaving it up to the sender to
         ensure that nothing incriminating is left
      - Make certain choices
    - I favor sending everything, unless specifically told not
       to, as this makes fewer assumptions about the intended
       form of the message and thus allows more flexibility in
       designing new functions.
    + For example, this is what Matthew Ghio had to to say
       about his remailer:
      - "Everything after the encrypted message gets passed
         along in the clear. If you don't want this, you can
         remove it using the cutmarks feature with my remailer.
         (Also, remail@extropia.wimsey.com doesn't append the
         text after the encrypted message.)  The reason for this
         is that it allows anonymous replies.  I can create a
         pgp message for a remailer which will be delivered to
         myself.  I send you the PGP message, you append some
         text to it, and send it to the remailer.  The remailer
         decrypts it and remails it to me, and I get your
         message. [M.G., alt.privacy.anon-server, 1994-07-03]
 8.6.7. Remailer Sites
  - There is no central administrator of sites, of course, so a
     variety of tools are the best ways to develop one's own
     list of sites. (Many of us, I suspect, simply settle on a
     dozen or so of our favorites. This will change as hundreds
     of remailers appear; of course, various scripting programs
     will be used to generate the trajectories, handled the
     nested encryption, etc.)
  - The newsgroups alt.privacy.anon-server, alt.security.pgp,
     etc. often report on the latest sites, tools, etc.
  + Software for Remailers
    + Software to run a remailer site can be found at:
      - soda.csua.berkeley.edu in /pub/cypherpunks/remailer/
      -  chaos.bsu.edu in  /pub/cypherpunks/remailer/
  + Instructions for Using Remailers and Keyservers
    + on how to use keyservers
      - "If you have access to the World Wide Web, see this
         URL: http://draco.centerline.com:8080/~franl/pgp/pgp-
         keyservers.html" [Fran Litterio, alt.security.pgp, 1994-
         09-02]
  + Identifying Remailer Sites
    + finger  remailer-list@chaos.bsu.edu
      - returns a list of active remailers
      - for more complete information, keys, and instructions,
         finger remailer.help.all@chaos.bsu.edu
      - gopher://chaos.bsu.edu/
    + Raph Levien has an impressive utility which pings the
       remailers and reports uptime:
      - finger remailer-list@kiwi.cs.berkeley.edu
      - or use the Web at
         http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~raph/remailer-list.html
      - Raph Levien also has a remailer chaining script at
         ftp://kiwi.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/raph/premail-0.20.tar.gz
  + Remailer pinging
    - "I have written and installed a remailer pinging script
       which
       collects detailed information about remailer features and
       reliability.

          To use it, just finger remailer-
       list@kiwi.cs.berkeley.edu

       There is also a Web version of the same information, at:
       http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~raph/remailer-list.html"
       [Raph Levien, 1994-08-29]
  + Sites which are down??
    - tamsun.tamu.edu and tamaix.tamu.edu
 8.6.8. "How do I set up a remailer at my site?"
  - This is not something for the casual user, but is certainly
     possible.
  - "Would someone be able to help me install the remailer
     scripts from the archives?  I have no Unix experience and
     have *no* idea where to begin.  I don't even know if root
     access is needed for these.  Any help would be
     appreciated." [Robert Luscombe, 93-04-28]
  - Sameer Parekh, Matthew Ghio, Raph Levien have all written
     instructions....
 8.6.9. "How are most Cypherpunks remailers written, and with what
   tools?"
  - as scripts which manipulate the mail files, replacing
     headers, etc.
  - Perl, C, TCL
  - "The cypherpunks remailers have been written in Perl, which
     facilitates experimenting and testing of new interfaces.
     The idea might be to migrate them to C eventually for
     efficiency, but during this experimental phase we may want
     to try out new ideas, and it's easier to modify a Perl
     script than a C program." [Hal Finney, 93-01-09]
  - "I do appreciate the cypherpunks stuff, but perl is still
     not a very
     widely used standard tool, and not everyone of us want to
     learn the
     ins and outs of yet another language...  So I do applaud
     the C
     version..." [Johan Helsingius, "Julf," 93-01-09]
8.6.10. Dealing with Remailer Abuse
  + The Hot Potato
    - a remailer who is being used very heavily, or suspects
       abuse, may choose to distribute his load to other
       remailers. Generally, he can instead of remailing to the
       next site, add sites of his own choosing. Thus, he can
       both reduce the spotlight on him and also increase cover
       traffic by scattering some percentage of his traffic to
       other sites (it never reduces his traffic, just lessens
       the focus on him).
  + Flooding attacks
    - denial of service attacks
    - like blowing whistles at sports events, to confuse the
       action
    - DC-Nets, disruption (disruptionf of DC-Nets by flooding
       is a very similar problem to disruption of remailers by
       mail bombs)
  + "How can remailers deal with abuse?"
    - Several remailer operators have shut down their
       remailers, either because they got tired of dealing with
       the problems, or because others ordered them to.
    - Source level blocking
    - Paid messages: at least this makes the abusers _pay_  and
       stops certain kinds of spamming/bombing attacks.
    - Disrupters are dealt with in anonymous ways in Chaum's DC-
       Net schemes; there may be a way to use this here.
  + Karl Kleinpaste was a pioneer (circa 1991-2) of remailers.
     He has become disenchanted:
    - "There are 3 sites out there which have my software:
       anon.penet.fi, tygra, and uiuc.edu.  I have philosophical
       disagreement with the "universal reach" policy of
       anon.penet.fi (whose code is now a long-detached strain
       from the original software I gave Julf -- indeed, by now
       it may be a complete rewrite, I simply don't know);
       ....Very bluntly, having tried to run anon servers twice,
       and having had both go down due to actual legal
       difficulties, I don't trust people with them any more."
       [Karl_Kleinpaste@cs.cmu.edu, alt.privacy.anon-server,
       1994-08-29]
    - see discussions in alt.privacy.anon-server for more on
       his legal problems with remailers, and why he shut his
       down
8.6.11. Generations of Remailers
  + First Generation Remailer Characteristics--Now (since 1992)
    - Perl scripts, simple processing of headers, crypto
  + Second Generation Remailer Characteristics--Maybe 1994
    - digital postage of some form (perhaps simple coupons or
       "stamps")
    - more flexible handling of exceptions
    - mail objects can tell remailer what settings to use
       (delays, latency, etc.(
  + Third Generation Remailer Characteristics--1995-7?
    - protocol negotiation
    + Chaum-like "mix" characteristics
      - tamper-resistant modules (remailer software runs in a
         sealed environment, not visible to operator)
  + Fourth Generation Remailer Characteristics--1996-9?
    - Who knows?
    - Agent-based (Telescript?)
    - DC-Net-based
8.6.12. Remailer identity escrow
  + could have some uses...
    - what incentives would anyone have?
    - recipients could source-block any remailer that did not
       have some means of coping with serious abuse...a perfect
       free market solution
  - could also be mandated
8.6.13. Remailer Features
  + There are dozens of proposed variations, tricks, and
     methods which may or may not add to overall remailer
     security (entropy, confusion). These are often discussed on
     the list, one at a time. Some of them are:
    + Using one's self as a remailer node. Route traffic back
       through one's own system.
      - even if all other systems are compromised...
    - Random delays, over and above what is needed to meet
       reordering requirements
    - MIRVing, sending a packet out in multiple pieces
    - Encryption is of course a primary feature.
    + Digital postage.
      - Not so much a feature as an incentive/inducement to get
         more remailers and support them better.
  + "What are features of a remailer network?"
    - A vast number of features have been considered; some are
       derivative of other, more basic features (e.g., "random
       delays" is not a basic feature, but is one proposed way
       of achieving "reordering," which is what is really
       needed. And "reordering" is just the way to achieve
       "decorrelation" of incoming and outgoing messages).
    + The "Ideal Mix" is worth considering, just as the "ideal
       op amp" is studied by engineers, regardless of whether
       one can ever be built.
      - a black box that decorrelates incoming and outgoing
         packets to some level of diffusion
      - tamper-proof, in that outside world cannot see the
         internal process of decorrelation (Chaum envisioned
         tamper-resistant or tamper-responding circuits doing
         the decorrelation)
    + Features of Real-World Mixes:
      + Decorrelation of incoming and outgoing messages. This
         is the most basic feature of any mix or remailer:
         obscuring the relationship between any message entering
         the mix and any message leaving the mix. How this is
         achieve is what most of the features here are all
         about.
        - "Diffusion" is achieved by batching or delaying
           (danger: low-volume traffic defeats simple, fixed
           delays)
        - For example, in some time period, 20 messages enter a
           node. Then 20 or so (could be less, could be
           more...there is no reason not to add messages, or
           throw away some) messages leave.
      + Encryption should be supported, else the decorrelation
         is easily defeated by simple inspection of packets.
        - public key encryption, clearly, is preferred (else
           the keys are available outside)
        - forward encryption, using D-H approaches, is a useful
           idea to explore, with keys discarded after
           transmission....thus making subpoenas problematic
           (this has been used with secure phones, for example).
      + Quanitzed packet sizes. Obviously the size of a packet
         (e.g., 3137 bytes) is a strong cue as to message
         identity. Quantizing to a fixed size destroys this cue.
        + But since some messages may be small, and some large,
           a practical compromise is perhaps to quantize to one
           of several standards:
          - small messages, e.g., 5K
          - medium messages, e.g., 20K
          - large messages....handled somehow (perhaps split
             up, etc.)
        - More analysis is needed.
      + Reputation and Service
        - How long in business?
        - Logging policy? Are messages logged?
        - the expectation of operating as stated
  + The Basic Goals of Remailer Use
    + decorrelation of ingoing and outgoing messages
      - indistinguishability
      + "remailed messages have no hair" (apologies to the
         black hole fans out there)
        - no distinguishing charateristics that can be used to
           make correlations
        - no "memory" of previous appearance
    + this means message size padding to quantized sizes,
       typically
      - how many distinct sizes depends on a lot fo things,
         like traffic, the sizes of other messages, etc.
  + Encryption, of course
    - PGP
    - otherwise, messages are trivially distinguishable
  + Quantization or Padding: Messages
    - padded  to standard sizes, or dithered in size to obscure
       oringinal size. For example, 2K for typical short
       messages, 5K for typical Usenet articles, and 20K for
       long articles. (Messages much longer are hard to hide in
       a sea of much shorter messages, but other possibilities
       exist: delaying the long messages until N other long
       messages have been accumulated, splitting the messages
       into smaller chunks, etc.)
    + "What are the quanta for remailers? That is, what are the
       preferred packet sizes for remailed messages?"
      - In the short term, now, the remailed packet sizes are
         pretty much what they started out to be, e.g, 3-6KB or
         so. Some remailers can pad to quantized levels, e.g.,
         to 5K or 10K or more. The levels have not been settled
         on.
      - In the long term, I suspect much smaller packets will
         be selected. Perhaps at the granularity of ATM packets.
         "ATM Remailers" are likely to be coming. (This changes
         the nature of traffic analyis a bit, as the _number_ of
         remailed packets increases.
      - A dissenting argument: ATM networks don't give sender
         the control over packets...
      - Whatever, I think packets will get smaller, not larger.
         Interesting issues.
    - "Based on Hal's numbers, I would suggest a reasonable
       quantization for message sizes be a short set of
       geometrically increasing values, namely, 1K, 4K, 16K,
       64K.  In retrospect, this seems like the obvious
       quantization, and not arithmetic progressions." [Eric
       Hughes, 1994-08-29]
    - (Eudora chokes at 32K, and so splits messages at about
       25K, to leave room for comments without further
       splitting. Such practical considerations may be important
       to consider.)
  + Return Mail
    - A complicated issue. May have no simple solution.
    + Approaches:
      - Post encrypted message to a pool. Sender (who provided
         the key to use) is able to retrieve anonymously by the
         nature of pools and/or public posting.
      + Return envelopes, using some kind of procedure to
         ensure anonymity. Since software is by nature never
         secure (can always be taken apart), the issues are
         complicated. The security may be gotten by arranging
         with the remailers in the return path to do certain
         things to certain messages.
        - sender sends instructions to remailers on how to
           treat messages of certain types
        - the recipient who is replying cannot deduce the
           identity, because he has no access to the
           instructions the remailers have.
        - Think of this as Alice sending to Bob sending to
           Charles....sending to Zeke. Zeke sends a reply back
           to Yancy, who has instructions to send this back to
           Xavier, and so on back up the chain. Only if Bob,
           Charles, ..., Yancy collude, can the mapping in the
           reverse direction be deduced.
        - Are these schemes complicated? Yes. But so are lot of
           other protocols, such as getting fonts from a screen
           to a laser printer
  + Reordering of Messages is Crucial
    + latency or fanout in remailers
      + much more important than "delay"
        - do some calculations!
        + the canard about "latency" or delay keeps coming up
          - a "delay" of X is neither necessary nor sufficient
             to achieve reordering (think about it)
      - essential for removing time correlation information,
         for removing a "distinguishing mark" ("ideal remailed
         messages have no hair")
  + The importance of pay as you go, digital postage
    + standard market issues
      - markets are how scarece resources are allocated
    - reduces spamming, overloading, bombing
    - congestion pricing
    - incentives for improvement
    + feedback mechanisms
      - in the same way the restaurants see impacts quickly
    - applies to other crypto uses besides remailers
  + Miscellaneous
    - by having one's own nodes, further ensures security
       (true, the conspiring of all other nodes can cause
       traceability, but such a conspiracy is costly and would
       be revealed)
    + the "public posting" idea is very attractive: at no point
       does the last node know who the next node will be...all
       he knows is a public key for that node
      + so how does the next node in line get the message,
         short of reading all messages?
        - first, security is not much compromised by sorting
           the public postings by some kind of order set by the
           header (e.g., "Fred" is shorthand for some long P-K,
           and hence the recipient knows to look in the
           Fs...obviously he reads more than just the Fs)
    + outgoing messages can be "broadcast" (sent to many nodes,
       either by a literal broadcast or public posting, or by
       randomly picking many nodes)
      - this "blackboard" system means no point to point
         communication is needed
    + Timed-release strategies
      + encrypt and then release the key later
        - "innocuously" (how?)
        - through a remailing service
        - DC-Net
        - via an escrow service or a lawyer (but can the lawyer
           get into hot water for releasing the key to
           controversial data?)
        - with a series of such releases, the key can be
           "diffused"
        - some companies may specialize in timed-release, such
           as by offering a P-K with the private key to be
           released some time later
      - in an ecology of cryptoid entities, this will increase
         the degrees of freedom
      + this reduces the legal liability of
         retransmitters...they can accurately claim that they
         were only passing data, that there was no way they
         could know the content of the packets
        - of course they can already claim this, due to the
           encrypted nature
    + One-Shot Remailers
      - "You can get an anonymous address from
         mg5n+getid@andrew.cmu.edu. Each time you request an
         anon address, you get a different one.  You can get as
         many as you like.  The addresses don't expire, however,
         so maybe it's not the ideal 'one-shot' system, but it
         allows replies without connecting you to your 'real
         name/address' or to any of your other posts/nyms." [
         Matthew Ghio, 1994-04-07]
8.6.14. Things Needed in Remailers
  + return receipts
    - Rick Busdiecker notes that "The idea of a Return-Receipt-
       To: field has been around for a while, but the semantics
       have never been pinned down.  Some mailer daemons
       generate replies meaning that the bits were delivered."
       [R.B., 1994-08-08]
  + special handling instructions
    - agents, daemons
    - negotiated procedures
  + digital postage
    - of paramount importance!
    - solves many problems, and incentivizes remailers
  + padding
    + padding to fixed sizes
      - padding to fixed powers of 2 would increase the average
         message size by about a third
  - lots of remailers
  - multiple jursidictions
  - robustness and consistency
  + running in secure hardware
    - no logs
    - no monitoring by operator
    - wipe of all temp files
  - instantiated quickly, fluidly
  - better randomization of remailers
8.6.15. Miscellaneous Aspects of Remailers
  + "How many remailer nodes are actually needed?"
    - We strive to get as many as possible, to distribute the
       process to many jurisdictions and with many opeators.
    - Curiously, as much theoretical diffusivity can occur with
       a single remailer (taking in a hundred messages and
       sending out a hundred, for example) as with many
       remailers. Our intuition is, I think, that many remailers
       offer better diffusivity and better hiding. Why this is
       so (if it is) needs more careful thinking than I've seen
       done so far.
    - At a meta-level, we think multiple remailers lessens the
       chance of them being compromised (this, however, is not
       directly related to the diffusivity of a remailer network-
       -important, but not directly related).
    - (By the way, a kind of sneaky idea is to try to always
       declare one's self to be a remailer. If messages were
       somehow traced back to one's own machine, one could
       claim: 'Yes, I'm a remailer." In principle, one could be
       the only remailer in the universe and still have high
       enough diffusion and confusion. In practice, being the
       only remailer would be pretty dangerous.)
    + Diffusion and confusion in remailer networks
      + Consider a single node, with a message entering, and
         two messages leaving; this is essentially the smallest
         "remailer op"
        - From a proof point of view, either outgoing message
           could be the one
        - and yet neither one can be proved to be
      - Now imagine those two messages being sent through 10
         remailers...no additional confusion is added...why?
      - So, with 10 messages gong into a chain of 10 remailers,
         if 10 leave...
      - The practical effect of N remailers is to ensure that
         compromise of some fraction of them doesn't destroy
         overall security
  + "What do remailers do with misaddressed mail?"
    - Depends on the site. Some operators send notes back
       (which itself causes concern), some just discard
       defective mail. This is a fluid area. At least one
       remailer (wimsey) can post error messages to a message
       pool--this idea can be generalized to provide "delivery
       receipts" and other feedback.
    - Ideal mixes, a la Chaum, would presumably discard
       improperly-formed mail, although agents might exist to
       prescreen mail (not mandatory agents, of course, but
       voluntarily-selected agents)
    - As in so many areas, legislation is not needed, just
       announcement of policies, choice by customers, and the
       reputation of the remailer.
    - A good reason to have robust generation of mail on one's
       own machine, so as to minimize such problems.
  + "Can the NSA monitor remailers? Have they?"
    + Certainly they _can_ in various ways, either by directly
       monitoring Net traffic or indirectly. Whether they _do_
       is unknown.
      - There have been several rumors or forgeries claiming
         that NSA is routinely linking anonymous IDs to real IDs
         at the penet remailer.
      + Cypherpunks remailers are, if used properly, more
         secure in key ways:
        - many of them
        - not used for persistent, assigned IDs
        - support for encryption: incoming and outgoing
           messages look completely unlike
        - batching, padding, etc. supported
    - And properly run remailers will obscure/diffuse the
       connection between incoming and outgoing messages--the
       main point of a remailer!
  + The use of message pools to report remailer errors
    - A good example of how message pools can be used to
       anonymously report things.
    - "The wimsey remailer has an ingenious method of returning
       error messages anonymously.  Specify a subject in the
       message sent to wimsey that will be meaningful to you,
       but won't identify you (like a set of random letters).
       This subject does not appear in the remailed message.
       Then subscribe to the mailing list

       errors-request@extropia.wimsey.com

       by sending a message with Subject: subscribe.  You will
       receive a msg
       for ALL errors detected in incoming messages and ALL
       bounced messages." [anonymous, 93-08-23]
    - This is of course like reading a classified ad with some
       cryptic message meaningful to you alone. And more
       importantly, untraceable to you.
  + there may be role for different types of remailers
    - those that support encryption, those that don't
    + as many in non-U.S. countries as possible
      - especially for the *last* hop, to avoid subpoena issues
    - first-class remailers which remail to *any* address
    + remailers which only remail to *other remailers*
      - useful for the timid, for those with limited support,
         etc.
    -
  + "Should mail faking be used as part of the remailer
     strategy?"
    - "1. If you fake mail by talking SMTP directly, the IP
       address or domain name of the site making the outgoing
       connection will appear in a Received field in the header
       somewhere."

       "2. Fake mail by devious means is generally frowned upon.
       There's no need to take a back-door approach here--it's
       bad politically, as in Internet politics." [Eric Hughes,
       94-01-31]
    - And if mail can really be consistently and robustly
       faked, there would be less need for remailers, right?
       (Actually, still a need, as traffic analysis would likely
       break any "Port 25" faking scheme.)
    - Furthermore, such a strategy would not likely to be
       robust over time, as it relies on exploiting transitory
       flaws and vendor specifics. A bad idea all around.
  + Difficulties in getting anonymous remailer networks widely
     deployed
    - "The tricky part is finding a way to preserve anonymity
       where the majority of sites on the Internet continue to
       log traffic carefully, refuse to install new software
       (especially anon-positive software), and are
       administrated by people with simplistic and outdated
       ideas about identity and punishment. " [Greg Broiles,
       1994-08-08]
  + Remailer challenge: insulating the last leg on a chain from
     prosecution
    + Strategy 1: Get them declared to be common carriers, like
       the phone company or a mail delivery service
      + e.g., we don't prosecute an actual package
         deliveryperson, or even the company they work for, for
         delivery of an illegal package
        - contents assumed to be unknown to the carrier
        - (I've heard claims that only carriers who make other
           agreements to cooperate with law enforcement can be
           treated as common carriers.)
    + Strategy 2: Message pools
      + ftp sites
        - with plans for users to "subscribe to" all new
           messages (thus, monitoring agencies cannot know
           which, if any, messages are being sought)
        - this gets around the complaint about too much volume
           on the Usenet (text messages are a tiny fraction of
           other traffic, especially images, so the complaint is
           only one of potentiality)
    + Strategy 3: Offshore remailers as last leg
      - probably set by sender, who presumably knows the
         destination
    - A large number of "secondary remailers" who agree to
       remail a limited number...
  + "Are we just playing around with remailers and such?"
    - It pains me to say this, but, yes, we are just basically
       playing around here!
    - Remailer traffic is so low, padding is so haphazard, that
       making correlations between inputs and outputs is not
       cryptographically hard to do. (It might _seem_ hard, with
       paper and pencil sorts of calculations, but it'll be
       child's play for the Crays at the Fort.)
    - Even if this is not so for any particular message,
       maintaining a persistent ID--such as Pr0duct Cypher does,
       with digital sigs--without eventually providing enough
       clues will be almost impossible. At this time.
    - Things will get better. Better and more detailed
       "cryptanalysis of remailer chains" is sorely needed.
       Until then, we are indeed just playing. (Play can be
       useful, though.)
  + The "don't give em any hints" principle (for remailers)
    - avoid giving any information
    - dont't say which nodes are sources and which are sinks;
       let attackers assume everyone is a remailer, a source
    - don't say how long a password is
    - don't say how many rounds are in a tit-for-tat tournament

8.7. Anonymous Posting to Usenet
 8.7.1. Julf's penet system has historically been the main way to
   post anonymously to Usenet (used by no less a luminary than
   L. Detweiler, in his "an12070/S. Boxx" personna). This has
   particulary been the case with postings to "support" groups,
   or emotional distress groups. For example,
   alt.sexual.abuse.recovery.
 8.7.2. Cryptographically secure remailes are now being used
   increasingly (and scaling laws and multiple jurisdictions
   suggest even more will be used in the future).
 8.7.3. finger remailer.help.all@chaos.bsu.edu gives these results
   [as of 1994-09-07--get a current result before using!]
  - "Anonymous postings to usenet can be made by sending
     anonymous mail to one of the following mail-to-usenet
     gateways:

     group.name@demon.co.uk
     group.name@news.demon.co.uk
     group.name@bull.com
     group.name@cass.ma02.bull.com
     group.name@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca
     group.name@charm.magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
     group.name@comlab.ox.ac.uk
     group.name@nic.funet.fi
     group.name@cs.dal.ca
     group.name@ug.cs.dal.ca
     group.name@paris.ics.uci.edu (removes headers)
     group.name.usenet@decwrl.dec.com (Preserves all headers)"

8.8. Anonymous Message Pools, Newsgroups, etc.
 8.8.1. "Why do some people use message pools?"
  - Provides untracable communication
  - messages
  - secrets
  - transactions
  + Pr0duct Cypher is a good example of someone who
     communicates primarily via anonymous pools (for messages to
     him). Someone recently asked about this, with this comment:
    - "Pr0duct Cypher chooses to not link his or her "real
       life" identity with the 'nym used to sign the software he
       or she wrote (PGP Tools, Magic Money, ?).  This is quite
       an understandable sentiment, given that bad apples in the
       NSA are willing to go far beyond legal hassling, and make
       death threats against folks with high public visibility
       (see the threads about an NSA agent threatening to run
       Jim Bidzos of RSA over in his parking lot)." [Richard
       Johnson,  alt.security.pgp, 1994-07-02]
 8.8.2. alt.anonymous.messages is one such pool group
  - though it's mainly used for test messages, discussions of
     anonymity (though there are better groups), etc.
 8.8.3. "Could there be truly anonymous newsgroups?"
  - One idea: newgroup a moderated group in which only messages
     sans headers and other identifiers would be accepted. The
     "moderator"--which could be a program--would only post
     messages after this was ensured. (Might be an interesting
     experiment.)
  + alt.anonymous.messages was newgrouped by Rick Busdiecker,
     1994-08.
    - Early uses were, predictably, by people who stumbled
       across the group and imputed to it whatever they wished.

8.9. Legal Issues with Remailers
 8.9.1. What's the legal status of remailers?
  - There are no laws against it at this time.
  - No laws saying people have to put return addresses on
     messages, on phone calls (pay phones are still legal), etc.
  - And the laws pertaining to not having to produce identity
     (the "flier" case, where leaflet distributors did not have
     to produce ID) would seem to apply to this form of
     communication.
  + However, remailers may come under fire:
    + Sysops, MIT case
      - potentially serious for remailers if the case is
         decided such that the sysop's creation of group that
         was conducive to criminal pirating was itself a
         crime...that could make all  involved in remailers
         culpable
 8.9.2. "Can remailer logs be subpoenaed?"
  - Count on it happening, perhaps very soon. The FBI has been
     subpoenaing e-mail archives for a Netcom customer (Lewis De
     Payne), probably because they think the e-mail will lead
     them to the location of uber-hacker Kevin Mitnick. Had the
     parties used remailers, I'm fairly sure we'd be seeing
     similar subpoenas for the remailer logs.
  - There's no exemption for remailers that I know of!
  + The solutions are obvious, though:
    - use many remailers, to make subpoenaing back through the
       chain very laborious, very expensive, and likely to fail
       (if even one party won't cooperate, or is outside the
       court's jurisdiction, etc.)
    - offshore, multi-jurisdictional remailers (seleted by the
       user)
    - no remailer logs kept...destroy them (no law currently
       says anybody has to keep e-mail records! This may
       change....)
    - "forward secrecy," a la Diffie-Hellman forward secrecy
 8.9.3. How will remailers be harassed, attacked, and challenged?
 8.9.4. "Can pressure be put on remailer operators to reveal traffic
   logs and thereby allow tracing of messages?"
  + For human-operated systems which have logs, sure. This is
     why we want several things in remailers:
    * no logs of messages
    * many remailers
    * multiple legal jurisdictions, e.g., offshore remailers
       (the more the better)
    * hardware implementations which execute instructions
       flawlessly (Chaum's digital mix)
 8.9.5. Calls for limits on anonymity
  + Kids and the net will cause many to call for limits on
     nets, on anonymity, etc.
    - "But there's a dark side to this exciting phenomenon, one
       that's too rarely understood by computer novices.
       Because they
       offer instant access to others, and considerable
       anonymity to
       participants, the services make it possible for people -
       especially computer-literate kids - to find themselves in
       unpleasant, sexually explicit social situations....  And
       I've gradually
       come to adopt the view, which will be controversial among
       many online
       users, that the use of nicknames and other forms of
       anonymity
       must be eliminated or severly curbed to force people
       online into
       at least as much accountability for their words and
       actions as
       exists in real social encounters." [Walter S. Mossberg,
       Wall Street Journal, 6/30/94, provided by Brad Dolan]
    - Eli Brandt came up with a good response to this: "The
       sound-bite response to this: do you want your child's
       name, home address, and phone number available to all
       those lurking pedophiles worldwide?  Responsible parents
       encourage their children to use remailers."
  - Supreme Court said that identity of handbill distributors
     need not be disclosed, and pseudonyms in general has a long
     and noble tradition
  - BBS operators have First Amendment protections (e.g..
     registration requirements would be tossed out, exactly as
     if registration of newspapers were to be attempted)
 8.9.6. Remailers and Choice of Jurisdictions
  - The intended target of a remailed message, and the subject
     material, may well influence the set of remailers used,
     especially for the very important "last remailer' (Note: it
     should never be necessary to tell remailers if they are
     first, last, or others, but the last remailer may in fact
     be able to tell he's the last...if the message is in
     plaintext to the recipient, with no additional remailer
     commands embedded, for example.)
  - A message involving child pornography might have a remailer
     site located in a state like Denmark, where child porn laws
     are less restrictive. And a message critical of Islam might
     not be best sent through a final remailer in Teheran. Eric
     Hughes has dubbed this "regulatory arbitrage," and to
     various extents it is already common practice.
  - Of course, the sender picks the remailer chain, so these
     common sense notions may not be followed. Nothing is
     perfect, and customs will evolve. I can imagine schemes
     developing for choosing customers--a remailer might not
     accept as a customer certain abusers, based on digital
     pseudonyms < hairy).
 8.9.7. Possible legal steps to limit the use of remailers and
   anonymous systems
  - hold the remailer liable for content, i.e., no common
     carrier status
  - insert provisions into the various "anti-hacking" laws to
     criminalize anonymous posts
 8.9.8. Crypto and remailers can be used to protect groups from "deep
   pockets" lawsuits
  - products (esp. software) can be sold "as is," or with
     contracts backed up by escrow services (code kept in an
     escrow repository, or money kept there to back up
     committments)
  + jurisdictions, legal and tax, cannot do "reach backs" which
     expose the groups to more than they agreed to
    - as is so often the case with corporations in the real
       world, which are taxed and fined for various purposes
       (asbestos, etc.)
  - (For those who panic at the thought of this, the remedy for
     the cautious will be to arrange contracts with the right
     entities...probably paying more for less product.)
 8.9.9. Could anonymous remailers be used to entrap people, or to
   gather information for investigations?
  - First, there are so few current remailers that this is
     unlikely. Julf seems a non-narc type, and he is located in
     Finland. The Cypherpunks remailers are mostly run by folks
     like us, for now.
  - However, such stings and set-ups have been used in the past
     by narcs and "red squads." Expect the worse from Mr.
     Policeman. Now that evil hackers are identified as hazards,
     expect moves in this direction. "Cryps" are obviously
     "crack" dealers.
  - But use of encryption, which CP remailers support (Julf's
     does not), makes this essentially moot.

8.10. Cryptanalysis of Remailer Networks
8.10.1. The Need for More Detailed Analysis of Mixes and Remailers
  + "Have remailer systems been adequately cryptanalyzed?"
    - Not in my opinion, no. Few calculations have been done,
       just mostly some estimates about how much "confusion" has
       been created by the remailer nodes.
    - But thinking that a lot of complication and messiness
       makes a strong crypto system is a basic mistake...sort of
       like thinking an Enigma rotor machine makes a good cipher
       system, by today's standards, just because millions of
       combinations of pathways through the rotor system are
       possible. Not so.
  + Deducing Patterns in Traffic and Deducing Nyms
    - The main lesson of mathematical cryptology has been that
       seemingly random things can actually be shown to have
       structure. This is what cryptanalysis is all about.
    - The same situation applies to "seemingly random" message
       traffic, in digital mixes, telephone networks, etc.
       "Cryptanalysis of remailers" is of course possible,
       depending on the underlying model. (Actually, it's always
       possible, it just may not yield anything, as with
       cryptanalysis of ciphers.)
    + on the time correlation in remailer cryptanalysis
      - imagine Alice and Bob communicating through
         remailers...an observer, unable to follow specific
         messages through the remailers, could still notice
         pairwise correlations between messages sent and
         received by these two
      + like time correlations between events, even if the
         intervening path or events are jumbled
        - e.g., if within a few hours of every submarine's
           departure from Holy Loch a call is placed to Moscow,
           one may make draw certain conclusions about who is a
           Russian spy, regardless of not knowing the
           intermediate paths
        - or, closer to home, correlating withdrawals from one
           bank to deposits in another, even if the intervening
           transfers are jumbled
      + just because it seems "random" does not mean it is
        - Scott Collins speculates that a "dynamic Markov
           compressor" could discern or uncover the non-
           randomness in remailer uses
  - Cryptanalysis of remailers has been woefully lacking. A
     huge fraction of posts about remailer improvements make
     hand-waving arguments about the need for more traffic,
     longer delays, etc. (I'm not pointing fingers, as I make
     the same informal, qualitative comments, too. What is
     needed is a rigorous analysis of remailer security.)
  - We really don't have any good estimates of overall security
     as a function of number of messages circulating, the
     latency ( number of stored messages before resending), the
     number of remailer hops, etc. This is not cryptographically
     "exciting" work, but it's still needed. There has not been
     much focus in the academic community on digital mixes or
     remailers, probably because David Chaum's 1981 paper on
     "Untraceable E-Mail" covered most of the theoretically
     interesting material. That, and the lack of commercial
     products or wide usage.
  + Time correlations may reveal patterns that individual
     messages lack. That is, repeated communicatin between Alice
     and Bob, even if done through remailers and even if time
     delays/dwell times are built-in, may reveal nonrandom
     correlations in sent/received messages.
    - Scott Collins speculates that a dynamic Markov compressor
       applied to the traffic would have reveal such
       correlations. (The application of such tests to digital
       cash and other such systems would be useful to look at.)
    - Another often overlooked weakness is that many people
       send test messages to themselves, a point noted by Phil
       Karn: "Another way that people often let themselves be
       caught is that they inevitably send a test message to
       themselves right before the forged message in question.
       This shows up clearly in the sending system's sendmail
       logs. It's a point to consider with remailer chains too,
       if you don't trust the last machine on the chain." [P.K.,
       1994-09-06]
  + What's needed:
    - aggreement on some terminology (this doesn't require
       consensus, just a clearly written paper to de facto
       establish the terminology)
    - a formula relating degree of untraceability to the major
       factors that go into remailers: packet size and
       quantization, latency (# of messages), remailer policies,
       timing, etc.
    - Also, analysis of how deliberate probes or attacks might
       be mounted to deduce remailer patterns (e.g., Fred always
       remails to Josh and Suzy and rarely to Zeke).
  - I think this combinatorial analysis would be a nice little
     monograph for someone to write.
8.10.2. A much-needed thing. Hal Finney has posted some calculations
   (circa 1994-08-08), but more work is sorely needed.
8.10.3. In particular, we should be skeptical of hand-waving analyses
   of the "it sure looks complicated to follow the traffic"
   sort. People think that by adding "messy" tricks, such as
   MIRVing messages, that security is increased. Maybe it is,
   maybe it isn't. But it needs formal analysis before claims
   can be confidantly believed.
8.10.4. Remailers and entropy
  - What's the measure of "mixing" that goes on in a mix, or
     remailer?
  - Hand=waving about entropy and reordering may not be too
     useful.
  + Going back to Shannon's concept of entropy as measuring the
     degree of uncertainty...
    + trying to "guess" or "predict' where a message leaving
       one node will exit the system
      - not having clear entrance and exit points adds to the
         difficulty, somewhat analogously to having a password
         of unknown length (an attacker can't just try all 10-
         character passwords, as he has no idea of the length)
      - the advantages of every node being a remailer, of
         having no clearly identified sources and sinks
  + This predictability may depend on a _series_ of messages
     sent between Alice and Bob...how?
    - it seems there may be links to Persi Diaconis' work on
       "perfect shuffles" (a problem which seemed easy, but
       which eluded solving until recently...should give us
       comfort that our inability to tackle the real meat of
       this issue is not too surprising
8.10.5. Scott Collins believes that remailer networks can be
   cryptanalyzed roughly the same way as pseudorandom number
   generators are analyzed, e.g., with dynamic Markov
   compressors (DNCs). (I'm more skeptical: if each remailer is
   using an information-theoretically secure RNG to reorder the
   messages, and if all messages are the same size and (of
   course) are encypted with information-theoretically secure
   (OTP) ciphers, then it seems to me that the remailing would
   itself be information-theoretically secure.)

8.11. Dining Cryptographers
8.11.1. This is effectively the "ideal digital mix," updated from
   Chaum's original hardware mix form to a purely software-based
   form.
8.11.2. David Chaum's 1988 paper in Journal of Crypology (Vol 1, No
   1) outlines a way for completely untraceable communication
   using only software (no tamper-resistant modules needed)
  - participants in a ring (hence "dining cryptographers")
  - Chaum imagines that 3 cryptographers are having dinner and
     are informed by their waiter that their dinner has already
     been paid for, perhaps by the NSA, or perhaps by one of
     themselves...they wish to determine which of these is true,
     without revealing which of them paid!
  - everyone flips a coin (H or T) and shows it to his neighbor
     on the left
  + everyone reports whether he sees "same" or "different"
    -  note that with 2 participants, they both already know
       the other's coin (both are to the left!)
  - however, someone wishing to send a message, such as Chaum's
     example of  "I paid for dinner," instead says the opposite
     of what he sees
  + some analysis of this (analyze it from the point of view of
     one of the cryptographers) shows that the 3 cryptographers
     will know that one of them paid (if this protocol is
     executed faithfully), but that the identity can't be
     "localized"
    - a diagram is needed...
  + this can be generalized...
    + longer messages
      - use multiple rounds of the protocol
    + faster than coin-flipping
      - each participant and his left partner share a list of
         "pre-flipped" coins, such as truly random bits
         (radioactive decay, noise, etc.) stored on a CD-ROM or
         whatever
      - they can thus "flip coins" as fast as they can read the
         disk
    + simultaneous messages (collision)
      - use back-off and retry protocols (like Ethernet uses)
    + collusion of participants
      - an interesting issue...remember that participants are
         not restricted to the simple ring topology
      - various subgraphs can be formed
      - a participant who fears collusion can pick a subgraph
         that includes those he doubts will collude (a tricky
         issue)
    + anonymity of receiver
      - can use P-K to encrypt message to some P-K and then
         "broadcast" it and force every participant to try to
         decrypt it (only the anonymous recipient will actually
         succeed)
  - Chaum's complete 1988 "Journal of Cryptology" article is
     available at the Cypherpunks archive site,
     ftp.soda.csua.edu, in /pub/cypherpunks
8.11.3. What "DC-Net" Means
  - a system (graph, subgraphs, etc.) of communicating
     participants, who need not be known to each other, can
     communicate information such that neither the sender nor
     the recipient is known
  + unconditional sender untraceability
    - the anonymity of the broadcaster can be information-
       theoretically secure, i.e., truly impossible to break and
       requiring no assumptions about public key systems, the
       difficulty of factoring, etc.
  + receiver untraceability depends on public-key protocols, so
     traceability is computationally-dependent
    - but this is believed to be secure, of course
  + bandwidth can be increased by several means
    - shared keys
    - block transmission by accumulating messages
    - hiearchies of messages, subgraphs, etc.

8.12. Future Remailers
8.12.1.  "What are the needed features for the Next Generation
   Remailer?"
  + Some goals
    - generally, closer to the goals outlined in Chaum's 1981
       paper on "Untraceable E-Mail"
    - Anonymity
    - Digital Postage, pay as you go, ,market pricing
    - Traffic Analysis foiled
  +  Bulletproof Sites:
    - Having offshore (out of the U.S.) sites is nice, but
       having sites resistant to pressures from universities and
       corporate site administrators is of even greater
       practical consequence. The commercial providers, like
       Netcom, Portal, and Panix, cannot be counted on to stand
       and fight should pressures mount (this is just my guess,
       not an aspersion against their backbones, whether organic
       or Internet).
    - Locating remailers in many non-U.S. countries is a Good
       Idea. As with money-laundering, lots of countries means
       lots of jurisdictions, and the near impossibility of
       control by one country.
  + Digital Postage, or Pay-as-you-Go Services:
    - Some fee for the service. Just like phone service, modem
       time, real postage, etc. (But unlike highway driving,
       whose usage is largely subsidized.)
    - This will reduce spamming, will incentivize remailer
       services to better maintain their systems, and will
    - Rates would be set by market process, in the usual way.
       "What the traffic will bear." Discounts, favored
       customers, rebates, coupons, etc. Those that don't wish
       to charge, don't have to (they'll have to deal with the
       problems).
  + Generations
    - 1st Gen--Today's Remailer:
    - 2nd Gen--Near Future (c. 1995)
    - 3rd Gen-
    - 4th Gen--
8.12.2. Remailing as a side effect of mail filtering
  - Dean Tribble has proposed...
  - "It sounds like the plan is to provide a convenient mail
     filtering tool which provides remailer capability as a SIDE
     EFFECT! What a great way to spread remailers!" [Hal Finney,
     93-01-03]
8.12.3. "Are there any remailers which provide you with an anonymous
   account to which other people may send messages, which are
   then forwarded to you in a PGP-encrypted form?" [Mikolaj
   Habryn, 94-04]
  - "Yes, but it's not running for real yet. Give me a few
     months until I get the computer + netlink for it. (It's
     running for testing though, so if you want to test it, mail
     me, but it's not running for real, so don't *use* it.)"
     [Sameer Parekh, 94-04-03]
8.12.4. "Remailer Alliances"
  + "Remailer's Guild"
    - to make there be a cost to flakiness (expulsion) and a
       benefit to robustness, quality, reliability, etc.
       (increased business)
    - pings, tests, cooperative remailing
    - spreading the traffic to reduce effectiveness of attacks
  - which execute protocols
  - e.g., to share the traffic at the last hop, to reduce
     attacks on any single remailer

8.13. Loose Ends
8.13.1. Digital espionage
  + spy networks can be run safely, untraceably, undetectably
    - anonymous contacts, pseudonyms
    - digital dead drops, all done electronically...no chance
       of being picked up, revealed as an "illegal" (a spy with
       no diplomatic cover to save him) and shot
  + so many degrees of freedom in communications that
     controlling all of them is essentially impossible
    - Teledesic/Iridium/etc. satellites will increase this
       capability further
  + unless crypto is blocked--and relatively quickly and
     ruthlessly--the situation described here is unstoppable
    - what some call "espionage" others would just call free
       communication
    - (Some important lessons for keeping corporate or business
       secrets...basically, you can't.)
8.13.2. Remailers needs some "fuzziness," probably
  + for example, if a remailer has a strict policy of
     accumulating N messages, then reordering and remailing
     them, an attacker can send N - 1 messages in and know which
     of the N messages leaving is the message they want to
     follow; some uncertainly helps here
    - the mathematics of how this small amount of uncertainty,
       or scatter, could help is something that needs a detailed
       analysis
  - it may be that leaving some uncertainty, as with the
     keylength issue, can help
8.13.3. Trying to confuse the eavesdroppers, by adding keywords they
   will probably pick up on
  + the "remailer@csua.berkeley.edu" remailer now adds actual
     paragraphs, such as this recent example:
    - "I fixed the SKS.  It came with a scope and a Russian
       night scope.  It's killer.  My friend knows about a
       really good gunsmith who has a machineshop and knows how
       to convert stuff to automatic."

  - How effective this ploy is is debatable
8.13.4. Restrictions on anonymous systems
  - Anonymous AIDS testing. Kits for self-testing have been
     under FDA review for 5 years, but counseling advocates have
     delayed release on the grounds that some people will react
     badly and perhaps kill themselves upon getting a positive
     test result...they want the existing system to prevail. (I
     mention this to show that anonymous systems are somtimes
     opposed for ideological reasons.)

9. Policy: Clipper,Key Escrow, and Digital Telephony

9.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

9.2. SUMMARY: Policy: Clipper,Key Escrow, and Digital Telephony
 9.2.1. Main Points
  - Clipper has been a main unifying force, as 80% of all
     Americans, and 95% of all computer types, are opposed.
  - "Big Brother Inside"
 9.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
  - the main connections are _legal_
  - some possible implications for limits on crypto
 9.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - There have been hundreds of articles on Clipper, in nearly
     all popular magazines. Many of these were sent to the
     Cypherpunks  list and may be available in the archives. (I
     have at least 80 MB of Cypherpunks list stuff, a lot of it
     newspaper and magazine articles on Clipper!)
  + more Clipper information can be found at:
    - "A good source is the Wired Online Clipper Archive. Send
       e-mail to info-rama@wired.com. with no subject and the
       words 'get help' and 'get clipper/index' in the body of
       the message." [students@unsw.EDU.AU, alt.privacy.clipper,
       1994-09-01]
 9.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - As with a couple of other sections, I won't try to be as
     complete as some might desire. Just too many thousands of
     pages of stuff to consider.

9.3. Introduction
 9.3.1. What is Clipper?
  - government holds the skeleton keys
  - analogies to other systems
 9.3.2. Why do most Cypherpunks oppose Clipper?
  - fear of restrictions on crypto, derailing so many wonderful
     possibilities
 9.3.3. Why does Clipper rate its own section?
  - The announcement of the "Escrowed Encryption Standard,"
     EES, on April 16, 1993, was a galvanizing event for
     Cypherpunks and for a large segment of the U. S.
     population. The EES was announced originally as "Clipper,"
     despite the use of the name Clipper by two major products
     (the Intergraph CPU and a dBase software tool), and the
     government backed off on the name. Too late, though, as the
     name "Clipper" had become indelibly linked to this whole
     proposal.
 9.3.4. "Is stopping Clipper the main goal of Cypherpunks?"
  - It certainly seems so at times, as Clipper has dominated
     the topics since the Clipper announcement in April, 1993.
  + it has become so, with monkeywrenching efforts in several
     areas
    - lobbying and education against it (though informal, such
       lobbying has been successful...look at NYT article)
    - "Big Brother Inside" and t-shirts
    - technical monkeywrenching (Matt Blaze...hesitate to claim
       any credit, but he has been on our list, attended a
       meeting, etc.)
  - Although it may seem so, Clipper is just one
     aspect...step...initiative.
  - Developing new software tools, writing code, deploying
     remailers and digital cash are long-range projects of great
     importance.
  - The Clipper key escrow proposal came along (4-93) at an
     opportune time for Cypherpunks and became a major focus.
     Emergency meetings, analyses, etc.

9.4. Crypto Policy Issues
 9.4.1. Peter Denning on crypto policy:
  + provided by Pat Farrell, 1994-08-20; Denning comments are
     1992-01-22, presented at Computers, Freedom, and Privacy 2.
     Peter D. uses the metaphor of a "clearing,"as in a forest,
     for the place where people meet to trade, interact, etc.
     What others call markets, agoras, or just "cyberspace."
    - "Information technology in producing a clearing in which
       individuals and corporations are key players besides
       government. Any attempt by government to control the flow
       of information over networks will be ignored or met with
       outright hostility.  There is no practical way that
       government can control information except information
       directly involved in the business of governing.  It
       should not try." [Peter Denning, PUBLIC POLICY FOR THE
       21ST CENTURY, DRAFT 1/22/92]
  - No word on how this view squares with his wife's control
     freak views.
 9.4.2. Will government and NSA in particular attempt to acquire some
   kind of control over crypto companies?
  + speculations, apparently unfounded, that RSA Data Security
     is influenced by NSA wishes
    - weaknesses in the DES keys picked?
  - and companies may be dramatically influenced by contracts
     (and the witholding of them)
 9.4.3. NIST and DSS
 9.4.4. Export restrictions, Munitions List, ITAR
 9.4.5. old crypto machines sold to Third World governments, cheaply
  - perhaps they think they can make some changes and outsmart
     the NSA (which probably has rigged it so any changes are
     detectable and can be factored in)
  - and just knowing the type of machine is a huge advantage
 9.4.6. 4/28/97   The first of several P-K and RSA patents expires
  + U.S. Patent Number: 4200770
    - Title: Cryptographic Apparatus and Method
    - Inventors: Hellman, Diffie, Merkle
    - Assignee: Stanford University
    - Filed: September 6, 1977
    - Granted: April 29, 1980
    - [Expires: April 28, 1997]
  + remember that any one of these several patents held by
     Public Key Partners (Stanford and M.I.T., with RSA Data
     Security the chief dispenser of licenses) can block an
     effort to bypass the others
    - though this may get fought out in court
 9.4.7. encryption will be needed inside computer systems
  - for operating system protection
  - for autonomous agents (active agents)
  - for electronic money

9.5. Motivations for Crypto Laws
 9.5.1. "What are the law enforcement and FBI worries?"
  - "FBI Director Louis Freeh is worried. The bad guys are
     beginning to see the light, and it is digital. ... Freeh
     fears some pretty nasty folks have discovered they can
     commit highway robbery and more, without even leaving home.
     Worse, to Freeh and other top cops, by using some pretty
     basic technologies, savvy criminals can do their crimes
     without worrying about doing time.

     "Some crooks, spies, drug traffickers, terrorists and
     frauds already use the tools of the information age to
     outfox law enforcement officers. Hackers use PBXs to hide
     their tracks as they rip off phone companies and poke
     around in other people's files. Reprogrammed cellular
     phones give cops fits." [LAN Magazine,"Is it 1984?," by Ted
     Bunker, August 1994]
  - Their fears have some validity...in the same way that the
     rulers in Gutenberg's time could have some concerns about
     the implications of books (breaking of guilds, spread of
     national secrets, pornography, atheism, etc.).
 9.5.2. "What motivated Clipper? What did the Feds hope to gain?"
  - ostensibly to stop terrorists (only the unsophisticated
     ones, if alternatives are allowed)
  - to force a standard on average Americans
  - possibly to limit crypto development
  + Phil Karn provides an interesting motivation for Clipper:
     "Key escrow exists only because the NSA doesn't want to
     risk blame if some terrorist or drug dealer were to use an
     unescrowed NSA-produced .....The fact that a terrorist or
     drug dealer can easily go elsewhere and obtain other strong
     or stronger algorithms without key escrow is irrelevant.
     The NSA simply doesn't care as long as *they* can't be
     blamed for whatever happens. Classic CYA, nothing
     more.....A similar analysis applies to the export control
     regulations regarding cryptography." [Phil Karn, 1994-08-
     31]
    - Bill Sommerfeld notes: "If this is indeed the case, Matt
       Blaze's results should be particularly devastating to
       them." [B.S., 1994-09-01]
 9.5.3. Steve Witham has an interesting take on why folks like
   Dorothy Denning and Donn Parker support key escrow so
   ardently:
  - "Maybe people like Dot and Don think of government as a
     systems-administration sort of job.  So here they are,
     security experts advising the sys admins on things like...

     setting permissions
     allocating quotas
     registering users and giving them passwords.....
     deciding what utilities are and aren't available
     deciding what software the users need, and installing it
              (grudgingly, based on who's yelling the loudest)
     setting up connections to other machines
     deciding who's allowed to log in from "foreign hosts"
     getting mail set up and running
     buying new hardware from vendors
     specifying the hardware to the vendors
     ...

     "These are the things computer security experts advise on.
     Maybe hammer experts see things as nails.

     "Only a country is not a host system owned and administered
     by the government, and citizens are not guests or users."
     [Steve Witham, Government by Sysadmin, 1994-03-23]

 9.5.4. Who would want to use key escrow?
 9.5.5. "Will strong crypto really thwart government plans?"
  - Yes, it will give citizens the basic capabilities that
     foreign governments have had for many years
  + Despite talk about codebreakes and the expertise of the
     NSA, the plain fact is that no major Soviet ciphers have
     been broken for many years
    + recall the comment that NSA has not really broken any
       Soviet systems in many years
      - except for the cases, a la the Walker case, where
         plaintext versions are gotten, i.e., where human
         screwups occurred
  - the image in so many novels of massive computers breaking
     codes is absurd: modern ciphers will not be broken (but the
     primitive ciphers used by so many Third World nations and
     their embassies will continue to be child's play, even for
     high school science fair projects...could be a good idea
     for a small scene, about a BCC student who has his project
     pulled)
 9.5.6. "Why does the government want short keys?"
  - Commercial products have often been broken by hackers. The
     NSA actually has a charter to help businesses protect their
     secrets; just not so strongly that the crypto is
     unbreakable by them. (This of course has been part of the
     tension between the two sides of the NSA for the past
     couple of decades.)
  + So why does the government want crippled key lengths?
    - "The question is: how do you thwart hackers while
       permitting NSA access? The obvious answer is strong
       algorithm(s) and relatively truncated keys." [Grady Ward,
       sci.crypt, 1994-08-15]

9.6. Current Crypto Laws
 9.6.1. "Has crypto been restricted in countries other than the
   U.S.?"
  - Many countries have restrictions on civilian/private use of
     crypto. Some even insist that corporations either send all
     transmissions in the clear, or that keys be provided to the
     government. The Phillipines, for example. And certainly
     regimes in the Communists Bloc, or what's left of it, will
     likely have various laws restricting crypto. Possibly
     draconian laws....in many cultures, use of crypto is
     tantamount to espionage.

9.7. Crypto Laws Outside the U.S.
 9.7.1. "International Escrow, and Other Nation's Crypto Policies?"
  - The focus throughout this document on U.S. policy should
     not lull non-Americans into complacency. Many nations
     already have more Draconian policies on the private use of
     encryption than the U.S. is even contemplating
     (publically). France outlaws private crypto, though
     enforcement is said to be problematic (but I would not want
     the DGSE to be on my tail, that's for sure). Third World
     countries often have bans on crypto, and mere possession of
     random-looking bits may mean a spying conviction and a trip
     to the gallows.
  + There are also several reports that European nations are
     preparing to fall in line behind the U.S. on key escrow
    - Norway
    - Netherlands
    - Britain
  + A conference in D.C. in 6/94, attended by Whit Diffie (and
     reported on to us at the 6/94 CP meeting) had internation
     escrow arrangements as a topic, with the crypto policy
     makers of NIST and NSA describing various options
    - bad news, because it could allow bilateral treaties to
       supercede basic rights
    - could be plan for getting key escrow made mandatory
    + there are also practical issues
      + who can decode international communications?
        - do we really want the French reading Intel's
           communications? (recall Matra-Harris)
      - satellites? (like Iridium)
      - what of multi-national messages, such as an encrypted
         message posted to a message pool on the Internet...is
         it to be escrowed with each of 100 nations?
 9.7.2. "Will foreign countries use a U.S.-based key escrow system?"
  - Lots of pressure. Lots of evidence of compliance.
 9.7.3. "Is Europe Considering Key Escrow?"
  - Yes, in spades. Lots of signs of this, with reports coming
     in from residents of Europe and elsewhere. The Europeans
     tend to be a bit more quiet in matters of public policy (at
     least in some areas).
  - "The current issue of `Communications Week International'
     informs us that the European Union's Senior Officials Group
     for Security of Information Systems has been considering
     plans for standardising key escrow in Europe.

     "Agreement had been held up by arguments over who should
     hold the keys. France and Holland wanted to follow the
     NSA's lead and have national governments assume this role;
     other players wanted user organisations to do this." [
     rja14@cl.cam.ac.uk (Ross Anderson), sci.crypt, Key Escrow
     in Europe too, 1994-06-29]
 9.7.4. "What laws do various countries have on encryption and the
   use of encryption for international traffic?"
  + "Has France really banned encryption?"
    - There are recurring reports that France does not allow
       unfettered use of encryption.
    - Hard to say. Laws on the books. But no indications that
       the many French users of PGP, say, are being prosecuted.
    - a nation whose leader, Francois Mitterand, was a Nazi
       collaborationist, working with Petain and the Vichy
       government (Klaus Barbie involved)
  + Some Specific Countries
    - (need more info here)
    + Germany
      - BND cooperates with U.S.
    - Netherlands
    - Russia
  + Information
    - "Check out the ftp site at csrc.ncsl.nist.gov for a
       document named something like "laws.wp"  (There are
       several of these, in various formats.)  This  contains a
       survey of the positions of various countries, done for
       NIST by a couple of people at Georgetown or George
       Washington or some such university." [Philip Fites,
       alt.security.pgp, 1994-07-03]
 9.7.5. France planning Big Brother smart card?
  - "PARIS, FRANCE, 1994 MAR 4 (NB) -- The French government
     has confirmed its plans to replace citizen's paper-based ID
     cards with credit card-sized "smart card" ID cards.
     .....
     "The cards contain details of recent transactions, as well
     as act  as an "electronic purse" for smaller value
     transactions using a personal identification number (PIN)
     as authorization. "Purse transactions" are usually separate
     from the card credit/debit system, and, when the purse is
     empty, it can be reloaded from the card at a suitable ATM
     or retailer terminal."  (Steve Gold/19940304)" [this was
     forwarded to me for posting]
 9.7.6. PTTs, local rules about modem use
 9.7.7. "What are the European laws on "Data Privacy" and why are
   they such a terrible idea?"
  - Various European countries have passed laws about the
     compiling of computerized records on people without their
     explicit permission. This applies to nearly all
     computerized records--mailing lists, dossiers, credit
     records, employee files, etc.--though some exceptions exist
     and, in general, companies can find ways to compile records
     and remain within the law.
  - The rules are open to debate, and the casual individual who
     cannot afford lawyers and advisors, is likely to be
     breaking the laws repeatedly. For example, storing the
     posts of people on the Cypherpunks list in any system
     retrievable by name would violate Britain's Data Privacy
     laws. That almost no such case would ever result in a
     prosecution (for practical reasons) does not mean the laws
     are acceptable.
  - To many, these laws are a "good idea." But the laws miss
     the main point, give a false sense of security (as the real
     dossier-compilers are easily able to obtain exemptions, or
     are government agencies themselves), and interfere in what
     people do with information that properly and legally comes
     there way. (Be on the alert for "civil rights" groups like
     the ACLU and EFF to push for such data privacy laws. The
     irony of Kapor's connection to Lotus and the failed
     "Marketplace" CD-ROM product cannot be ignored.)
  - Creating a law which bans the keeping of certain kinds of
     records is an invitation to having "data inspectors"
     rummaging through one's files. Or some kind of spot checks,
     or even software key escrow.
  - (Strong crypto makes these laws tough to enforce. Either
     the laws go, or the counties with such laws will then have
     to limit strong crypto....not that that will help in the
     long run.)
  - The same points apply to well-meaning proposals to make
     employer monitoring of employees illegal. It sounds like a
     privacy-enhancing idea, but it tramples upon the rights of
     the employer to ensure that work is being done, to
     basically run his business as he sees fit, etc. If I hire a
     programmer and he's using my resources, my network
     connections, to run an illegal operation, he exposes my
     company to damages, and of course he isn't doing the job I
     paid him to do. If the law forbids me to monitor this
     situation, or at least to randomly check, then he can
     exploit this law to his advantage and to my disadvantage.
     (Again, the dangers of rigid laws, nonmarket
     solutions,(lied game theory.)
 9.7.8. on the situation in Australia
  + Matthew Gream [M.Gream@uts.edu.au] informed us that the
     export situation in Oz is just as best as in the U.S. [1994-
     09-06] (as if we didn't know...much as we all like to dump
     on Amerika for its fascist laws, it's clear that nearly all
     countries are taking their New World Order Marching Orders
     from the U.S., and that many of them have even more
     repressive crypto laws alredy in place...they just don't
     get the discussion the U.S. gets, for apparent reasons)
    - "Well, fuck that for thinking I was living under a less
       restrictive regime -- and I can say goodbye to an
       international market for my software.]
    - (I left his blunt language as is, for impact.)
 9.7.9. "For those interested, NIST have a short document for FTP,
   'Identification & Analysis of Foreign Laws & Regulations
   Pertaining to the Use of Commercial Encryption Products for
   Voice & Data Communications'. Dated Jan 1994." [Owen Lewis,
   Re: France Bans Encryption, alt.security.pgp, 1994-07-07]

9.8. Digital Telephony
 9.8.1. "What is Digital Telephony?"
  - The Digital Telephony Bill, first proposed under Bush and
     again by Clinton, is in many ways much worse than Clipper.
     It has gotten less attention, for various reasons.
  - For one thing,  it is seen as an extension by some of
     existing wiretap capabilities. And, it is fairly abstract,
     happening behind the doors of telephone company switches.
  - The implications are severe: mandatory wiretap and pen
     register (who is calling whom) capaibilities, civil
     penalties of up to $10,000 a day for insufficient
     compliance, mandatory assistance must be provided, etc.
  - If it is passed, it could dictate future technology. Telcos
     who install it will make sure that upstart technologies
     (e.g., Cypherpunks who find ways to ship voice over
     computer lines) are also forced to "play by the same
     rules." Being required to install government-accessible tap
     points even in small systems would of course effectively
     destroy them.
  - On the other hand, it is getting harder and harder to make
     Digital Telephony workable, even by mandate. As Jim
     Kallstrom of the FBI puts it:  ""Today will be the cheapest
     day on which Congress could fix this thing," Kallstrom
     said. "Two years from now, it will be geometrically more
     expensive.""  [LAN Magazine,"Is it 1984?," by Ted Bunker,
     August 1994]
  - This gives us a goal to shoot for: sabotage the latest
     attempt to get Digital Telephony passed into law and it may
     make it too intractable to *ever* be passed.
  + "Today will be the cheapest day on which
    - Congress could fix this thing," Kallstrom said. "Two
       years from now,
    - it will be geometrically more expensive."
  - The message is clear: delay Digital Telephony. Sabotage it
     in the court of public opinion, spread the word, make it
     flop. (Reread your "Art of War" for Sun Tsu's tips on
     fighting your enemy.)
  -
 9.8.2. "What are the dangers of the Digital Telephony Bill?"
  - It makes wiretapping invisible to the tappee.
  + If passed into law, it makes central office wiretapping
     trivial, automatic.
    - "What should worry people is what isn't in the news (and
       probably never will until it's already embedded in comm
       systems). A true 'Clipper' will allow remote tapping on
       demand. This is very easily done to all-digital
       communications systems. If you understand network routers
       and protocol it's easy to envision how simple it would be
       to 're-route' a copy of a target comm to where ever you
       want it to go..."  [domonkos@access.digex.net (andy
       domonkos), comp.org.eff.talk, 1994-06-29]
 9.8.3. "What is the Digital Telephony proposal/bill?
  - proposed a few years ago...said to be inspiration for PGP
  - reintroduced Feb 4, 1994
  - earlier versrion:
  + "1)  DIGITAL TELEPHONY PROPOSAL
    - "To ensure law enforcement's continued ability to conduct
       court-
    - authorized taps, the administration, at the request of
       the
    - Dept. of Justice and the FBI, proposed ditigal telephony
    - legislation.  The version submitted to Congress in Sept.
       1992
    - would require providers of electronic communication
       services
    - and private branch exchange (PBX) operators to ensure
       that the
    - government's ability to lawfully intercept communications
       is not
    - curtailed or prevented entirely by the introduction of
       advanced
    - technology."

9.9. Clipper, Escrowed Encyption Standard
 9.9.1. The Clipper Proposal
  - A bombshell was dropped on April 16, 1993. A few of us saw
     it coming, as we'd been debating...
 9.9.2. "How long has the government been planning key escrow?"
  - since about 1989
  - ironically, we got about six months advance warning
  - my own "A Trial Balloon to Ban Encryption" alerted the
     world to the thinking of D. Denning....she denies having
     known about key escorw until the day before it was
     announced, which I find implausible (not calling her a
     liar, but...)
  + Phil Karn had this to say to Professor Dorothy Denning,
     several weeks prior to the Clipper announcement:
    - "The private use of strong cryptography provides, for the
       very first time, a truly effective safeguard against this
       sort of government abuse. And that's why it must continue
       to be free and unregulated.
    - "I should credit you for doing us all a very important
       service by raising this issue. Nothing could have lit a
       bigger fire under those of us who strongly believe in a
       citizens' right to use cryptography than your proposals
       to ban or regulate it.  There are many of us out here who
       share this belief *and* have the technical skills to turn
       it into practice. And I promise you that we will fight
       for this belief to the bitter end, if necessary." [Phil
       Karn, 1993-03-23]
    -
    -
 9.9.3. Technically, the "Escrowed Encryption Standard," or EES. But
   early everyone still calls it "Clipper, " even if NSA
   belatedly realized Intergraph's won product has been called
   this for many years, a la the Fairchild processor chip of the
   same name. And the database product of the same name. I
   pointed this out within minutes of hearing about this on
   April 16th, 1993, and posted a comment to this effect on
   sci.crypt. How clueless can they be to not have seen in many
   months of work what many of us saw within seconds?
 9.9.4. Need for Clipper
 9.9.5. Further "justifications" for key escrow
  + anonymous consultations that require revealing of
     identities
    - suicide crisis intervention
    - confessions of abuse, crimes, etc. (Tarasoff law)
  - corporate records that Feds want to look at
  + Some legitimate needs for escrowed crypto
    - for corporations, to bypass the passwords of departed,
       fired, deceased employees,
 9.9.6. Why did the government develop Clipper?
 9.9.7. "Who are the designated escrow agents?"
  - Commerce (NIST) and Treasury (Secret Service).
 9.9.8. Whit Diffie
  - Miles Schmid was architect
  + international key escrow
    - Denning tried to defend it....
 9.9.9. What are related programs?
9.9.10. "Where do the names "Clipper" and "Skipjack" come from?
  - First, the NSA and NIST screwed up big time by choosing the
     name "Clipper," which has long been the name of the 32-bit
     RISC processor (one of the first) from Fairchild, later
     sold to Intergraph. It is also the name of a database
     compiler. Most of us saw this immediately.
  -
  + Clippers are boats, so are skipjacks ("A small sailboat
     having a
    - bottom shaped like a flat V and vertical sides" Am
       Heritage. 3rd).
    - Suggests a nautical theme, which fits with the
       Cheseapeake environs of
    - the Agency (and small boats have traditionally been a way
       for the
    + Agencies to dispose of suspected traitors and spies).
      -
    - However, Capstone is not a boat, nor is Tessera, so the
       trend fails.

9.10. Technical Details of Clipper, Skipjack, Tessera, and EES
9.10.1. Clipper chip fabrication details
  + ARM6 core being used
    - but also rumors of MIPS core in Tessera
  - MIPS core reportedly being designed into future versions
  - National also built (and may operate) a secure wafer fab
     line for NSA, reportedly located on the grounds of Ft.
     Meade--though I can't confirm the location or just what
     National's current involvement still is. May only be for
     medium-density chips, such as key material (built under
     secure conditions).
9.10.2. "Why is the Clipper algorithm classified?"
  - to prevent non-escrow versions, which could still use the
     (presumably strong) algorithm and hardware but not be
     escrowed
  - cryptanalysis is always easier if the algorithms are known
     :-}
  - general government secrecy
  - backdoors?
9.10.3. If Clipper is flawed (the Blaze LEAF Blower), how can it
   still be useful to the NSA?
  - by undermining commercial alternatives through subsidized
     costs (which I don't think will happen, given the terrible
     PR Clipper has gotten)
  - mandated by law or export rules
  - and the Blaze attack is--at present--not easy to use (and
     anyone able to use it is likely to be sophisticated enough
     to use preencryption anyway)
9.10.4. What about weaknesses of Clipper?
  - In the views of many, a flawed approach. That is, arguing
     about wrinkles plays into the hands of the Feds.
9.10.5. "What are some of the weaknesses in Clipper?"
  - the basic idea of key escrow is an infringement on liberty
  + access to the keys
    - "
    + "There's a big door in the side with a
      - big neon sign saying "Cops and other Authorized People
         Only";
      - the trapdoor is the fact that anybody with a fax
         machine can make
      - themselves and "Authorized Person" badge and walk in.
         <Bill Stewart, bill.stewart@pleasantonca.ncr.com, 4-15-
         94, sci.crypt>
  - possible back doors in the Skipjace algorithm
  + generation of the escrow keys
    -
    + "There's another trapdoor, which is that if you can
       predict the escrow
      - keys by stealing the parameters used by the Key
         Generation Bureau to
      - set them, you don't need to get the escrow keys from
         the keymasters,
      - you can gen them yourselves. " <Bill Stewart,
         bill.stewart@pleasantonca.ncr.com, 4-15-94, sci.crypt>
9.10.6. Mykotronx
  - MYK-78e chip, delays, VTI, fuses
  - National Semiconductor is working with Mykotronx on a
     faster implementation of the
     Clipper/Capstone/Skipjack/whatever system. (May or may not
     be connected directly with the iPower product line.  Also,
     the MIPS processor core may be used, instead of the ARM
     core, which is said to be too slow.)
9.10.7. Attacks on EES
  - sabotaging the escrow data base
  + stealing it, thus causing a collapse in confidence
    - Perry Metzger's proposal
  - FUD
9.10.8. Why is the algorithm secret?
9.10.9. Skipjack is 80 bits, which is 24 bits longer than the 56 bits
   of DES. so
9.10.10. "What are the implications of the bug in Tessera found by
   Matt Blaze?"
  - Technically, Blaze's work was done on a Tessera card, which
     implements the Skipjace algorithm. The Clipper phone system
     may be slightly different and details may vary; the Blaze
     attack may not even work, at least not practically.
  - " The announcement last month was about a discovery that,
     with a half-hour or so of time on an average PC, a user
     could forge a bogus LEAF (the data used by the government
     to access the back door into Clipper encryption). With such
     a bogus LEAF, the Clipper chip on the other end would
     accept and decrypt the communication, but the back door
     would not work for the government." [ Steve Brinich,
     alt.privacy.clipper, 1994-07-04]
  - "The "final" pre-print version (dated August 20, 1994) of
     my paper, "Protocol Failure in the Escrowed Encryption
     Standard" is now available.  You can get it in PostScript
     form via anonymous ftp from research.att.com in the file
     /dist/mab/eesproto.ps .  This version replaces the
     preliminary draft (June 3) version that previously occupied
     the same file.  Most of the substance is identical,
     although few sections are expanded and a few minor errors
     are now corrected." [Matt Blaze, 1994-09-04]

9.11. Products, Versions -- Tessera, Skipjack, etc.
9.11.1. "What are the various versions and products associated with
   EES?"
  - Clipper, the MYK-78 chip.
  - Skipjack.
  + Tessera. The PCMCIA card version of the Escrowed Encryption
     Standard.
    - the version Matt Blaze found a way to blow the LEAF
    - National Semiconductor "iPower" card may or may not
       support Tessera (conflicting reports).
9.11.2. AT&T Surety Communications
  - NSA may have pressured them not to release DES-based
     products
9.11.3. Tessera cards
  - iPower
  - Specifications for the Tessera card interface can be found
     in several places, including " csrc.ncsl.nist.gov"--see the
     file  cryptcal.txt [David Koontz, 1994-08-08].

9.12. Current Status of EES, Clipper, etc.
9.12.1. "Did the Administration really back off on Clipper? I heard
   that Al Gore wrote a letter to Rep. Cantwell, backing off."
  - No, though Clipper has lost steam (corporations weren't
     interested in buying Clipper phones, and AT&T was very late
     in getting "Surety" phones out).
  - The Gore announcement may actually indicate a shift in
     emphasis to "software key escrow" (my best guess).
  - Our own Michael Froomkin, a lawyer, writes:  "The letter is
     a nullity.  It almost quotes from testimony given a year
     earlier by NIST to Congress.  Get a copy of Senator Leahy's
     reaction off the eff www  server.  He saw it for the empty
     thing it is....Nothing has changed except Cantwell dropped
     her bill for nothing." [A.Michael Froomkin,
     alt.privacy.clipper, 1994-09-05]

9.13. National Information Infrastructure, Digital Superhighway
9.13.1. Hype on the Information Superhighway
  - It's against the law to talk abou the Information
     Superhighway without using at least one of the overworked
     metaphors: road kill, toll boths, passing lanes, shoulders,
     on-ramps, off-ramps, speeding, I-way, Infobahn, etc.
  - Most of what is now floating around the suddenly-trendy
     idea of the Digital Superduperway is little more than hype.
     And mad metaphors. Misplaced zeal, confusing tangential
     developments with real progress. Much like libertarians
     assuming the space program is something they should somehow
     be working on.
  - For example, the much-hyped "Pizza Hut" on the Net (home
     pizza pages, I guess). It is already being dubbed "the
     first case of true Internet commerce." Yeah, like the Coke
     machines on the Net so many years ago were examples of
     Internet commerce. Pure hype. Madison Avenue nonsense. Good
     for our tabloid generation.
9.13.2. "Why is the National Information Infrastructure a bad idea?"
  - NII = Information Superhighway = Infobahn = Iway = a dozen
     other supposedly clever and punning names
  + Al Gore's proposal:
    - links hospitals, schools, government
    + hard to imagine that the free-wheeling anarchy of the
       Internet would persist..more likely implications:
      - "is-a-person" credentials, that is, proof of identity,
         and hence tracking, of all interactions
      - the medical and psychiatric records would be part of
         this (psychiatrists are leery of this, but they may
         have no choice but to comply under the National Health
         Care plans being debated)
  + There are other bad aspects:
    - government control, government inefficiency, government
       snooping
    - distortion of markets ("universal access')
    - restriction of innovation
    - is not needed...other networks are doing perfectly well,
       and will be placed where they are needed and will be
       locally paid for
9.13.3. NII, Video Dialtone
  + "Dialtone"
    - phone companies offer an in-out connection, and charge
       for the connection, making no rulings on content (related
       to the "Common Carrier" status)
    + for video-cable, I don't believe there is an analogous
       set-up being looked at
      + cable t.v.
        - Carl Kadie's comments to Sternlight
9.13.4. The prospects and dangers of Net subsidies
  - "universal access," esp. if same happens in health care
  - those that pay make the rules
  + but such access will have strings attached
    - limits on crypto
    -
  - universal access also invites more spamming, a la the
     "Freenet" spams, in which folks keep getting validated as
     new users: any universal access system that is not pay-as-
     you-go will be sensitive to this *or* will result in calls
     for universal ID system (is-a-person credentialling)
9.13.5. NII, Superhighway, I-way
  - crypto policy
  - regulation, licensing

9.14. Government Interest in Gaining Control of Cyberspace
9.14.1. Besides Clipper, Digital Telephony, and the National
   Information Infrastructure, the government is interested in
   other areas, such as e-mail delivery (US Postal Service
   proposal) and maintenance of network systems in general.
9.14.2. Digital Telephony, ATM networks, and deals being cut
  - Rumblings of deals being cut
  -  a new draft is out [John Gilmore, 1994-08-03]
  - Encryption with hardware at full ATM speeds
  - and SONET networks (experimental, Bay Area?)
9.14.3. The USPS plans for mail, authentication, effects on
   competition, etc.
  + This could have a devastating effect on e-mail and on
     cyberspace in general, especially if it is tied in to other
     government proposals in an attempt to gain control of
     cyberspace.
    - Digital Telelphony, Clipper, pornography laws and age
       enforcement (the Amateur Action case), etc.
  + "Does the USPS really have a monopoly on first class mail?"
    - and on "routes"?
    - "The friendly PO has recently been visiting the mail
       rooms of 2) The friendly PO has recently been visiting
       the mail rooms of corporations in the Bay Area, opening
       FedX, etc. packages (not protected by the privacy laws of
       the PO's first class mail), and fining companies ($10,000
       per violation, as I recall), for sending non-time-
       sensitive documents via FedX when they could have been
       sent via first-class mail." [Lew Glendenning, USPS
       digital signature annoucement, sci.crypt, 1994-08-23] (A
       citation or a news story would make this more credible,
       but I've heard of similar spot checks.)
  - The problems with government agencies competing are well-
     known. First, they often have shoddy service..civil service
     jobs, unfireable workers, etc. Second, they often cannot be
     sued for nonperformance. Third, they often have government-
     granted monopolies.
  + The USPS proposal may be an opening shot in an attempt to
     gain control of electronic mail...it never had control of e-
     mail, but its monopoly on first-class mail may be argued by
     them to extend to cyberspace.
    - Note: FedEx and the other package and overnight letter
       carriers face various restrictions on their service; for
       example, they cannot offer "routes" and the economies
       that would result in.
    - A USPS takeover of the e-mail business would mean an end
       to many Cypherpunks objectives, including remailers,
       digital postage, etc.
    - The challenge will be to get these systems deployed as
       quickly as possible, to make any takeover by the USPS all
       the more difficult.

9.15. Software Key Escrow
9.15.1. (This section needs a lot more)
9.15.2. things are happening fast....
9.15.3. TIS, Carl Ellison, Karlsruhe
9.15.4. objections to key escrow
  - "Holding deposits in real estate transactions is a classic
     example. Built-in wiretaps are *not* escrow, unless the
     government is a party to your contract.  As somebody on the
     list once said, just because the Mafia call themselves
     "businessmen" doesn't make them legitimate; calling
     extorted wiretaps "escrow" doesn't make them a service.

     "The government has no business making me get their
     permission to talk to anybody about anything in any
     language I choose, and they have no business insisting I
     buy "communication protection service" from some of their
     friends to do it, any more than the aforenamed
     "businessmen" have any business insisting I buy "fire
     insurance" from *them*." [Bill Stewart, 1994-07-24]
9.15.5. Micali's "Fair Escrow"
  - various efforts underway
  - need section here
  - Note: participants at Karlsruhe Conference report that a
     German group may have published on software key escrow
     years before Micali filed his patent (reports that NSA
     officials were "happy")

9.16. Politics, Opposition
9.16.1. "What should Cypherpunks say about Clipper?"
  - A vast amount has been written, on this list and in dozens
     of other forums.
  - Eric Hughes put it nicely a while back:
  - "The hypothetical backdoor in clipper is a charlatan's
     issue by comparison, as is discussion of how to make a key
     escrow system
     'work.'  Do not be suckered into talking about an issue
     that is not
     important.  If someone want to talk about potential back
     doors, refuse to speculate.  The existence of a front door
     (key escrow) make back door issues pale in comparison.

     "If someone wants to talk about how key escrow works,
     refuse to
     elaborate.  Saying that this particular key escrow system
     is bad has a large measure of complicity in saying that
     escrow systems in general are OK.  Always argue that this
     particular key escrow system is bad because it is a key
     escrow system, not because it has procedural flaws.

     "This right issue is that the government has no right to my
     private communications.  Every other issue is the wrong
     issue and detracts from this central one.  If we defeat one
     particular system without defeating all other possible such
     systems at the same time, we have not won at all; we have
     delayed the time of reckoning." [ Eric Hughes, Work the
     work!, 1993-06-01]
9.16.2. What do most Americans think about Clipper and privacy?"
  - insights into what we face
  + "In a Time/CNN poll of 1,000 Americans conducted last week
     by Yankelovich
    - Partners, two-thirds said it was more important to
       protect the privacy of phone
    - calls than to preserve the ability of police to conduct
       wiretaps.
    - When informed about the Clipper Chip, 80% said they
       opposed it."
    - Philip Elmer-Dewitt, "Who Should Keep the Keys", Time,
       Mar. 4, 1994
9.16.3. Does anyone actually support Clipper?
  + There are actually legitimate uses for forms of escrow:
    - corporations
    - other partnerships
9.16.4. "Who is opposed to Clipper?"
  - Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). "The USACM urges
     the Administration at this point to withdraw the Clipper
     Chip proposal and to begin an open and public review of
     encryption policy.  The escrowed encryption initiative
     raises vital issues of privacy, law enforcement,
     competitiveness and scientific innovation that must be
     openly discussed." [US ACM, DC Office" <usacm_dc@acm.org>,
     USACM Calls for Clipper Withdrawal, press release, 1994-06-
     30]
9.16.5. "What's so bad about key escrow?"
  + If it's truly voluntary, there can be a valid use for this.
    + Are trapdoors justified in some cases?
      + Corporations that wish to recover encrypted data
        + several scenarios
          - employee encrypts important files, then dies or is
             otherwise unavailable
          + employee leaves company before decrypting all files
            - some may be archived and not needed to be opened
               for many years
          - employee may demand "ransom" (closely related to
             virus extortion cases)
          - files are found but the original encryptor is
             unknown
      + Likely situation is that encryption algorithms will be
         mandated by corporation, with a "master key" kept
         available
        - like a trapdoor
        - the existence of the master key may not even be
           publicized within the company (to head off concerns
           about security, abuses, etc.)
      + Government is trying to get trapdoors put in
        - S.266, which failed ultimately (but not before
           creating a ruckus)
  + If the government requires it...
    - Key escrow means the government can be inside your home
       without you even knowing it
  - and key escrow is not really escrow...what does one get
     back from the "escrow" service?
9.16.6. Why governments should not have keys
  - can then set people up by faking messages, by planting
     evidence
  - can spy on targets for their own purposes (which history
     tells us can include bribery, corporate espionage, drug-
     running, assassinations, and all manner of illegal and
     sleazy activities)
  - can sabotage contracts, deals, etc.
  - would give them access to internal corporate communications
  - undermines the whole validity of such contracts, and of
     cryptographic standards of identity (shakes confidence)
  - giving the King or the State the power to impersonate
     another is a gross injustice
  - imagine the government of Iran having a backdoor to read
     the secret journals of its subjects!
  - 4th Amendment
  - attorney-client privilege (with trapdoors, no way to know
     that government has not breached confidentiality)
9.16.7. "How might the Clipper chip be foiled or defeated?"
  - Politically, market-wise, and technical
  - If deployed, that is
  + Ways to Defeat Clipper
    - preencryption or superencryption
    - LEAF blower
    - plug-compatible, reverse-engineered chip
    - sabotage
    - undermining confidence
    - Sun Tzu
9.16.8. How can Clipper be defeated, politically?
9.16.9. How can Clipper be defeated, in the market?
9.16.10. How can Clipper be defeated, technologically?
9.16.11. Questions
  + Clipper issues and questions
    - a vast number of questions, comments, challenges,
       tidbits, details, issues
    - entire newsgroups devoted to this
  + "What criminal or terrrorist will be smart enough to use
     encryption but dumb enough to use Clipper?"
    - This is one of the Great Unanswered Questions. Clipper's
       supporter's are mum on this one. Suggesting....
  + "Why not encrypt data before using the Clipper/EES?"
    - "Why can't you just encrypt data before the clipper chip?

       Two answers:

       1) the people you want to communicate with won't have
       hardware to
          decrypt your data, statistically speaking.  The beauty
       of clipper
          from the NSA point of view is that they are leveraging
       the
          installed base (they hope) of telephones and making it
       impossible
          (again, statistically) for a large fraction of the
       traffic to be
          untappable.

       2) They won't license bad people like you to make
       equipment like the
          system you describe.  I'll wager that the chip
       distribution will be
          done in a way to prevent significant numbers of such
       systems from
          being built, assuring that (1) remains true." [Tom
       Knight, sci.crypt, 6-5-93]

    -
  + What are the implications of mandatory key escrow?
    + "escrow" is misleading...
      - wrong use of the term
      - implies a voluntary, and returnable, situation
  + "If key escrow is "voluntary," what's the big deal?"
    - Taxes are supposedly "voluntary," too.
    - A wise man prepares for what is _possible_ and even
       _likely_, not just what is announced as part of public
       policy; policies can and do change. There is plenty of
       precedent for a "voluntary" system being made mandatory.
    - The form of the Clipper/EES system suggests eventual
       mandatory status; the form of such a ban is debatable.
  + "What is 'superencipherment,' and can it be used to defeat
     Clipper?"
    - preencrypting
    - could be viewed as a non-English language
    + how could Clipper chip know about it (entropy measures?)
      - far-fetched
    - wouldn't solve traffic anal. problem
  - What's the connection between Clipper and export laws?
  + "Doesn't this make the Clipper database a ripe target?"
    - for subversion, sabotage, espionage, theft
    - presumably backups will be kept, and _these_ will also be
       targets
  + "Is Clipper just for voice encryption?"
    - Clipper is a data encryption chip, with the digital data
       supplied by an ADC located outside the chip. In
       principle, it could thus be used for data encryption in
       general.
    - In practice, the name Clipper is generally associated
       with telephone use, while "Capstone" is the data standard
       (some differences, too). The "Skipjack" algorithm is used
       in several of these proposed systems (Tessera, also).
9.16.12. "Why is Clipper worse than what we have now?"
  + John Gilmore answered this question in a nice essay. I'm
     including the whole thing, including a digression into
     cellular telephones, because it gives some insight--and
     names some names of NSA liars--into how NSA and NIST have
     used their powers to thwart true security.
    - "It's worse because the market keeps moving toward
       providing real encryption.

       "If Clipper succeeds, it will be by displacing real
       secure encryption. If real secure encryption makes it
       into mass market communications products, Clipper will
       have failed.  The whole point is not to get a few
       Clippers used by cops; the point is to make it a
       worldwide standard, rather than having 3-key triple-DES
       with RSA and Diffie-Hellman become the worldwide
       standard.

       "We'd have decent encryption in digital cellular phones
       *now*, except for the active intervention of Jerry
       Rainville of NSA, who `hosted' a meeting of the standards
       committee inside Ft. Meade, lied to them about export
       control to keep committee documents limited to a small
       group, and got a willing dupe from Motorola, Louis
       Finkelstein, to propose an encryption scheme a child
       could break.  The IS-54 standard for digital cellular
       doesn't describe the encryption scheme -- it's described
       in a separate document, which ordinary people can't get,
       even though it's part of the official accredited
       standard.  (Guess who accredits standards bodies though -
       - that's right, the once pure NIST.)

       "The reason it's secret is because it's so obviously
       weak.  The system generates a 160-bit "key" and then
       simply XORs it against each block of the compressed
       speech.  Take any ten or twenty blocks and recover the
       key by XORing frequent speech patterns (like silence, or
       the letter "A") against pieces of the blocks to produce
       guesses at the key.  You try each guess on a few blocks,
       and the likelihood of producing something that decodes
       like speech in all the blocks is small enough that you'll
       know when your guess is the real key.

       "NSA is continuing to muck around in the Digital Cellular
       standards committee (TR 45.3) this year too.  I encourage
       anyone who's interested to join the committee, perhaps as
       an observer.  Contact the Telecommunications Industry
       Association in DC and sign up.  Like any standards
       committee, it's open to the public and meets in various
       places around the country.  I'll lend you a lawyer if
       you're a foreign national, since the committee may still
       believe that they must exclude foreign nationals from
       public discussions of cryptography.  Somehow the crypto
       conferences have no trouble with this; I think it's
       called the First Amendment.  NSA knows the law here --
       indeed it enforces it via the State Dept -- but lied to
       the committee." [John Gilmore, "Why is clipper worse than
       "no encryption like we have," comp.org.eff.talk, 1994-04-
       27]
9.16.13. on trusting the government
  - "WHAT AM THE MORAL OF THE STORY, UNCLE REMUS?....When the
     government makes any announcement (ESPECIALLY a denial),
     you should figure out what the government is trying to get
     you to do--and do the opposite.  Contrarianism with a
     vengance.  Of all the advice I've  offered on the
     Cypherpunks Channel, this is absolutely the most certain."
     [Sandy Sandfort, 1994-07-17]
  - if the Founders of the U.S. could see the corrupt,
     socialist state this nation has degenerated to, they'd be
     breaking into missile silos and stealing nukes to use
     against the central power base.
  + can the government be trusted to run the key escrow system?
    - "I just heard on the news that 1300 IRS employees have
       been disciplined for unauthorized accesses to
       electronically filed income tax returns.  ..I'm sure they
       will do much better, though, when the FBI runs the phone
       system, the Post Office controls digital identity and
       Hillary takes care of our health." [Sandy Sandfort, 1994-
       07-19]
    - This is just one of many such examples: Watergate ("I am
       not a crook!"), Iran-Contra, arms deals, cocaine
       shipments by the CIA, Teapot Dome, graft, payoffs,
       bribes, assassinations, Yankee-Cowboy War, Bohemian
       Grove, Casolaro, more killings, invasions, wars. The
       government that is too chicken to ever admit it lost a
       war, and conspicuously avoids diplomatic contact with
       enemies it failed to vanquish (Vietnam, North Korea,
       Cuba, etc.), while quickly becoming sugar daddy to the
       countries it did vanquish...the U.S. appears to be
       lacking in practicality. (Me, I consider it wrong for
       anyone to tell me I can't trade with folks in another
       country, whether it's Haiti, South Africa, Cuba, Korea,
       whatever. Crypto anarchy means we'll have _some_ of the
       ways of bypassing these laws, of making our own moral
       decisions without regard to the prevailing popular
       sentiment of the countries in which we live at the
       moment.)

9.17. Legal Issues with Escrowed Encryption and Clipper
9.17.1. As John Gilmore put it in a guest editorial in the "San
   Francisco Examiner," "...we want the public to see a serious
   debate about why the Constitution should be burned in order
   to save the country." [J.G., 1994-06-26, quoted by S.
   Sandfort]
9.17.2. "I don't see how Clipper gives the government any powers or
   capabilities it doesn't already have.  Comments?"
9.17.3. Is Clipper really voluntary?
9.17.4. If Clipper is voluntary, who will use it?
9.17.5. Restrictions on Civilian Use of Crypto
9.17.6. "Has crypto been restricted in the U.S.?"
9.17.7. "What legal steps are being taken?"
  - Zimmermann
  - ITAR
9.17.8. reports that Department of Justice has a compliance
   enforcement role in the EES [heard by someone from Dorothy
   Denning, 1994-07], probably involving checking the law
   enforcement agencies...
9.17.9. Status
  +  "Will government agencies use Clipper?"
    - Ah, the embarrassing question. They claim they will, but
       there are also reports that sensitive agencies will not
       use it, that Clipper is too insecure for them (key
       lenght, compromise of escrow data, etc.). There may also
       be different procedures (all agencies are equal, but some
       are more equal than others).
    - Clipper is rated for unclassified use, so this rules out
       many agencies and many uses. An interesting double
       standard.
  + "Is the Administration backing away from Clipper?"
    + industry opposition surprised them
      - groups last summer, Citicorp, etc.
    - public opinion
    - editorial remarks
    - so they may be preparing alternative
    - and Gilmore's FOIA, Blaze's attack, the Denning
       nonreview, the secrecy of the algortithm
  + will not work
    - spies won't use it, child pornographers probably won't
       use it (if alternatives exist, which may be the whole
       point)
    - terrorists won't use it
  - Is Clipper in trouble?
9.17.10. "Will Clipper be voluntary?"
  - Many supporters of Clipper have cited the voluntary nature
     of Clipper--as expressed in some policy statements--and
     have used this to counter criticism.
  + However, even if truly voluntary, some issues
    + improper role for government to try to create a
       commercial standard
      - though the NIST role can be used to counter this point,
         partly
    - government can and does make it tough for competitors
    - export controls (statements by officials on this exist)
  + Cites for voluntary status:
    - original statement says it will be voluntary
    - (need to get some statements here)
  + Cites for eventual mandatory status:
    - "Without this initiative, the government will eventually
       become helpless to defend the nation." [Louis Freeh,
       director of the FBI, various sources]
    - Steven Walker of Trusted Information Systems is one of
       many who think so: "Based on his analysis, Walker added,
       "I'm convinced that five years from now they'll say 'This
       isn't working,' so we'll have to change the rules." Then,
       he predicted, Clipper will be made mandatory for all
       encoded communications." [
  + Parallels to other voluntary programs
    - taxes

9.18. Concerns
9.18.1. Constitutional Issues
  - 4th Amend
  - privacy of attorney-client, etc.
  + Feds can get access without public hearings, records
    - secret intelligence courts
    -
    + "It is uncontested (so far as I have read) that under
       certain circum-
      - stances, the Federal intelligence community wil be
         permitted to
      - obtain Clipper keys without any court order on public
         record.  Only
      - internal, classified proceedings will protect our
         privacy." <Steve Waldman, steve@vesheu.sar.usf.edu,
         sci.crypt, 4-13-94>
9.18.2. "What are some dangers of Clipper, if it is widely adopted?"
  + sender/receiver ID are accessible without going to the key
     escrow
    - this makes traffic analysis, contact lists, easy to
       generate
  + distortions of markets ("chilling effects") as a plan by
     government
    - make alternatives expensive, hard to export, grounds for
       suspicion
    - use of ITAR to thwart alternatives (would be helped if
       Cantwell bill to liberalize export controls on
       cryptography  (HR 3627) passes)
    + VHDL implementations possible
      - speculates Lew Glendenning, sci.crypt, 4-13-94
      - and recall MIPS connection (be careful here)
9.18.3. Market Isssues
9.18.4. "What are the weaknesses in Clipper?"
  + Carl Ellison analyzed it this way:
    - "It amuses the gallows-humor bone in me to see people
       busily debating the quality of Skipjack as an algorithm
       and the quality of the review of its strength.

       Someone proposes to dangle you over the Grand Canyon
       using

               sewing thread
       tied to
               steel chain
       tied to
               knitting yarn

       and you're debating whether the steel chain has been X-
       rayed properly to see if there are flaws in the metal.

       "Key generation, chip fabrication, court orders,
       distribution of keys once acquired from escrow agencies
       and safety of keys within escrow agencies are some of the
       real weaknesses.  Once those are as strong as my use of
       1024-bit RSA and truly random session keys in keeping
       keys on the two sides of a conversation with no one in
       the middle able to get the key, then we need to look at
       the steel chain in the middle: Skipjack itself."  [Carl
       Ellison, 1993-08-02]
    + Date: Mon, 2 Aug 93 17:29:54 EDT
       From: cme@ellisun.sw.stratus.com (Carl Ellison)
       To: cypherpunks@toad.com
       Subject: cross-post
       Status: OR

       Path: transfer.stratus.com!ellisun.sw.stratus.com!cme
       From: cme@ellisun.sw.stratus.com (Carl Ellison)
       Newsgroups: sci.crypt
       Subject: Skipjack review as a side-track
       Date: 2 Aug 1993 21:25:11 GMT
       Organization: Stratus Computer, Marlboro MA
       Lines: 28
       Message-ID: <23k0nn$8gk@transfer.stratus.com>
       NNTP-Posting-Host: ellisun.sw.stratus.com

       It amuses the gallows-humor bone in me to see people
       busily debating the
       quality of Skipjack as an algorithm and the quality of
       the review of its
       strength.

       Someone proposes to dangle you over the Grand Canyon
       using

               sewing thread
       tied to
               steel chain
       tied to
               knitting yarn

       and you're debating whether the steel chain has been X-
       rayed properly
       to see if there are flaws in the metal.

       Key generation, chip fabrication, court orders,
       distribution of keys once
       acquired from escrow agencies and safety of keys within
       escrow agencies are
       some of the real weaknesses.  Once those are as strong as
       my use of
       1024-bit RSA and truly random session keys in keeping
       keys on the two sides
       of a conversation with no one in the middle able to get
       the key, then we
       need to look at the steel chain in the middle: Skipjack
       itself.

      - "Key generation, chip fabrication, court orders,
         distribution of keys once acquired from escrow agencies
         and safety of keys within escrow agencies are some of
         the real weaknesses.  Once those are as strong as my
         use of 1024-bit RSA and truly random session keys in
         keeping keys on the two sides of a conversation with no
         one in the middle able to get the key, then we need to
         look at the steel chain in the middle: Skipjack
         itself."
9.18.5. What it Means for the Future
9.18.6. Skipjack
9.18.7. National security exceptions
  - grep Gilmore's FOIA for mention that national security
     people will have direct access and that this will not be
     mentioned to the public
  + "The "National Security" exception built into the Clipper
     proposal
    - leaves an extraordinarily weak link in the chain of
       procedures designed
    - to protect user privacy.  To place awesome powers of
       surveillance
    - technologically within the reach of a few, hoping that so
       weak a chain
    - will bind them, would amount to dangerous folly.  It
       flies in the face
    - of history. <Steve Waldman, steve@vesheu.sar.usf.edu, 4-
       14-94, talk.politics.crypto>
9.18.8. In my view, any focus on the details of Clipper instead of
   the overall concept of key escrow plays into their hands.
   This is not to say that the work of Blaze and others is
   misguided....in fact, it's very fine work. But a general
   focus on the _details_ of Skipjack does nothing to allay my
   concerns about the _principle_ of government-mandated crypto.

   If it were "house key escrow" and there were missing details
   about the number of teeth allowed on the keys, would be then
   all breathe a sigh of relief if the details of the teeth were
   clarified? Of course not. Me, I will never use a key escrow
   system, even if a blue ribbon panel of hackers and
   Cypherpunks studies the design and declares it to be
   cryptographically sound.
9.18.9. Concern about Clipper
  - allows past communications to be read
  + authorities could--maybe--read a lot of stuff, even
     illegally, then use this for other investigations (the old
     "we had an anonymous tip" ploy)
    - "The problem with Clipper is that it provides police
       agencies with dramatically enhanced target acquistion.
       There is nothing to prevent NSA, ATF, FBI (or the Special
       Projects division of the Justice Department) from
       reviewing all internet traffic, as long as they are
       willing to forsake using it in a criminal prosecution."
       [dgard@netcom.com, alt.privacy.clipper, 1994-07-05]
9.18.10. Some wags have suggested that the new escrow agencies be
   chosen from groups like Amnesty International and the ACLU.
   Most of us are opposed to the "very idea" of key escrow
   (think of being told to escrow family photos, diaries, or
   house keys) and hence even these kinds of skeptical groups
   are unacceptable as escrow agents.

9.19. Loose Ends
9.19.1. "Are trapdoors--or some form of escrowed encryption--
   justified in some cases?"
  + Sure. There are various reasons why individuals, companies,
     etc. may want to use crypto protocols that allow them to
     decrypt even if they've lost their key, perhaps by going to
     their lawyer and getting the sealed envelope they left with
     him, etc.
    - or using a form of "software key escrow" that allows them
       access
  + Corporations that wish to recover encrypted data
    + several scenarios
      - employee encrypts important files, then dies or is
         otherwise unavailable
      + employee leaves company before decrypting all files
        - some may be archived and not needed to be opened for
           many years
      - employee may demand "ransom" (closely related to virus
         extortion cases)
      - files are found but the original encryptor is unknown
  + Likely situation is that encryption algorithms will be
     mandated by corporation, with a "master key" kept available
    - like a trapdoor
    - the existence of the master key may not even be
       publicized within the company (to head off concerns about
       security, abuses, etc.)
  - The mandatory use of key escrow, a la a mandatory Clipper
     system, or the system many of us believe is being developed
     for software key escrow (SKE, also called "GAK," for
     "government access to keys, by Carl Ellison) is completely
     different, and is unacceptable. (Clipper is discussed in
     many places here.)
9.19.2. DSS
  + Continuing confusion over patents, standards, licensing,
     etc.
    - "FIPS186 is DSS. NIST is of the opinion that DSS does not
       violate PKP's patents. PKP (or at least Jim Bidzos) takes
       the position that it does. But for various reasons, PKP
       won't sue the government. But Bidzos threatens to sue
       private parties who infringe. Stay tuned...." [Steve
       Wildstrom, sci.crypt, 1994-08-19]
    - even Taher ElGamal believes it's a weak standard
  - subliminal channels issues
9.19.3. The U.S. is often hypocritical about basic rights
  - plans to "disarm" the Haitians, as we did to the Somalians
     (which made those we disarmed even more vulnerable to the
     local warlords)
  - government officials are proposing to "silence" a radio
     station in Ruanda they feel is sending out the wrong
     message! (Heard on "McNeil-Lehrer News Hour," 1994-07-21]
9.19.4. "is-a-person" and RSA-style credentials
  + a dangerous idea, that government will insist that keys be
     linked to persons, with only one per person
    - this is a flaw in AOCE system
    - many apps need new keys generated many times

10. Legal Issues

10.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

10.2. SUMMARY: Legal Issues
10.2.1. Main Points
10.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
  - Sad to say, but legal considerations impinge on nearly
     every aspect of crypto
10.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
10.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - "I'm a scientist, Jim, not an attorney." Hence, take my
     legal comments here with a grain of salt, representing only
     hints of the truth as I picked them up from the discussions
     on the various forums and lists.

10.3. Basic Legality of Encryption
10.3.1. "Is this stuff legal or illegal?"
  - Certainly the _talking_ about it is mostly legal, at least
     in the U.S. and at the time of this writing. In other
     countries, you prison term may vary.
  + The actions resulting from crypto, and crypto anarchy, may
     well be illegal. Such is often the case when technology is
     applied without any particular regard for what the laws say
     is permitted. (Pandora's Box and all that.)
    - Cypherpunks really don't care much about such ephemera as
       the "laws" of some geographic region. Cypherpunks make
       their own laws.
  + There are two broad ways of getting things done:
    - First, looking at the law and regulations and finding
       ways to exploit them. This is the tack favored by
       lawyers, of whic$are many in this country.
    - Second, "just do it." In areas where the law hasn't
       caught up, this can mean unconstrained technological
       developement. Good examples are the computer and chip
       business, where issues of legality rarely arose (except
       in the usual areas of contract enforcement, etc.). More
       recently the chip business has discovered lawyering, with
       a vengeance.
    - In other areas, where the law is centrally involved,
       "just do it" can mean many technical violations of the
       law. Examples: personal service jobs (maids and
       babysitters), contracting jobs without licenses,
       permissions, etc., and so on. Often these are "illegal
       markets," putatively.
  - And bear in mind that the legal system can be used to
     hassle people, to pressure them to "plead out" to some
     charges, to back off, etc. (In the firearms business, the
     pressures and threats are also used to cause some
     manufacturers, like Ruger, to back off on a radical pro-gun
     stance, so as to be granted favors and milder treatment.
     Pressure on crypto-producing companies are probably very
     similar. Play ball, or we'll run you over in the parking
     lot.)
10.3.2. "Why is the legal status of crypto so murky?"
  - First, it may be murkier to me than it it to actual lawyers
     like Mike Godwin and Michael Froomkin, both of whom have
     been on our list at times. (Though my impression from
     talking to Godwin is that many or even most of these issues
     have not been addressed in the courts, let alone resolved
     definitively.)
  - Second, crypto issues have not generally reached the
     courts, reflecting the nascent status of most of the things
     talked about it here. Things as "trivial" as digital
     signatures and digital timestamping have yet to be
     challenged in courts, or declared illegal, or anything
     similar that might produce a precedent-setting ruling. (Stu
     Haber agrees that such tests are lacking.)
  - Finally, the issues are deep ones, going to the heart of
     issues of self-incrimination (disclosure of keys,
     contempt), of intellectual property and export laws (want
     to jail someone for talking about prime numbers?), and the
     incredibly byzantine world of money and financial
     instruments.
  - A legal study of crypto--which I hear Professor Froomkin is
     doing--could be very important.
10.3.3. "Has the basic legality of crypto and laws about crypto been
   tested?"
  - As usual, a U.S. focus here. I know little of the situation
     in non-U.S. countries (and in many of them the law is
     whatever the rulers say it is).
  - And I'm not a lawyer.
  + Some facts:
    - no direct Constitutional statement about privacy (though
       many feel it is implied)
    - crypto was not a major issue (espionage was, and was
       dealt with harshly, but encrypting things was not a
       problem per se)
    + only in the recent past has it become important...and it
       will become much more so
      - as criminals encrypt, as terrorists encrypt
      - as tax is avoided via the techniques described here
      - collusion of business ("crypto interlocking
         directorates," price signalling)
      - black markets, information markets
  + Lawrence Tribe..new amendment
    - scary, as it may place limits.... (but unlikely to
       happen)
  + Crypto in Court
    - mostly untested
    - can keys be compelled?
    - Expect some important cases in the next several years
10.3.4. "Can authorities force the disclosure of a key?"
  + Mike Godwin, legal counsel for the EFF, has been asked this
     queston _many_ times:
    - "Note that a court could cite you for contempt for not
       complying with a subpoena duces tecum (a subpoena
       requiring you to produce objects or documents) if you
       fail to turn over subpoenaed backups....To be honest, I
       don't think *any* security measure is adequate against a
       government that's determined to overreach its authority
       and its citizens' rights, but crypto comes close." [Mike
       Godwin, 1993-06-14]
  + Torture is out (in many countries, but not all). Truth
     serum, etc., ditto.
    - "Rubber hose cryptography"
  + Constitutional issues
    - self-incrimination
  + on the "Yes" side:
    + is same, some say,  as forcing combination to a safe
       containing information or stolen goods
      - but some say-and a court may have ruled on this-that
         the safe can always be cut open and so the issue is
         mostly moot
      - while forcing key disclosure is compelled testimony
    - and one can always claim to have forgotten the key
    - i.e., what happens when a suspect simply clams up?
    - but authorities can routinely demand cooperation in
       investigations, can seize records, etc.
  + on the "No" side:
    - can't force a suspect to talk, whether about where he hid
       the loot or where his kidnap victim is hidden
    - practically speaking, someone under indictment cannot be
       forced to reveal Swiss bank accounts....this would seem
       to be directly analogous to a cryptographic key
    - thus, the key to open an account would seem to be the
       same thing
    - a memorized key cannot be forced, says someone with EFF
       or CPSR
  + "Safe" analogy
    + You have a safe, you won' tell the combination
      - you just refuse
      - you claim to have forgotten it
      - you really don't know it
    - cops can cut the safe open, so compelling a combination
       is not needed
    - "interefering with an investigation"
  - on balance, it seems clear that the disclosure of
     cryptographic keys cannot be forced (though the practical
     penalty for nondisclosure could be severe)
  + Courts
    + compelled testimony is certainly common
      - if one is not charged, one cannot take the 5th (may be
         some wrinkles here)
      - contempt
  + What won't immunize disclosure:
    + clever jokes about "I am guilty of money laundering"
      - can it be used?
      - does judge declaring immunity apply in this case?
      - Eric Hughes has pointed out that the form of the
         statement is key: "My key is: "I am a murderer."" is
         not a legal admission of anything.
    - (There may be some subtleties where the key does contain
       important evidence--perhaps the location of a buried body-
       -but I think these issues are relatively minor.)
  - but this has not really been tested, so far as I know
  - and many people say that such cooperation can be
     demanded...
  - Contempt, claims of forgetting
10.3.5. Forgetting passwords, and testimony
  + This is another area of intense speculation:
    - "I forgot. So sue me."
    - "I forgot. It was just a temporary file I was working on,
       and I just can't remember the password I picked." (A less
       in-your-face approach.)
    + "I refuse to give my password on the grounds that it may
       tend to incriminate me."
      + Canonical example: "My password is: 'I sell illegal
         drugs.'"
        - Eric Hughes has pointed out this is not a real
           admission of guilt, just a syntactic form, so it is
           nonsense to claim that it is incriminating. I agree.
           I don't know if any court tests have confirmed this.
  + Sandy Sandfort theorizes that this example might work, or
     at least lead to an interesting legal dilemma:
    - "As an example, your passphrase could be:

               I shot a cop in the back and buried his body
       under
               the porch at 123 Main St., anywhere USA.  The gun
       is
               wrapped in an oily cloth in my mother's attic.

       "I decline to answer on the grounds that my passphrase is
       a statement which may tend to incriminate me.  I will
       only give my passphrase if I am given immunity from
       prosecution for the actions to which it alludes."

       "Too cute, I know, but who knows, it might work." [S.S.,
       1994-0727]
10.3.6. "What about disavowal of keys? Of digital signatures? Of
   contracts?
  - In the short term, the courts are relatively silent, as few
     of these issues have reached the courts. Things like
     signatures and contract breaches would likely be handled as
     they currently are (that is, the judge would look at the
     circumstances, etc.)
  + Clearly this is a major concern. There are two main avenues
     of dealing with this"
    - The "purist" approach. You *are* your key. Caveat emptor.
       Guard your keys. If your signature is used, you are
       responsible. (People can lessen their exposure by using
       protocols that limit risk, analogous to the way ATM
       systems only allow, say, $200 a day to be withdrawn.)
    - The legal system can be used (maybe) to deal with these
       issues. Maybe. Little of this has been tested in courts.
       Conventional methods of verifying forged signatures will
       not work. Contract law with digital signatures will be a
       new area.
  - The problem of *repudiation* or *disavowal* was recognized
     early on in cryptologic circles. Alice is confronted with a
     digital signature, or whatever. She says; "But I didn't
     sign that" or "Oh, that's my old key--it's obsolete" or "My
     sysadmin must have snooped through my files," or "I guess
     those key escrow guys are at it again."
  - I think that only the purist stance will hold water in the
     long run.(A hint of this: untraceable cash means, for most
     transactions of interest with digital cash, that once the
     crypto stuff has been handled, whether the sig was stolen
     or not is moot, because the money is gone...no court can
     rule that the sig was invalid and then retrieve the cash!)
10.3.7. "What are some arguments for the freedom to encrypt?"
  - bans are hard to enforce, requiring extensive police
     intrusions
  - private letters, diaries, conversations
  - in U.S., various provisions
  - anonymity is often needed
10.3.8. Restrictions on anonymity
  - "identity escrow" is what Eric Hughes calls it
  - linits on mail drops, on anonymous accounts, and--perhaps
     ultimately--on cash purchases of any and all goods
10.3.9. "Are bulletin boards and Internet providers "common carriers"
   or not?"
  - Not clear. BBS operators are clearly held more liable for
     content than the phone company is, for example.
10.3.10. Too much cleverness is passing for law
  - Many schemes to bypass tax laws, regulations, etc., are, as
     the British like to say, "too cute by half." For example,
     claims that the dollar is defined as 1/35th of an ounce of
     gold and that the modern dollar is only 1/10th of this. Or
     that Ohio failed to properly enter the Union, and hence all
     laws passed afterward are invalid. The same could be said
     of schemes to deploy digital cash be claiming that ordinary
     laws do not apply. Well, those who try such schemes often
     find out otherwise, sometimes in prison. Tread carefully.
10.3.11. "Is it legal to advocate the overthrow of governments or the
   breaking of laws?"
  - Although many Cypherpunks are not radicals, many others of
     us are, and we often advocate "collapse of governments" and
     other such things as money laundering schemes, tax evasion,
     new methods for espionage, information markets, data
     havens, etc. This rasises obvious concerns about legality.
  - First off, I have to speak mainly of U.S. issues...the laws
     of Russia or Japan or whatever may be completely different.
     Sorry for the U.S.-centric focus of this FAQ, but that's
     the way it is. The Net started here, and still is
     dominantly here, and the laws of the U.S. are being
     propagated around the world as part of the New World Order
     and the collapse of the other superpower.
  - Is it legal to advocate the replacement of a government? In
     the U.S., it's the basic political process (though cynics
     might argue that both parties represent the same governing
     philosophy). Advocating the *violent overthrow* of the U.S.
     government is apparently illegal, though I lack a cite on
     this.
  + Is it legal to advocate illegal acts in general? Certainly
     much of free speech is precisely this: arguing for drug
     use, for boycotts, etc.
    + The EFF gopher site has this on "Advocating Lawbreaking,
       Brandenburg v. Ohio. ":
      - "In the 1969 case of Brandenburg v. Ohio, the Supreme
         Court struck down the conviction of a Ku Klux Klan
         member under a criminal syndicalism law and established
         a new standard: Speech may not be suppressed or
         punished unless it is intended to produce 'imminent
         lawless action' and it is 'likely to produce such
         action.' Otherwise, the First Amendment protects even
         speech that advocates violence. The Brandenburg test is
         the law today. "

10.4. Can Crypto be Banned?
10.4.1. "Why won't government simply _ban such encryption methods?"
  + This has always been the Number One Issue!
    - raised by Stiegler, Drexler, Salin, and several others
       (and in fact raised by some as an objection to my even
       discussing these issues, namely, that action may then be
       taken to head off the world I describe)
  + Types of Bans on Encryption and Secrecy
    - Ban on Private Use of Encryption
    - Ban on Store-and-Forward Nodes
    - Ban on Tokens and ZKIPS Authentication
    - Requirement for public disclosure of all transactions
    + Recent news (3-6-92, same day as Michaelangelo and
       Lawnmower Man) that government is proposing a surcharge
       on telcos and long distance services to pay for new
       equipment needed to tap phones!
      - S.266 and related bills
      - this was argued in terms of stopping drug dealers and
         other criminals
      - but how does the government intend to deal with the
         various forms fo end-user encryption or "confusion"
         (the confusion that will come from compression,
         packetizing, simple file encryption, etc.)
  + Types of Arguments Against Such Bans
    - The "Constitutional Rights" Arguments
    + The "It's Too Late" Arguments
      - PCs are already widely scattered, running dozens of
         compression and encryption programs...it is far too
         late to insist on "in the clear" broadcasts, whatever
         those may be (is program code distinguishable from
         encrypted messages? No.)
      - encrypted faxes, modem scramblers (albeit with some
         restrictions)
      - wireless LANs, packets, radio, IR, compressed text and
         images, etc....all will defeat any efforts short of
         police state intervention (which may still happen)
    + The "Feud Within the NSA" Arguments
      - COMSEC vs. PROD
    + Will affect the privacy rights of corporations
      - and there is much evidence that corporations are in
         fact being spied upon, by foreign governments, by the
         NSA, etc.
  + They Will Try to Ban Such Encryption Techniques
    + Stings (perhaps using viruses and logic bombs)
      - or "barium," to trace the code
    + Legal liability for companies that allow employees to use
       such methods
      - perhaps even in their own time, via the assumption that
         employees who use illegal software methods in their own
         time are perhaps couriers or agents for their
         corporations (a tenuous point)
10.4.2. The long-range impossibility of banning crypto
  - stego
  - direct broadcast to overhead satellites
  - samizdat
  - compression, algorithms, ....all made plaintext hard to
     find
10.4.3. Banning crypto is comparable to
  + banning ski masks because criminals can hide their identity
    - Note: yes, there are laws about "going masked for the
       purpose of being masked," or somesuch
  + insisting that all speech be in languages understandable by
     eavesdroppers
    - (I don't mean "official languages" for dealing with the
       Feds, or what employers may reasonably insist on)
  - outlawing curtains, or at least requiring that "Clipper
     curtains" be bought (curtains which are transparent at
     wavelengths the governments of the world can use)
  - position escrow, via electronic bracelets like criminals
     wear
  - restrictions on books that possibly help criminals
  - banning body armor (proposed in several communities)
  - banning radar detectors
  - (Note that these bans become more "reasonable" when the
     items like body armor and radar detectos are reached, at
     least to many people. Not to me, of course.)
10.4.4. So Won't Governments Stop These Systems?
  - Citing national security, protection of private property,
     common decency, etc.
  + Legal Measures
    - Bans on ownership and operation of "anonymous" systems
    + Restrictions on cryptographic algorithms
      - RSA patent may be a start
    + RICO, civil suits, money-laundering laws
      - FINCEN, Financial Crimes Information Center
      - IRS, Justice, NSA, FBI, DIA, CIA
      - attempts to force other countries to comply with U.S.
         banking laws
10.4.5. Scenario for a ban on encryption
  - "Paranoia is cryptography's occupational hazard." [Eric
     Hughes, 1994-05-14]
  + There are many scenarios. Here is a graphic one from Sandy
     Sandfort:
    - "Remember the instructions for cooking a live frog.  The
       government does not intend to stop until they have
       effectively eliminated your privacy.

       STEP 1:  Clipper becomes the de facto encryption
       standard.

       STEP 2:  When Cypherpunks and other "criminals" eschew
       Clipper in favor of trusted strong crypto, the government
       is "forced" to ban non-escrowed encryption systems.
       (Gotta catch those pedophiles, drug dealers and
       terrorists, after all.)

       STEP 3:  When Cypherpunks and other criminals use
       superencryption with Clipper or spoof LEAFs, the
       government will regretably be forced to engage in random
       message monitoring to detect these illegal techniques.

       Each of these steps will be taken because we wouldn't
       passively accept such things as unrestricted wiretaps and
       reasonable precautions like
       digital telephony.  It will portrayed as our fault.
       Count on it." [Sandy Sandfort, 6-14-94]

10.4.6. Can the flow of bits be stopped? Is the genie really out of
   the bottle?
  - Note that Carl Ellison has long argued that the genie was
     never _in_  the bottle, at least not in the U.S. in non-
     wartime situations (use of cryptography, especially in
     communications, in wartime obviously raises eyebrows)

10.5. Legal Issues with PGP
7.12.1. "What is RSA Data Security Inc.'s position on PGP?"
 I. They were strongly opposed to early versions
II. objections
    - infringes on PKP patents (claimed infringements, not
       tested in court, though)
    - breaks the tight control previously seen
    - brings unwanted attention to public key approaches (I
       think PGP also helped RSA and RSADSI)
    - bad blood between Zimmermann and Bidzos
III. objections
    - infringes on PKP patents (claimed infringements, not
       tested in court, though)
    - breaks the tight control previously seen
    - brings unwanted attention to public key approaches (I
       think PGP also helped RSA and RSADSI)
    - bad blood between Zimmermann and Bidzos
IV. Talk of lawsuits, actions, etc.
 V. The 2.6 MIT accomodation may have lessened the tension;
     purely speculative
7.12.2. "Is PGP legal or illegal"?
7.12.3. "Is there still a conflict between RSADSI and PRZ?"
  - Apparently not. The MIT 2.6 negotiations seem to have
     buried all such rancor. At least officially. I hear there's
     still animosity, but it's no longer at the surface. (And
     RSADSI is now facing lawsuits and patent suits.)

10.6. Legal Issues with Remailers
 8.9.1. What's the legal status of remailers?
  - There are no laws against it at this time.
  - No laws saying people have to put return addresses on
     messages, on phone calls (pay phones are still legal), etc.
  - And the laws pertaining to not having to produce identity
     (the "flier" case, where leaflet distributors did not have
     to produce ID) would seem to apply to this form of
     communication.
  + However, remailers may come under fire:
    + Sysops, MIT case
      - potentially serious for remailers if the case is
         decided such that the sysop's creation of group that
         was conducive to criminal pirating was itself a
         crime...that could make all  involved in remailers
         culpable
 8.9.2. "Can remailer logs be subpoenaed?"
  - Count on it happening, perhaps very soon. The FBI has been
     subpoenaing e-mail archives for a Netcom customer (Lewis De
     Payne), probably because they think the e-mail will lead
     them to the location of uber-hacker Kevin Mitnick. Had the
     parties used remailers, I'm fairly sure we'd be seeing
     similar subpoenas for the remailer logs.
  - There's no exemption for remailers that I know of!
  + The solutions are obvious, though:
    - use many remailers, to make subpoenaing back through the
       chain very laborious, very expensive, and likely to fail
       (if even one party won't cooperate, or is outside the
       court's jurisdiction, etc.)
    - offshore, multi-jurisdictional remailers (seleted by the
       user)
    - no remailer logs kept...destroy them (no law currently
       says anybody has to keep e-mail records! This may
       change....)
    - "forward secrecy," a la Diffie-Hellman forward secrecy
 8.9.3. How will remailers be harassed, attacked, and challenged?
 8.9.4. "Can pressure be put on remailer operators to reveal traffic
   logs and thereby allow tracing of messages?"
  + For human-operated systems which have logs, sure. This is
     why we want several things in remailers:
    * no logs of messages
    * many remailers
    * multiple legal jurisdictions, e.g., offshore remailers
       (the more the better)
    * hardware implementations which execute instructions
       flawlessly (Chaum's digital mix)
 8.9.5. Calls for limits on anonymity
  + Kids and the net will cause many to call for limits on
     nets, on anonymity, etc.
    - "But there's a dark side to this exciting phenomenon, one
       that's too rarely understood by computer novices.
       Because they
       offer instant access to others, and considerable
       anonymity to
       participants, the services make it possible for people -
       especially computer-literate kids - to find themselves in
       unpleasant, sexually explicit social situations....  And
       I've gradually
       come to adopt the view, which will be controversial among
       many online
       users, that the use of nicknames and other forms of
       anonymity
       must be eliminated or severly curbed to force people
       online into
       at least as much accountability for their words and
       actions as
       exists in real social encounters." [Walter S. Mossberg,
       Wall Street Journal, 6/30/94, provided by Brad Dolan]
    - Eli Brandt came up with a good response to this: "The
       sound-bite response to this: do you want your child's
       name, home address, and phone number available to all
       those lurking pedophiles worldwide?  Responsible parents
       encourage their children to use remailers."
  - Supreme Court said that identity of handbill distributors
     need not be disclosed, and pseudonyms in general has a long
     and noble tradition
  - BBS operators have First Amendment protections (e.g..
     registration requirements would be tossed out, exactly as
     if registration of newspapers were to be attempted)
 8.9.6. Remailers and Choice of Jurisdictions
  - The intended target of a remailed message, and the subject
     material, may well influence the set of remailers used,
     especially for the very important "last remailer' (Note: it
     should never be necessary to tell remailers if they are
     first, last, or others, but the last remailer may in fact
     be able to tell he's the last...if the message is in
     plaintext to the recipient, with no additional remailer
     commands embedded, for example.)
  - A message involving child pornography might have a remailer
     site located in a state like Denmark, where child porn laws
     are less restrictive. And a message critical of Islam might
     not be best sent through a final remailer in Teheran. Eric
     Hughes has dubbed this "regulatory arbitrage," and to
     various extents it is already common practice.
  - Of course, the sender picks the remailer chain, so these
     common sense notions may not be followed. Nothing is
     perfect, and customs will evolve. I can imagine schemes
     developing for choosing customers--a remailer might not
     accept as a customer certain abusers, based on digital
     pseudonyms < hairy).
 8.9.7. Possible legal steps to limit the use of remailers and
   anonymous systems
  - hold the remailer liable for content, i.e., no common
     carrier status
  - insert provisions into the various "anti-hacking" laws to
     criminalize anonymous posts
 8.9.8. Crypto and remailers can be used to protect groups from "deep
   pockets" lawsuits
  - products (esp. software) can be sold "as is," or with
     contracts backed up by escrow services (code kept in an
     escrow repository, or money kept there to back up
     committments)
  + jurisdictions, legal and tax, cannot do "reach backs" which
     expose the groups to more than they agreed to
    - as is so often the case with corporations in the real
       world, which are taxed and fined for various purposes
       (asbestos, etc.)
  - (For those who panic at the thought of this, the remedy for
     the cautious will be to arrange contracts with the right
     entities...probably paying more for less product.)
 8.9.9. Could anonymous remailers be used to entrap people, or to
   gather information for investigations?
  - First, there are so few current remailers that this is
     unlikely. Julf seems a non-narc type, and he is located in
     Finland. The Cypherpunks remailers are mostly run by folks
     like us, for now.
  - However, such stings and set-ups have been used in the past
     by narcs and "red squads." Expect the worse from Mr.
     Policeman. Now that evil hackers are identified as hazards,
     expect moves in this direction. "Cryps" are obviously
     "crack" dealers.
  - But use of encryption, which CP remailers support (Julf's
     does not), makes this essentially moot.

10.7. Legal Issues with Escrowed Encryption and Clipper
9.17.1. As John Gilmore put it in a guest editorial in the "San
   Francisco Examiner," "...we want the public to see a serious
   debate about why the Constitution should be burned in order
   to save the country." [J.G., 1994-06-26, quoted by S.
   Sandfort]
9.17.2. "I don't see how Clipper gives the government any powers or
   capabilities it doesn't already have.  Comments?"
9.17.3. Is Clipper really voluntary?
9.17.4. If Clipper is voluntary, who will use it?
9.17.5. Restrictions on Civilian Use of Crypto
9.17.6. "Has crypto been restricted in the U.S.?"
9.17.7. "What legal steps are being taken?"
  - Zimmermann
  - ITAR
9.17.8. reports that Department of Justice has a compliance
   enforcement role in the EES [heard by someone from Dorothy
   Denning, 1994-07], probably involving checking the law
   enforcement agencies...
9.17.9. Status
  +  "Will government agencies use Clipper?"
    - Ah, the embarrassing question. They claim they will, but
       there are also reports that sensitive agencies will not
       use it, that Clipper is too insecure for them (key
       lenght, compromise of escrow data, etc.). There may also
       be different procedures (all agencies are equal, but some
       are more equal than others).
    - Clipper is rated for unclassified use, so this rules out
       many agencies and many uses. An interesting double
       standard.
  + "Is the Administration backing away from Clipper?"
    + industry opposition surprised them
      - groups last summer, Citicorp, etc.
    - public opinion
    - editorial remarks
    - so they may be preparing alternative
    - and Gilmore's FOIA, Blaze's attack, the Denning
       nonreview, the secrecy of the algortithm
  + will not work
    - spies won't use it, child pornographers probably won't
       use it (if alternatives exist, which may be the whole
       point)
    - terrorists won't use it
  - Is Clipper in trouble?
9.17.10. "Will Clipper be voluntary?"
  - Many supporters of Clipper have cited the voluntary nature
     of Clipper--as expressed in some policy statements--and
     have used this to counter criticism.
  + However, even if truly voluntary, some issues
    + improper role for government to try to create a
       commercial standard
      - though the NIST role can be used to counter this point,
         partly
    - government can and does make it tough for competitors
    - export controls (statements by officials on this exist)
  + Cites for voluntary status:
    - original statement says it will be voluntary
    - (need to get some statements here)
  + Cites for eventual mandatory status:
    - "Without this initiative, the government will eventually
       become helpless to defend the nation." [Louis Freeh,
       director of the FBI, various sources]
    - Steven Walker of Trusted Information Systems is one of
       many who think so: "Based on his analysis, Walker added,
       "I'm convinced that five years from now they'll say 'This
       isn't working,' so we'll have to change the rules." Then,
       he predicted, Clipper will be made mandatory for all
       encoded communications." [
  + Parallels to other voluntary programs
    - taxes

10.8. Legal Issues with Digital Cash
10.8.1. "What's the legal status of digital cash?"
  - It hasn't been tested, like a lot of crypto protocols. It
     may be many years before these systems are tested.
10.8.2. "Is there a tie between digital cash and money laundering?"
  - There doesn't have to be, but many of us believe the
     widespread deployment of digital, untraceable cash will
     make possible new approaches
  - Hence the importance of digital cash for crypto anarchy and
     related ideas.
  - (In case it isn't obvious, I consider money-laundering a
     non-crime.)
10.8.3. "Is it true the government of the U.S. can limit funds
   transfers outside the U.S.?"
  - Many issues here. Certainly some laws exist. Certainly
     people are prosecuted every day for violating currency
     export laws. Many avenues exist.
  - "LEGALITY - There isn't and will never be a law restricting
     the sending of funds outside the United States.  How do I
     know?  Simple.  As a country dependant on international
     trade (billions of dollars a year and counting), the
     American economy would be destroyed." [David Johnson,
     privacy@well.sf.ca.us, "Offshore Banking & Privacy,"
     alt.privacy, 1994-07-05]
10.8.4. "Are "alternative currencies" allowed in the U.S.? And what's
   the implication for digital cash of various forms?
  - Tokens, coupons, gift certificates are allowed, but face
     various regulations. Casino chips were once treated as
     cash, but are now more regulated (inter-casino conversion
     is no longer allowed).
  - Any attempt to use such coupons as an alternative currency
     face obstacles.  The coupons may be allowed, but heavily
     regulated (reporting requirements, etc.).
  - Perry Metzger notes, bearer bonds are now illegal in the
     U.S. (a bearer bond represented cash, in that no name was
     attached to the bond--the "bearer" could sell it for cash
     or redeem it...worked great for transporting large amounts
     of cash in compact form).
  + Note: Duncan Frissell claims that bearer bonds are _not_
     illegal.
    - "Under the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of
       1982 (TEFRA), any interest payments made on *new* issues
       of domestic bearer bonds are not deductible as an
       ordinary and necessary business expense so none have been
       issued since then.  At the same time, the Feds
       administratively stopped issuing treasury securities in
       bearer form.  Old issues of government and corporate debt
       in bearer form still exist and will exist and trade for
       30 or more years after 1982.  Additionally, US residents
       can legally buy foreign bearer securities." [Duncan
       Frissell, 1994-08-10]
    - Someone else has a slightly different view: "The last US
       Bearer Bond issues mature in 1997. I also believe that to
       collect interest, and to redeem the bond at maturity, you
       must give your name and tax-id number to the paying
       agent. (I can check with the department here that handles
       it if anyone is interested in the pertinent OCC regs that
       apply)"  [prig0011@gold.tc.umn.edu, 1994-08-10]
    - I cite this gory detail to give readers some idea about
       how much confusion there is about these subjects. The
       usual advice is to "seek competent counsel," but in fact
       most lawyers have no clear ideas about the optimum
       strategies, and the run-of-the-mill advisor may mislead
       one dangerously. Tread carefully.
  - This has implications for digital cash, of course.
10.8.5. "Why might digital cash and related techologies take hold
   early in illegal markets? That is, will the Mob be an early
   adopter?"
  - untraceability needed
  - and reputations matter to them
  - they've shown in the past that they will try new
     approaches, a la the money movements of the drug cartels,
     novel methods for security, etc.
10.8.6. "Electronic cash...will it have to comply with laws, and
   how?"
  - Concerns will be raised about the anonymity aspects, the
     usefulness for evading taxes and reporting requirements,
     etc.
  - a messy issue, sure to be debated and legislated about for
     many years
  + split the cash into many pieces...is this "structuring"? is
     it legal?
    - some rules indicate the structuring per se is not
       illegal, only tax evasion or currency control evasion
    - what then of systems which _automatically_, as a basic
       feature, split the cash up into multiple pieces and move
       them?
10.8.7. Currency controls, flight capital regulations, boycotts,
   asset seizures, etc.
  - all are pressures to find alternate ways for capital to
     flow
  - all add to the lack of confidence, which, paradoxically to
     lawmakers, makes capital flight all the more likely
10.8.8. "Will banking regulators allow digital cash?"
  - Not easily, that's for sure. The maze of regulations,
     restrictions, tax laws, and legal rulings is daunting. Eric
     Hughes spent a lot of time reading up on the laws regarding
     banks, commercial paper, taxes, etc., and concluded much
     the same. I'm not saying it's impossible--indeed, I believe
     it will someday happen, in some form--but the obstacles are
     formidable.
  + Some issues:
    + Will such an operation be allowed to be centered or based
       in the U.S.?
      - What states? What laws? Bank vs. Savings and Loan vs.
         Credit Union vs. Securities Broker vs. something else?
    + Will customers be able to access such entities offshore,
       outside the U.S.?
      - strong crypto makes communication possible, but it may
         be difficult, not part of the business fabric, etc.
         (and hence not so useful--if one has to send PGP-
         encrypted instructions to one's banker, and can't use
         the clearing infrastructure....)
    + Tax collection, money-laundering laws, disclosure laws,
       "know your customer" laws....all are areas where a
       "digital bank" could be shut down forthwith. Any bank not
       filling out the proper forms (including mandatory
       reporting of transactions of certain amounts and types,
       and the Social Security/Taxpayer Number of customers)
       faces huge fines, penalties, and regulatory sanctions.
      - and the existing players in the banking and securities
         business will not sit idly by while newcomers enter
         their market; they will seek to force newcomers to jump
         through the same hoops they had to (studies indicate
         large corporations actually _like_ red tape, as it
         helps them relative to smaller companies)
  - Concluson: Digital banks will not be "launched" without a
     *lot* of work by lawyers, accountants, tax experts,
     lobbyists, etc. "Lemonade stand digital banks" (TM) will
     not survive for long. Kids, don't try this at home!
  - (Many new industries we are familiar with--software,
     microcomputers--had very little regulation, rightly so. But
     the effect is that many of us are unprepared to understand
     the massive amount of red tape which businesses in other
     areas, notably banking, face.)
10.8.9. Legal obstacles to digital money. If governments don't want
   anonymous cash, they can make things tough.
  + As both Perry Metzger and Eric Hughes have said many times,
     regulations can make life very difficult. Compliance with
     laws is a major cost of doing business.
    - ~"The cost of compliance in a typical USA bank is 14% of
       operating costs."~ [Eric Hughes, citing an "American
       Banker" article, 1994-08-30]
  + The maze of regulations is navigable by larger
     institutions, with staffs of lawyers, accountants, tax
     specialists, etc., but is essentially beyond the
     capabilities of very small institutions, at least in the
     U.S.
    - this may or may not remain the case, as computers
       proliferate. A "bank-in-a-box" program might help. My
       suspicion is that a certain size of staff is needed just
       to handle the face-to-face meetings and hoop-jumping.
  + "New World Order"
    - U.S. urging other countries to "play ball" on banking
       secrecy, on tax evasion extradition, on immigration, etc.
    - this is closing off the former loopholes and escape
       hatches that allowed people to escape repressive
       taxation...the implications for digital money banks are
       unclear, but worrisome.

10.9. Legality of Digital Banks and Digital Cash?
10.9.1. In terms of banking laws, cash reporting regulations, money
   laundering statutes, and the welter of laws connected with
   financial transactions of all sorts, the Cypherpunks themes
   and ideas are basically _illegal_. Illegal in the sense that
   anyone trying to set up his own bank, or alternative currency
   system, or the like would be shut down quickly. As an
   informal, unnoticed _experiment_, such things are reasonably
   safe...until they get noticed.
10.9.2. The operative word here is "launch," in my opinion. The
   "launch" of the BankAmericard (now VISA) in the 1960s was not
   done lightly or casually...it required armies of lawyers,
   accountants, and other bureacrats to make the launch both
   legal and successful. The mere 'idea" of a credit card was
   not enough...that was essentially the easiest part of it all.
   (Anyone contemplating the launch of a digital cash system
   would do well to study BankAmericard as an example...and
   several other examples also.)
10.9.3. The same will be true of any digital cash or similar system
   which intends to operate more or less openly, to interface
   with existing financial institutions, and which is not
   explicity intended to be a Cypherpunkish underground
   activity.

10.10. Export of Crypto, ITAR, and Similar Laws
10.10.1. "What are the laws and regulations about export of crypto,
   and where can I find more information?"
  - "The short answer is that the Department of State, Office
     of Defense Trade Controls (DOS/DTC) and the National
     Security Administration (NSA) won't allow unrestricted
     export (like is being done with WinCrypt) for any
     encryption program that the NSA can't crack with less than
     a certain amount (that they are loathe to reveal) of
     effort.  For the long answer, see
     ftp://ftp.csn.net/cryptusa.txt.gz and/or call DOS/DTC at
     703-875-7041." [Michael Paul Johnson,  sci.crypt, 1994-07-
     08]
10.10.2. "Is it illegal to send encrypted stuff out of the U.S.?"
  - This has come up several times, with folks claiming they've
     heard this.
  - In times of war, real war, sending encrypted messages may
     indeed be suspect, perhaps even illegal.
  - But the U.S. currently has no such laws, and many of us
     send lots of encrypted stuff outside the U.S. To remailers,
     to friends, etc.
  - Encrypted files are often tough to distinguish from
     ordinary compressed files (high entropy), so law
     enforcement would have a hard time.
  - However, other countries may have different laws.
10.10.3. "What's the situation about export of crypto?"
  + There's been much debate about this, with the case of Phil
     Zimmermann possibly being an important test case, should
     charges be filed.
    - as of 1994-09, the Grand Jury in San Jose has not said
       anything (it's been about 7-9 months since they started
       on this issue)
  - Dan Bernstein has argued that ITAR covers nearly all
     aspects of exporting crypto material, including codes,
     documentation, and even "knowledge." (Controversially, it
     may be in violation of ITAR for knowledgeable crypto people
     to even leave the country with the intention of developing
     crypto tools overseas.)
  - The various distributions of PGP that have occurred via
     anonymous ftp sources don't imply that ITAR is not being
     enforced, or won't be in the future.
10.10.4. Why and How Crypto is Not the Same as Armaments
  - the gun comparison has advantages and disadvantages
  - "right to keep and bear arms"
  - but then this opens the door wide to restrictions,
     regulations, comparisons of crypto to nuclear weapons, etc.
  -
  + "Crypto is not capable of killing people directly.  Crypto
     consists
    - entirely of information (speech, if you must) that cannot
       be
    - interdicted.  Crypto has civilian use.
    - -
    - <Robert Krawitz <rlk@think.com>, 4-11-94, sci.crypt>
10.10.5. "What's ITAR and what does it cover?"
  + ITAR, the International Trafficking in Arms Regulations, is
     the defining set of rules for export of munitions--and
     crypto is treated as munitions.
    - regulations for interpreting export laws
  + NSA may have doubts that ITAR would hold up in court
    - Some might argue that this contravenes the Constitution,
       and hence would fail in court. Again, there have been few
       if any solid tests of ITAR in court, and some indications
       that NSA lawyers are reluctant to see it tested, fearing
       it would not pass muster.
    - doubts about legality (Carl Nicolai saw papers, since
       confirmed in a FOIA)
    - Brooks statement
    - Cantwell Bill
    - not fully tested in court
  + reports of NSA worries that it wouldn't hold up in court if
     ever challenged
    - Carl Nicolai, later FOIA results, conversations with Phil
  + Legal Actions Surrounding ITAR
    - The ITAR laws may be used to fight hackers and
       Cypherpunks...the outcome of the Zimmermann indictment
       will be an important sign.
  + What ITAR covers
    - "ITAR 121.8(f): ``Software includes but is not limited to
       the system functional design, logic flow, algorithms,
       application programs, operating systems and support
       software for design, implementation, test, operation,
       diagnosis and repair.'' [quoted by Dan Bernstein,
       talk.politics.crypto, 1994-07-14]
  - joke by Bidzos about registering as an international arms
     dealer
  + ITAR and code (can code be published on the Net?)
    - "Why does ITAR matter?"
    - Phil Karn is involved with this, as are several others
       here
    + Dan Bernstein has some strongly held views, based on his
       long history of fighting the ITAR
      - "Let's assume that the algorithm is capable of
         maintaining secrecy of information, and that it is not
         restricted to decryption, banking, analog scrambling,
         special smart cards, user authentication, data
         authentication, data compression, or virus protection.

         "The algorithm is then in USML Category XIII(b)(1).

         "It is thus a defense article. ITAR 120.6. " [Dan
         Bernstein, posting code to sci.crypt,
         talk.politics.crypto, 1994-08-22]
      - "Sending a defense article out of the United States in
         any manner (except as knowledge in your head) is
         export. ITAR 120.17(1).

         "So posting the algorithm constitutes export. There are
         other forms of export, but I won't go into them here.

         "The algorithm itself, without any source code, is
         software."  [Dan Bernstein, posting code to sci.crypt,
         talk.politics.crypto, 1994-08-22]
    - "The statute is the Arms Export Control Act; the
       regulations are the
       International Traffic in Arms Regulations. For precise
       references, see
       my ``International Traffic in Arms Regulations: A
       Publisher's Guide.''"  [Dan Bernstein, posting code to
       sci.crypt, talk.politics.crypto, 1994-08-22]
    + "Posting code is fine.  We do it all the time; we have
       the right to do it; no one seems to be trying to stop us
       from doing it." [Bryan G. Olson, posting code to
       sci.crypt, talk.politics.crypto, 1994-08-20]
      - Bernstein agrees that few busts have occurred, but
         warns: "Thousands of people have distributed crypto in
         violation of ITAR; only two, to my knowledge, have been
         convicted. On the other hand, the guv'mint is rapidly
         catching up with reality, and the Phil Zimmermann case
         may be the start of a serious crackdown." [Dan
         Bernstein, posting code to sci.crypt,
         talk.politics.crypto, 1994-08-22]
    - The common view that academic freedom means one is OK is
       probably not true.
    + Hal Finney neatly summarized the debate between Bernstein
       and Olsen:
      - "1) No one has ever been prosecuted for posting code on
         sci.crypt. The Zimmermann case, if anything ever comes
         of it, was not about posting code on Usenet, AFAIK.

         "2) No relevant government official has publically
         expressed an opinion on whether posting code on
         sci.crypt would be legal.  The conversations Dan
         Bernstein posted dealt with his requests for permission
         to export his algorithm, not to post code on sci.crypt.

         "3) We don't know whether anyone will ever be
         prosecuted for posting code on sci.crypt, and we don't
         know what the outcome of any such prosecution would
         be." [Hal Finney, talk.politics.crypto, 1994-008-30]
10.10.6. "Can ITAR and other export laws be bypassed or skirted by
   doing development offshore and then _importing_ strong crypto
   into the U.S.?"
  - IBM is reportedly doing just this: developing strong crypto
     products for OS/2 at its overseas labs, thus skirting the
     export laws (which have weakened the keys to some of their
     network security products to the 40 bits that are allowed).
  + Some problems:
    - can't send docs and knowhow to offshore facilities (some
       obvious enforcement problems, but this is how the law
       reads)
    - may not even be able to transfer knowledgeable people to
       offshore facilities, if the chief intent is to then have
       them develop crypto products offshore (some deep
       Constitutional issues, I would think...some shades of how
       the U.S.S.R. justified denying departure visas for
       "needed" workers)
  - As with so many cases invovling crypto, there are no
     defining legal cases that I am aware of.

10.11. Regulatory Arbitrage
10.11.1. Jurisdictions with more favorable laws will see claimants
   going there.
10.11.2. Similar to "capital flight" and "people voting with their
   feet."
10.11.3. Is the flip side of "jurisdiction shopping." wherein
   prosecutors shop around for a jurisdiction that will be
   likelier to convict. (As with the Amateur Action BBS case,
   tried in Memphis, Tennessee, not in California.)

10.12. Crypto and Pornography
10.12.1. There's been a lot of media attention given to this,
   especially pedophilia (pedophilia is not the same thing as
   porn, of course, but the two are often discussed in articles
   about the Net). As Rishab Ghosh  put it: "I think the
   pedophilic possibilities of the Internet capture the
   imaginations of the media -- their deepest desires, perhaps."
   [R.G., 1994-07-01]
10.12.2. The fact is, the two are made for each other. The
   untraceability of remailers, the unbreakability of strong
   crypto if the files are intercepted by law enforcement, and
   the ability to pay anonymously, all mean the early users of
   commercial remailers will likely be these folks.
10.12.3. Avoid embarrassing stings! Keep your job at the elementary
   school! Get re-elected to the church council!
10.12.4. pedophilia, bestiality, etc. (morphed images)
10.12.5. Amateur Action BBS operator interested in crypto....a little
   bit too late
10.12.6. There are new prospects for delivery of messages as part of
   stings or entrapment attacks, where the bits decrypt into
   incriminating evidence when the right key is used. (XOR of
   course)
10.12.7. Just as the law enforcement folks are claiming, strong crypto
   and remailers will make new kinds of porn networks. The nexus
   or source will not be known, and the customers will not be
   known.
  - (An interesting strategy: claim customers unknown, and
     their local laws. Make the "pickup" the customer's
     responsibility (perhaps via agents).

10.13. Usenet, Libel, Local Laws, Jurisdictions, etc.
10.13.1. (Of peripheral importance to crypto themes, but important for
   issues of coming legislation about the Net, attempts to
   "regain control," etc. And a bit of a jumble of ideas, too.)
10.13.2. Many countries, many laws. Much of Usenet traffic presumably
   violates various laws in Iran, China, France, Zaire, and the
   U.S., to name f ew places which have laws about what thoughts
   can be expressed.
10.13.3. Will this ever result in attempts to shut down Usenet, or at
   least the feeds into various countries?
10.13.4. On the subject of Usenet possibly being shut-down in the U.K.
   (a recent rumor, unsubstantiated), this comment: " What you
   have to grasp is that USENET type networks and the whole
   structure of the law on publshing are fundamentally
   incompatiable. With USENT anyone can untracably distribute
   pornographic, libelous, blasphemous, copyright or even
   officially secret information. Now, which do you think HMG
   and, for that matter, the overwhealming majority of oridnary
   people in this country think is most important. USENET or
   those laws?" [Malcolm McMahon, malcolm@geog.leeds.ac.uk,
   comp.org.eff.talk, 1994--08-26]
10.13.5. Will it succeed? Not completely, as e-mail, gopher, the Web,
   etc., still offers access. But the effects could reach most
   casual users, and certainly affect the structure as we know
   it today.
10.13.6. Will crypto help? Not directly--see above.

10.14. Emergency Regulations
10.14.1. Emergency Orders
  - various NSDDs and the like
  - "Seven Days in May" scenario
10.14.2. Legal, secrecy orders
  - George Davida, U. oif Wisconsin, received letter in 1978
     threatening a $10K per day fine
  - Carl Nicolai, PhasorPhone
  - The NSA has confirmed that parts of the EES are patented,
     in secrecy, and that the patents will be made public and
     then used to stop competitors should the algorithm become
     known.
10.14.3. Can the FCC-type Requirements for "In the clear" broadcasting
   (or keys supplied to Feds) be a basis for similar legislation
   of private networks and private use of encryption?
  - this would seem to be impractical, given the growth of
     cellular phones, wireless LANs, etc....can't very well
     mandate that corporations broadcast their internal
     communications in the clear!
  - compression, packet-switching, and all kinds of other
     "distortions" of the data...requiring transmissions to be
     readable by government agencies would require providing the
     government with maps (of where the packets are going), with
     specific decompression algorithms, etc....very impractical

10.15. Patents and Copyrights
10.15.1. The web of patents
  - what happens is that everyone doing anything substantive
     spends much of his time and money seeking patents
  - patents are essential bargaining chips in dealing with
     others
  - e.g., DSS, Schnorr, RSADSI, etc.
  - e.g., Stefan Brands is seeking patents
  - Cylink suing...
10.15.2. Role of RSA, Patents, etc.
  + Bidzos: "If you make money off RSA, we make money" is the
     simple rule
    - but of course it goes beyond this, as even "free" uses
       may have to pay
  - Overlapping patents being used (apparently) to extent the
     life of the portfolio
  + 4/28/97   The first of several P-K and RSA patents expires
    + U.S. Patent Number: 4200770
      - Title: Cryptographic Apparatus and Method
      - Inventors: Hellman, Diffie, Merkle
      - Assignee: Stanford University
      - Filed: September 6, 1977
      - Granted: April 29, 1980
      - [Expires: April 28, 1997]
    + remember that any one of these several patents held by
       Public Key Partners (Stanford and M.I.T., with RSA Data
       Security the chief dispenser of licenses) can block an
       effort to bypass the others
      - though this may get fought out in court
  + 8/18/97   The second of several P-K and RSA patents expires
    + U.S. Patent Number: 4218582
      - Title: Public Key Cryptographic Apparatus and Method
      - Inventors: Hellman, Merkle
      - Assignee: The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford
         Junior University
      - Filed: October 6, 1977
      - Granted: August 19, 1980
      - [Expires: August 18, 1997]
    - this may be disputed because it describe algortihms in
       broad terms and used the knapsack algorithm as the chief
       example
  + 9/19/00   The main RSA patent expires
    + U.S. Patent Number: 4405829
      - Title: Cryptographic Communications System and Method
      - Inventors: Rivest, Shamir, Adleman
      - Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
      - Filed: December 14, 1977
      - Granted: September 20, 1983
      - [Expires: September 19, 2000]
10.15.3. Lawsuits against RSA patents
  + several are brewing
    - Cylink is suing (strange rumors that NSA was involved)
    - Roger Schlafly
10.15.4. "What about the lawsuit filed by Cylink against RSA Data
   Security Inc.?"
  - Very curious, considering they are both part of Public Key
     Partners, the consortium of Stanford, MIT, Cylink, and RSA
     Data Security Inc. (RSADSI)
  - the suit was filed in the summer of 1994
  + One odd rumor I heard, from a reputable source, was that
     the NSA had asked PKP to do something (?) and that Cylink
     had agreed, but RSADSI had refused, helping to push the
     suit along
    - any links with the death threats against Bidzos?
10.15.5. "Can the patent system be used to block government use of
   patents for purposes we don't like?"
  - Comes up especially in the context of S. Micali's patent on
     escrow techniques
  - "Wouldn't matter. The government can't be enjoined from
     using a patent. The federal government, in the final
     analysis, can use any patent they want, without permission,
     and the only recourse of the patent owner is to sue for
     royalties in the Court of Claims." [Bill Larkins,
     talk.politics.crypto, 1994-07-14]

10.16. Practical Issues
10.16.1. "What if I tell the authorities I Forgot My Password?"
  - (or key, or passphrase...you get the idea)
  - This comes up repeatedly, but the answer remains murky
10.16.2. Civil vs. Criminal
  + "This is a civil mattep, and the pights of ppivaay one haq
     in cpiminal mattepq
    - tend to vaniqh in aivil litigation.   The paptieq to a
       lawquit hate
    - tpemeldouq powepq to dopae the othep qide to peteal
       ildopmatiol peletalt
    - to the aaqe,   <@pad Templetol, 4-1-94, aomp,opg,edd,tal
10.16.3. the law is essentially what the courts say it is

10.17. Free Speech is Under Assault
10.17.1. Censorship comes in many forms. Tort law, threats of grant or
   contract removal, all are limiting speech. (More reasons for
   anonymous speech, of course.)
10.17.2. Discussions of cryptography could be targets of future
   crackdowns. Sedition laws, conspiracy laws, RICO, etc. How
   long before speaking on these matters earns a warning letter
   from your university or your company? (It's the "big stick"
   of ultimate government action that spurs these university and
   company policies. Apple fears being shut down for having
   "involvement" with a terrorist plot, Emory University fears
   being sued for millions of dollars for "conspiring" to
   degrade wimmin of color, etc.)

   How long before "rec.guns" is no longer carried at many
   sites, as they fear having their universities or companies
   linked to discussions of "assault weapons" and "cop-killer
   bullets"? Prediction: Many companies and universities, under
   pressure from the Feds, will block groups in which encrypted
   files are posted. After all, if one encrypts, one must have
   something to hide, and that could expose the university to
   legal action from some group that feels aggrieved.
10.17.3. Free speech is under assault across the country. The tort
   system is being abused to stifle dissenting views (and lest
   you think I am only a capitalist, only a free marketeer, the
   use of "SLAPP suits"--"Strategic Lawsuits Against Public
   Participation"--by corporations or real estate developers to
   threaten those who dare to publicly speak against their
   projects is a travesty, a travesty that the courts have only
   recently begun to correct).

   We are becoming a nation of sheep, fearing the midnight raid,
   the knock on the door. We fear that if we tell a joke,
   someone will glare at us and threaten to sue us _and_ our
   company! And so companies are adopting "speech codes" and
   other such baggage of the Orwell's totalitarian state.
   Political correctness is extending its tendrils into nearly
   every aspect of life in America.

10.18. Systems, Access, and the Law
10.18.1. Legal issues regarding access to systems
  + Concerns:
    - access by minors to sexually explicit material
    + access from regions where access "should not be
       permitted"
      - export of crypto, for example
      - the Memphis access to California BBS
  + Current approach: taking the promise of the accessor
    - "I will not export this outside the U.S. or Canada."
    - "I am of legal age to access this material."
  + Possible future approaches:
    + Callbacks, to ensure accessor is from region stated
      - easy enough to bypass with cut-outs and remailers
    + "Credentials"
      - a la the US Postal Service's proposed ID card (and
         others)
      + cryptographically authenticated credentials
        - Chaum's credentials system (certainly better than
           many non-privacy-preserving credentials systems)
10.18.2. "What is a "common carrier" and how does a service become
   one?"
  - (This topic has significance for crypto and remailers, vis
     a vis whether remailers are to be treated as common
     carriers.)
  - Common carriers are what the phone and package delivery
     services are. They are not held liable for the contents of
     phone calls, for the contents of packages (drugs,
     pornography, etc.), or for illegal acts connected with
     their services. One of the deals is that common carriers
     not examine the insides of packages.  Common carriers
     essentially agree to take all traffic that pays the fee and
     not to discriminate based on content. Thus, a phone service
     will not ask what the subject of a call is to be, or listen
     in, to decide whether to make the connection.
  - Some say that to be a common carrier requires a willingness
     to work with law enforcement. That is, Federal Express is
     not responsible for contents of packages, but they have to
     cooperate in reasonable ways with law enforcement to open
     or track suspicious packages. Anybody have a cite for this?
     Is it true?
  - Common carrier status is also cited for bookstores, which
     are not presumed to have read each and every one of the
     books they sell...so if somebody blows their hand off in a
     an experiment, the bookstore is not liable.  (The
     author/publisher may be, but that's aänt issue.)
  - How does one become a common carrier? Not clear. One view
     is that a service should "behave like" a common carrier and
     then hope and pray that a court sees it that way.
  + Are computer services common carriers? A topic of great
     interest.
    - "According to a discussion I had with Dave Lawrence
       (postmaster at UUNET, as well as moderator of
       news.admin.newgroups), UUNET is registered with the FCC
       as an "Enhanced Service Provider," which, according to
       Dave, amounts to similar protection as "Common Carrier."
       ("Common Carrier" seems to not be appropriate yet, since
       Congress is so behind the tech curve)." [L. Todd Masco,
       1994-08-11]
  - As for remailer networks being treated as common carriers,
     totally unclear at this time. Certainly the fact that
     packets are fully encrypted and unreadabel goes to part of
     the issue about agreeing not to screen.
  + More on the common carrier debate:
    - "Ah, the eternal Common Carrier debate.  The answer is
       the same as the last few times. "Common Carrier" status
       has little to do with exemption from liability.  It has
       most to do with being unable to reject passengers, goods,
       or phone calls......Plenty of non-common carrier entities
       are immune from prosecution for ideas that they
       unkowingly communicate -- bookstores for example (unless
       they are *knowingly* porno bookstores in the wrong
       jurisdiction)....Compuserve was held not liable for an
       (alleged) libel by one of its sysops.  Not because of
       common carrier but because they had no knowledge or
       control....Remailers have no knowledge or control hence
       no scienter (guilty knowledge) hence no liability as a
       matter of law---not a jury question BTW." [Duncan
       Frissell, 1994-08-11]

10.19. Credentials
10.19.1. "Are credentials needed? Will digital methods be used?"
10.19.2. I  take a radical view. Ask yourself why credentials are
   _ever_ needed. Maybe for driving a car, and the like, but in
   those cases anonymity is not needed, as the person is in the
   car, etc.

   Credentials for drinking age? Why? Let the parents enforce
   this, as the argument goes about watching sex and violence on
   t.v. (If one accepts the logic of requiring bars to enforce
   children's behavior, then one is on a slippery slope toward
   requiring television set makers to check smartcards of
   viewers, or of requiring a license to access the Internet,
   etc.)

   In almost no cases do I see the need to carry "papers" with
   me. Maybe a driver's license, like I said. In other areas,
   why?
10.19.3. So Cypherpunks probably should not spend too much time
   worrying about how permission slips and "hall passes" will be
   handled. Little need for them.
10.19.4. "What about credentials for specific job performance, or for
   establishing time-based contracts?"
  - Credentials that prove one has completed certain classes,
     or reached certain skill levels, etc.?
  - In transactions where "future performance" is needed, as in
     a contract to have a house built, or to do some similar
     job, then of course the idea of on-line or immediate
     clearing is bogus...like paying a stranger a sum of money
     on his promise that he'll be back the next day to start
     building you a house.

     Parties to such long-term, non-locally-cleared cases may
     contract with an escrow agent, as I described above. This
     is like the "privately-produced law" we've discussed so
     many times. The essence: voluntary arrangements.

     Maybe proofs of identity will be needed, or asked for,
     maybe not. But these are not the essence of the deal.

10.20. Escrow Agents
10.20.1. (the main discussion of this is under Crypto Anarchy)
10.20.2. Escrow Agents as a way to deal with contract renegging
  - On-line clearing has the possible danger implicit in all
     trades that Alice will hand over the money, Bob will verify
     that it has cleared into hisaccount (in older terms, Bob
     would await word that his Swiss bank account has just been
     credited), and then Bob will fail to complete his end of
     the bargain. If the transaction is truly anonymous, over
     computer lines, then of course Bob just hangs up his modem
     and the connection is broken. This situation is as old as
     time, and has always involved protcols in which trust,
     repeat business, etc., are factors. Or escrow agents.
  - Long before the "key escrow" of Clipper, true escrow was
     planned. Escrow as in escrow agents. Or bonding agents.
  - Alice and Bob want to conduct a transaction. Neither trusts
     the other;
     indeed, they are unknown to each other. In steps "Esther's
     Escrow Service." She is _also utraceable_, but has
     established a digitally-signed presence and a good
     reputation for fairness. Her business is in being an escrow
     agent, like a bonding agency, not in "burning" either
     party. (The math of this is interesting: as long as the
     profits to be gained from any small set of transactions is
     less than her "reputation capital," it is in her interest
     to forego the profits from burning and be honest. It is
     also possible to arrange that Esther cannot profit from
     burning either Alice or Bob or both of them, e.g., by
     suitably encrypting the escrowed stuff.)
  - Alice can put her part of the transaction into escrow with
     Esther, Bob can do the same, and then Esther can release
     the items to the parties when conditions are met, when both
     parties agree, when adjudication of some sort occurs, etc.
     (There a dozen issues here, of course, about how disputes
     are settled, about how parties satisfy themselves that
     Esther has the items she says she has, etc.)

10.21. Loose Ends
10.21.1. Legality of trying to break crypto systems
  + "What's the legality of breaking cyphers?"
    - Suppose I find some random-looking bits and find a way to
       apparently decrease their entropy, perhaps turning them
       into the HBO or Playboy channel? What crime have I
       committed?
    - "Theft of services" is what they'll get me for. Merely
       listening to broadcasts can now be a crime (cellular,
       police channels, satellite broadcasts). In my view, a
       chilling developemt, for practical reasons (enforcement
       means invasive monitoring) and for basic common sense
       ethics reasons: how can listening to what lands on your
       property be illegal?
    - This also opens the door for laws banning listening to
       certain "outlaw" or "unlicensed" braodcast stations.
       Shades of the Iron Curtain. (I'm not talking about FCC
       licensing, per se.)
  + "Could it ever be illegal to try to break an encryption
     scheme, even if the actual underlying data is not
     "stolen"?"
    + Criminalizing *tools* rather than actions
      - The U.S. is moving in the direction of making mere
         possession of certain tools and methods illegal, rather
         than criminalizing actual actions. This has been the
         case--or so I hear, though I can't cite actual laws--
         with "burglar tools." (Some dispute this, pointing to
         the sale of lockpicks, books on locksmithing, etc.
         Still, see what happens if you try to publish a
         detailed book on how to counterfeit currency.)
      - Black's law term for this?
    + To some extent, it already is. Video encryption is this
       way. So is cellular.
      - attendees returning from a Bahamas conference on pirate
         video methods (guess why it was in the Bahamas) had
         their papers and demo materials seized by Customs
    - Counterfeiting is, I think, in this situation, too.
       Merely exploring certain aspects is verboten. (I don't
       claim that all aspects are, of course.)
    - Interception of broadcast signals may be illegal--
       satellite or cellular phone traffic (and Digital
       Telephony Act may further make such intercepts illegal
       and punishable in draconian ways)
  + Outlawing of the breaking of encryption, a la the
     broadcast/scanner laws
    - (This came up in a thread with Steve Bellovin)
    + Aspects
      + PPL side...hard to convince a PPL agent to "enforce"
         this
        - but market sanctions against those who publically use
           the information are of course possible, just as with
           those who overhear conversations and then gossip
           widely (whereas the act of overhearing is hardly a
           crime)
      - statutory enforcement leads to complacency, to below-
         par security
      + is an unwelcome expansion of power of state to enforce
         laws against decryption of numbers
        - and may lead to overall restrictions on crypto use
10.21.2. wais, gopher, WWW, and implications
  - borders more transparent...not clear _where_ searches are
     taking place, files being transferrred, etc. (well, it is
     deterministic, so some agent or program presumably knows,
     but it's likely that humans don't)
10.21.3. "Why are so many prominent Cypherpunks interested in the
   law?"
  - Beats me. Nothing is more stultfyingly boring to me than
     the cruft and "found items" nature of the law.
  - However,, for a certain breed of hacker, law hacking is the
     ultimate challenge. And it's important for some Cypherpunks
     goals.
10.21.4. "How will crypto be fought?"
  - The usual suspects: porn, pedophilia, terrorists, tax
     evaders, spies
  + Claims that "national security" is at stake
    - As someone has said, "National security is the root
       password to the Constitution"
  + claims of discrimination
    - as but one example, crypto allows offshore bank accounts,
       a la carte insurance, etc...these are all things that
       will shake the social welfare systems of many nations
10.21.5. Stego may also be useful in providing board operators with
   "plausible deniabillity"--they can claim ignorance of the LSB
   contents (I'm not saying this will stand up in court very
   well, but any port in a storm, especially port 25).
10.21.6. Can a message be proved to be encrypted, and with what key?
10.21.7. Legality of digital signatures and timestamps?
  - Stu Haber confirms that this has not been tested, no
     precedents set
10.21.8. A legal issue about proving encryption exists
  - The XOR point. Any message can be turned into any other
     message, with the proper XOR intermediate message.
     Implications for stego as well as for legal proof
     (difficulty of). As bits leave no fingerprints, the mere
     presence of a particular XOR pad on a defendant's disk is
     no proof that he put it there...the cops could have planted
     the incriminating key, which turns "gi6E2lf7DX01jT$" into
     "Dope is ready." (I see issues of "chain of evidence"
     becoming even more critical, perhaps with use of
     independent "timestamping authorities" to make hashes of
     seized evidence--hashes in the cryptographic sense and not
     hashes in the usual police sense.)
10.21.9. "What are the dangers of standardization and official
   sanctioning?"
  - The U.S. has had a disturbing tendency to standardize on
     some technology and then punish deviations from the
     standard. Examples: telephones, cable (franchises granted,
     competitors excluded)
  - Franchises, standards...
  + My concern: Digital money will be blessed...home banking,
     Microsoft, other banks, etc. The Treasury folks will sign
     on, etc.
    - Competitors will have a hard time, as government throws
       roadblocks in front of them, as the U.S. makes
       international deals with other countries, etc.
10.21.10. Restrictions on voice encryption?
  + may arise for an ironic reason: people can use Net
     connections to talk worldwide for $1 an hour or less,
     rather than $1 a minute; this may cause telcos to clamor
     for restrictions
    - enforcing these restrictions then becomes problematic,
       unless channel is monitored
    - and if encrypted...
10.21.11. Fuzziness of laws
  - It may seem surprising that a nation so enmeshed in
     complicated legalese as the U.S., with more lawyers per
     capita than any other large nation and with a legal code
     that consists of hundreds of thousands of pages of
     regulations and interpretations, is actually a nation with
     a legal code that is hard to pin down.
  - Any  system with formal, rigid rules can be "gamed against"
     be an adversary. The lawmakers know this, and so the laws
     are kept fuzzy enough to thwart mechanistic gaming; this
     doesn't stop there from being an army of lawyers (in fact,
     it guarantees it). Some would say that the laws are kept
     fuzzy to increase the power of lawmakers and regulators.
  - "Bank regulations in this country are kept deliberately
     somewhat vague.  The regulator's word is the deciding
     principle, not a detailed interpretation of statute.  The
     lines are fuzzy, and because they are fuzzy, the banks
     don't press on them nearly as hard as when there's clear
     statutory language available to be interpreted in a court.

     "The uncertainty in the regulatory environment _increases_
     the hold the regulators have over the banks.  And the
     regulators are known for being decidedly finicky.  Their
     decisions are largely not subject to appeal (except for the
     flagrant stuff, which the regulators are smart enough not
     to do too often), and there's no protection against cross-
     linking issues.  If a bank does something untoward in, say,
     mortgage banking, they may find, say, their interstate
     branching possibilities seem suddenly much dimmer.

     "The Dept. of Treasury doesn't want untraceable
     transactions." [Eric Hughes, Cypherpunks list, 1994-8-03]
  - Attempts to sneak around the laws, especially in the
     context of alternative currencies, Perry Metzger notes:
     "They are simply trying to stop you from playing games. The
     law isn't like geometry -- there aren't axioms and rules
     for deriving one thing from another. The general principle
     is that they want to track all your transactions, and if
     you make it difficult they will either use existing law to
     jail you, or will produce a new law to try to do the same."
     [Perry Metzger, 1994-08-10]
  - This fuzziness and regulatory discretion is closely related
     to those wacky schemes to avoid taxes by claiming , for
     example, that the "dollar" is defined as 1/35th of an ounce
     of gold (and that hence one's earnings in "real dollars"
     are a tiny fraction of the ostensible earnings), that Ohio
     did not legally enter the Union and thus the income tax was
     never properly ratified,, etc. Lots of these theories have
     been tested--and rejected. I mention this because some
     Cypherpunks show signs of thinking "digital cash" offers
     similar opportunities. (And I expect to see similar scams.)
  - (A related example. Can one's accumulation of money be
     taken out of the country? Depending on who you ask, "it
     depends." Taking it out in your suitcase rasises all kind
     of possibilies of seizure (violation of currency export
     laws, money laundering, etc.). Wiring it out may invoke
     FinCEN triggers. The IRS may claim it is "capital flight"
     to avoid taxes--which it may well be. Basically, your own
     money is no longer yours. There may be ways to do this--I
     hope so--but the point remains that the rules are fuzzy,
     and the discretionary powers to seize assets are great.
     Seek competent counsel, and then pray.)
10.21.12. role of Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
  - not discussed in crypto circles much, but the "rules of the
     road"
  - in many  way, an implementation of anarcho-capitalism, in
     that the UCC is a descendant (modulo some details) of the
     "Law Merchant" that handled relations between sovereign
     powers, trade at sea, etc.
  - things like electronic funds transfere, checks, liablities
     for forged sigs, etc.
  - I expect eventual UCC involvement in digital money schemes
10.21.13. "What about the rush to legislate, to pass laws about
   cyberspace, the information superduperhighway, etc.?
  + The U.S. Congress feels it has to "do something" about
     things that many of us feel don't need regulation or "help"
     from Congress.
    - crypto legislation
    - set-top boxes, cable access, National Information
       Infrastructure (Cable Version)
    - information access, parental lock-outs, violence ratings,
       sexually explicit materials, etc.
  - Related to the "do something!" mentality on National Health
     Care, guns, violence, etc.
  - Why not just not do anything?
  + Scary possibilities being talked about:
    + giving television sets unique IDs ("V chips") with cable
       access through these chips
      - tying national ID cards to these, e.g., Joe Citizen, of
         Provo, Utah, would be "allowed" to view an NC-17
         violence-rated program
      - This would be disastrous: records, surveillance,
         dossiers, permission, centralization
  - The "how can we fix it?" mindset is very damaging. Many
     things just cannot be "fixed" by central planners....look
     at economies for an example. The same is usually true of
     technologies.
10.21.14. on use of offshore escrow agents as protection against
   seizures
  - contempt laws come into play, but the idea is to make
     yourself powerless to alter the situation, and hence not
     willfully disobeying the court
  + Can also tell offshore agents what to do with files, and
     when to release them
    - Eric Hughes proposes: "One solution to this is to give
       the passphrase (or other access information) to someone
       who won't give it back to you if you are under duress,
       investigation, court order, etc.  One would desire that
       this entity be in a jurisdiction other than where an
       investigation might happen." [E.H., 1994-07-26]
    - Sandy Sandfort adds: "Prior to seizure/theft, you would
       make an  arrangement with an offshore "escrow agent."
       After seizure you would send your computer the
       instruction that says, "encrypt my disk with the escrow
       agents public key."  After that, only the escrow agent
       could decrypt your disk.  Of course, the escrow agent
       would only do that when conditions you had stipulated
       were in effect." [S. S., 1994-07-27]
  - related to data havens and offshore credit/P.I. havens
10.21.15. Can the FCC-type Requirements for "In the clear" broadcasting
   (or keys supplied to Feds) be a basis for similar legislation
   of private networks and private use of encryption?
  - this would seem to be impractical, given the growth of
     cellular phones, wireless LANs, etc....can't very well
     mandate that corporations broadcast their internal
     communications in the clear!
  - compression, packet-switching, and all kinds of other
     "distortions" of the data...requiring transmissions to be
     readable by government agencies would require providing the
     government with maps (of where the packets are going), with
     specific decompression algorithms, etc....very impractical
10.21.16. Things that could trigger a privacy flap or limitations on
   crypto
  - Anonymously publishing adoption records [suggested by Brian
     Williams, 1994-08-22]
  - nuclear weapons secrets (true secrets, not just the
     titillating stuff that any bright physics student can
     cobble together)
  - repugant markets (assassinations, organ selling, etc.)
10.21.17. Pressures on civilians not to reveal crypto knowledge
  + Example: mobile phone crypto standards.
    - "This was the official line until a few months ago - that
       A5 was strong and A5X a weakened export
       version....However, once we got hold of A5 we found that
       it was not particularly strong there is an easy 2^40
       attack. The government's line then changed to `you
       mustn't discuss this in public because it would harm
       British export sales'....Perhaps it was all a ploy to get
       Saddam to buy A5 chips off some disreputable arms dealer
       type. [Ross Anderson, "mobil phone in europe <gms-
       standard>, a precedence?," sci.crypt, 1994-08-15]
    - Now this example comes from Britain, where the
       intelligence community has always had more lattitude than
       in the U.S. (an Official Secrets Act, limits on the
       press, no pesky Constitution to get in the way, and even
       more of an  old boy's network than we have in the U.S.
       mil-industrial complex).
  - And the threat by NSA officials to have Jim Bidzos, the
     president of RSA Data Security, Inc., killed if he didn't
     play ball. {"The Keys to the Kingdom," San Jose Mercury
     News]
10.21.18. "identity escrow", Eric Hughes, for restrictions on e-mail
   accounts and electronic PO boxes (has been talked about,
   apparently...no details)

11. Surveillance, Privacy, And Intelligence Agencies

11.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

11.2. SUMMARY: Surveillance, Privacy, And Intelligence Agencies
11.2.1. Main Points
11.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
11.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - Bamford ("The Puzzle Palace"), Richelson (several books,
     including "U.S. Intelligence Agencies"), Burrows ("Deep
     Black," about the NRO and spy satellites), Covert Action
     Quarterly
11.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments

11.3. Surveillance and Privacy
11.3.1. We've come a long way from Secretary of State Stimpson's
   famous "Gentlemen do not read other gentlemen's mail"
   statement. It is now widely taken for granted that Americans
   are to be monitored, surveilled, and even wiretapped by the
   various intelligence agencies. The FBI, the National Security
   Agency, the CIA, the National Reconnaissance Office, etc.
   (Yes, these groups have various charters telling them who
   they can spy on, what legalities they have to meet, etc. But
   they still spy. And there's not an uproar--the "What have you
   got to hide?" side of the American privacy dichotomy.)
11.3.2. Duncan Frissell reminds us of Justice Jackson's 1948
   dissenting opinion in some case:
  - "The government could simplify criminal law enforcement by
     requiring every citizen "to keep a diary that would show
     where he was at all times, with whom he was, and what he
     was up to." [D.F. 1994-09-06, from an article in the WSJ]
  - (It should be noted that tracking devices--collars,
     bracelets, implantable transmitters--exist and are in use
     with prisoners. Some parents are even installing them in
     children, it is rumored. A worry for the future?)
11.3.3. "What is the "surveillance state"?"
  - the issue with crypto is the _centralization_ of
     eavesdropping...much easier than planting bugs
  + "Should some freedom be given up for security?"
    + "Those who are willing to trade freedom for security
      - deserve neither
      + freedom nor security
        - Ben Franklin
    - the tradeoff is often illusory--police states result when
       the trains are made to run on time
  - "It's a bit ironic that the Administration is crying foul
     so loudly
     over the Soviet/Russian spy in the CIA -- as if this was
     unfair --
     while they're openly proclaiming the right to spy on
     citizens
     and foreigners via Clipper." [Carl Ellison, 1994-02-23]
  + Cameras are becoming ubiquitous
    + cheap, integrated, new technologes
      - SDI fisheye lens
    - ATMs
    - traffic, speed traps, street corners
    - store security
  - Barcodes--worst fear of all...and not plausible
  + Automatic recognition is still lacking
    - getting better, slowly
    - neural nets, etc. (but these require training)
11.3.4. "Why would the government monitor _my_ communications?"
  - "Because of economics and political stability....You can
     build computers and monitoring devices in secret, deploy
     them in secret, and listen to _everything_.  To listen to
     everything with bludgeons and pharmaceuticals would not
     only cost more in labor and equipment, but also engender a
     radicalizing backlash to an actual police state." [Eric
     Hughes, 1994-01-26]
  - Systems like Digital Telephony and Clipper make it much too
     easy for governments to routinely monitor their citizens,
     using automated technology that requires drastically less
     human involvement than previous police states required.
11.3.5. "How much surveillance is actually being done today?"
  + FBI and Law Enforcement Surveillance Activities
    - the FBI kept records of meetings (between American
       companies and Nazi interests), and may have used these
       records during and after the war to pressure companies
  + NSA and Security Agency Surveillance Activities
    - collecting economic intelligence
    - in WW2, Economic Warfare Council (which was renamed Board
       of Economic Warfare) kept tabs on shipments of petroleum
       and other products
    + MINARET, code word for NSA "watch list" material
       (intercepts)
      - SIGINT OPERATION MINARET
      - originally, watch list material was "TOP SECRET
         HANDLE VIA COMINT CHANNELS ONLY   UMBRA GAMMA"
      + NSA targeting is done primarily via a list called
         Intelligence Guidelines for COMINT Priorities (IGCP)
        - committe made up of representatives from several
           intelligence agencies
        - intiated in around 1966
    + revelations following Pentagon Papers that national
       security elsur had picked up private conversations (part
       of the Papers)
      - timing of PP was late 1963, early 1964...about time UB
         was getting going
    + F-3, the NSA's main antenna system for intercepting ASCII
       transmissions from un-TEMPESTed terminals and PCs
      - signals can be picked up through walls up to a foot
         thick (or more, considering how such impulses bounce
         around)
  + Joint FBI/NSA Surveillance Activities
    + Operation Shamrock was a tie between NSA and FBI
      - since 1945, although there had been earlier intercepts,
         too
      - COINTELPRO, dissidents, radicals
      + 8/0/45 Operation Shamrock begins
        - a sub rosa effort to continue the monitoring
           arrangements of WW II
        - ITT Communications agreed to turn over all cables
        + RCA Communications also turned over all cables
          - even had an ex-Signal Corps officer as a VP to
             handle the details
          - direct hookups to RCA lines were made, for careful
             monitoring by the ASA
          - cables to and from corporations, law firms,
             embassies, citizens were all kept
          + 12/16/47   Meeting between Sosthenes Behn of ITT,
             General Ingles of RCA, and Sec. of Defense James
             Forrestal
            - to discuss Operation Shamrock
            - to arrange exemptions from prosecution
      + 0/0/63   Operation Shamrock enters a new phase as RCA
         Global switches to computerized operation
        - coincident with Harvest at NSA
        - and perfect for start of UB/Severn operations
      + 1/6/67   Hoover officially terminates "black bag"
         operations
        - concerned about blowback
        - had previously helped NSA by stealing codes, ciphers,
           decrypted traffic, planting bugs on phone lines, etc.
        - from embassies, corporations
        - unclear as to whether these operations continued
           anyway
        + Plot Twist: may have been the motivation for NSA and
           UB/Severn to pursue other avenues, such as the use of
           criminals as cutouts
          - and is parallel to "Plumbers Unit" used by  White
             House
      + 10/1/73   AG Elliot Richardson orders FBI and SS to
         stop requesting NSA surveillance material
        - NSA agreed to stop providing this, but didn't tell
           Richardson about Shamrock or Minaret
        - however, events of this year (1973) marked the end of
           Minaret
      + 3/4/77   Justice Dept. recommends against prosecution
         of any NSA or FBI personnel over Operations Shamrock
         and Minaret
        - decided that NSCID No. 9 (aka No. 6) gave NSA
           sufficient leeway
      - 5/15/75   Operation Shamrock officially terminated
      - and Minaret, of course
    + Operation Shamrock-Details
      + 8/0/45 Operation Shamrock begins
        - a sub rosa effort to continue the monitoring
           arrangements of WW II
        - ITT Communications agreed to turn over all cables
        + RCA Communications also turned over all cables
          - even had an ex-Signal Corps officer as a VP to
             handle the details
          - direct hookups to RCA lines were made, for careful
             monitoring by the ASA
          - cables to and from corporations, law firms,
             embassies, citizens were all kept
          + 12/16/47   Meeting between Sosthenes Behn of ITT,
             General Ingles of RCA, and Sec. of Defense James
             Forrestal
            - to discuss Operation Shamrock
            - to arrange exemptions from prosecution
      + 0/0/63   Operation Shamrock enters a new phase as RCA
         Global switches to computerized operation
        - coincident with Harvest at NSA
        - and perfect for start of UB/Severn operations
      + 8/18/66   (Thursday)  New analysis site in New York for
         Operation Shamrock
        + Louis Tordella meets with CIA Dep. Dir. of Plans and
           arranges to set up a new listening post for analysis
           of the tapes from RCA and ITT (that had been being
           shipped to NSA and then back)
          - Tordella was later involved in setting up the watch
             list in 1970 for the BNDD, (Operation Minaret)
        - LPMEDLEY was code name, of a television tape
           processing shop (reminiscent of "Man from U.N.C.L.E."
        - but NSA had too move away later
      - 5/15/75   Operation Shamrock officially terminated
      + 10/1/73   AG Elliot Richardson orders FBI and SS to
         stop requesting NSA surveillance material
        - NSA agreed to stop providing this, but didn't tell
           Richardson about Shamrock or Minaret
        - however, events of this year (1973) marked the end of
           Minaret
      - Abzug committee prompted by New York Daily News report,
         7/22/75, that NSA and FBI had been monitoring
         commercial cable traffic (Operation Shamrock)
      + 6/30/76    175 page report on Justice Dept.
         investigation of Shamrock and Minaret
        - only 2 copies prepared, classified TOP SECRET UMBRA,
           HANDLE VIA COMINT CHANNELS ONLY
      + 3/4/77   Justice Dept. recommends against prosecution
         of any NSA or FBI personnel over Operations Shamrock
         and Minaret
        - decided that NSCID No. 9 (aka No. 6) gave NSA
           sufficient leeway
      + the NSA program, begun in August 1945, to monitor all
         telegrams entering or leaving the U.S.
        - reminiscent of Yardley's arrangements in the 1920s
           (and probably some others)
        - known only to Louis Tordella and agents involved
        - compartmentalization
      + Plot Links of Operation Shamrock to Operation Ultra
         Black
        - many links, from secrecy, compartmentalization, and
           illegality to the methods used and the subversion of
           government power
        - "Shamrock was blown...Ultra Black burrowed even
           deeper."
    + NSA, FBI, and surveillance of Cuban sympathizers
      - "watch list" used
      - were there links to Meyer Lansky and Trafficante via
         the JFK-Mafia connection?
      - various Watergate break-in connections (Cubans used)
      - Hoover ended black-bag operations in 1967-8
    + NSA, FBI, and Dissenters (COINTELPRO-type activities)
      + 10/20/67   NSA is asked to begin collecting information
         related to civil disturbances, war protesters, etc.
        - Army Intelligence, Secret Service, CIA, FBI, DIA were
           all involved
        - arguably, this continues (given the success of FBI
           and Secret Service in heading off major acts of
           terrorism and attempted assassinations)
    + Huston Plan and Related Plans (1970-71)
      - 7/19/66   Hoover unofficially terminates black bag
         operations
      + 1/6/67   Hoover officially terminates black bag
         operations
        - fearing blowback, concerned about his place in
           history
      + 6/20/69   Tom C. Huston recommends increased
         intelligence activity on dissent
        - memo to NSA, CIA, DIA, FBI
        - this later becomes basis of Huston Plan
      + 6/5/70   Meeting at White House to prepare for Huston
         Plan; Interagency Committee on Intelligence (Ad Hoc),
         ICI
        - Nixon, Huston, Ehrlichman, Haldeman, Noel Gayler of
           NSA. Richard Helms of CIA, J. Edgar Hoover of FBI,
           Donald V. Bennett of DIA
        - William Sullivan of FBI named to head ICI
        + NSA enthusiastically supported ICI
          - PROD named Benson Buffham as liaison
          - sought increased surreptitious entries and
             elimination of legal restrictions on domestic
             surveillance (not that they had felt bound by
             legalisms)
        - recipients to be on "Bigot List" and with even more
           security than traditional TOP SECRET, HANDLE VIA
           COMINT CHANNELS ONLY
        -
      + 7/23/70   Huston Plan circulated
        - 43 pages, entitled Domestic Intelligence Gathering
           Plan: Analysis and Stategy
        - urged increased surreptitious entries (for codes,
           ciphers, plans, membership lists)
        - targeting of embassies
      + 7/27/70   Huston Plan cancelled
        - pressure by Attorney General John Mitchell
        - and perhaps by Hoover
        - Huston demoted; he resigned a year later
        - but the Plan was not really dead...perhaps Huston's
           mistake was in being young and vocal and making the
           report too visible and not deniable enough
      + 12/3/70   Intelligence Evaluation Committee (IEC) meets
         (Son-of-Huston Plan)
        - John Dean arranged it in fall of '70
        - Robert C. Mardian, Assistant AG for Internal Security
           headed up the IEC
        - Benson Buffham of NSA/PROD, James Jesus Angleton of
           CIA, George Moore from FBI, Col. John Downie from DOD
        - essentially adopted all of Huston Plan
      + 1/26/71   NSA issues NSA Contribution to Domestic
         Intelligence (as part of IEC)
        - increased scope of surveillance related to drugs (via
           BNDD and FBI), foreign nationals
        - "no indication of origin" on generated material
        - full compartmentalization, NSA to ensure compliance
      + 8/4/71  G. Gordon Liddy attends IEC meeting, to get
         them to investigate leaks of Pentagon Papers
        - channel from NSA/PROD to Plumber's Unit in White
           House, bypassing other agencies
      + 6/7/73   New York Times reveals details of Huston Plan
        - full text published
        - trials of Weatherman jeopardized and ultimately
           derailed it
      + 10/1/73   AG Elliot Richardson orders FBI and SS to
         stop requesting NSA surveillance material
        - NSA agreed to stop providing this, but didn't tell
           Richardson about Shamrock or Minaret
        - however, events of this year (1973) marked the end of
           Minaret
  + FINCEN, IRS, and Other Economic Surveillance
    - set up in Arlington as a group to monitor the flows of
       money and information
    + eventually these groups will see the need to actively
       hack into computer systems used by various groups that
       are under investigation
      - ties to the death of Alan Standorf? (Vint Hill)
      - Casolaro, Riconosciutto
11.3.6. "Does the government want to monitor economic transactions?"
  - Incontrovertibly, they _want_ to. Whether they have actual
     plans to do so is more debatable. The Clipper and Digital
     Telephony proposals are but two of the indications they
     have great plans laid to ensure their surveillance
     capabilities are maintained and extended.
  - The government will get increasingly panicky as more Net
     commerce develops, as trade moves offshore, and as
     encryption spreads.
11.3.7. A danger of the surveillance society: You can't hide
  - seldom discussed as a concern
  - no escape valve, no place for those who made mistakes to
     escape to
  - (historically, this is a way for criminals to get back on a
     better track--if a digital identity means their record
     forever follows them, this may...)
  + A growing problem in America and other "democratic"
     countries is the tendency to make mandatory what were once
     voluntary choices. For example, fingerprinting children to
     help in kidnapping cases may be a reasonable thing to do
     voluntarily, but some school districts are planning to make
     it mandatory.
    - This is all part of the "Let's pass a law" mentality.
11.3.8. "Should I refuse to give my Social Security Number to those
   who ask for it?"
  - It's a bit off of crypto, but the question does keep coming
     up on the Cypherpunks list.
  - Actually, they don't even need to ask for it
     anymore....it's attached to so many _other_ things that pop
     up when they enter your name that it's a moot point. In
     other words, the same dossiers that allow the credit card
     companies to send you "preapproved credit cards" every few
     days are the same dossiers that MCI, Sprint, AT&T, etc. are
     using to sign you up.
11.3.9. "What is 'Privacy 101'?"
  - I couldn't think of a better way to introduce the topic of
     how individuals can protect their privacy, avoid
     interference by the government, and (perhaps) avoid taxes.
  - Duncan Frissell and Sandy Sandfort have given out a lot of
     tips on this, some of them just plain common sense, some of
     them more arcane.
  + They are conducting a seminar, entitled "PRIVACY 101" and
     the archives of this are available by Web at:
    - http://www.iquest.com/~fairgate/privacy/index.html
11.3.10. Cellular phones are trackable by region...people are getting
   phone calls as they cross into new zones, "welcoming" them
  - but it implies that their position is already being tracked
11.3.11. Ubiquitous use of SSNs and other personal I.D.
11.3.12. cameras that can recognize faces are placed in many public
   places, e.g., airports, ports of entry, government buildings
  - and even in some private places, e.g., casinos, stores that
     have had problems with certain customers, banks that face
     robberies, etc.
11.3.13. speculation (for the paranoids)
  - covert surveillance by noninvasive detection
     methods...positron emission tomography to see what part of
     the brain is active (think of the paranoia possibility!)
  - typically needs special compounds, but...
11.3.14. Diaries are no longer private
  + can be opened under several conditions
    - subpoena in trial
    - discovery in various court cases, including divorce,
       custody, libel, etc.
    - business dealings
    - psychiatrists (under Tarasoff ruling) can have records
       opened; whatever one may think of the need for crimes
       confessed to shrinks to be reported, this is certainly a
       new era
  - Packwood diary case establishes the trend: diaries are no
     longer sacrosanct
  - An implication for crypto and Cypherpunks topics is that
     diaries and similar records may be stored in encrypted
     forms, or located in offshore locations. There may be more
     and more use of offshore or encrypted records.

11.4. U.S. Intelligence Agencies: NSA, FinCEN, CIA, DIA, NRO, FBI
11.4.1. The focus here is on U.S. agencies, for various reasons. Most
   Cypherpunks are currently Americans, the NSA has a dominant
   role in surveillance technology, and the U.S. is the focus of
   most current crypto debate. (Britain has the GCHQ, Canada has
   its own SIGINT group, the Dutch have...., France has DGSE and
   so forth, and...)
11.4.2. Technically, not all are equal. And some may quibble with my
   calling the FBI an "intelligence agency." All have
   surveillance and monitoring functions, albeit of different
   flavors.
11.4.3. "Is the NSA involved in domestic surveillance?"
  + Not completely confirmed, but much evidence that the answer
     is "yes":
    * previous domestic surveillance (Operation Shamrock,
       telegraphs, ITT, collusion with FBI, etc.)
    * reciprocal arrangements with GCHQ (U.K.)
    * arrangements on Indian reservations for microwave
       intercepts
    * the general technology allows it (SIGINT, phone lines)
    * the National Security Act of 1947, and later
       clarifications and Executive Orders, makes it likely
  - And the push for Digital Telephony.
11.4.4. "What will be the effects of widespread crypto use on
   intelligence collection?"
  - Read Bamford for some stuff on how the NSA intercepts
     overseas communications, how they sold deliberately-
     crippled crypto machines to Third World nations, and how
     much they fear the spread of strong, essentially
     unbreakable crypto. "The Puzzle Palace" was published in
     1982...things have only gotten worse in this regard since.
  - Statements from senior intelligence officials reflect this
     concern.
  - Digital dead drops will change the whole espionage game.
     Information markets, data havens, untraceable e-mail...all
     of these things will have a profound effect on national
     security issues.
  - I expect folks like Tom Clancy to be writing novels about
     how U.S. national security interests are being threatened
     by "unbreakable crypto." (I like some Clancy novels, but
     there's no denying he is a right-winger who's openly
     critical of social trends, and that he believes druggies
     should be killed, the government is necessary to ward off
     evil, and ordinary citizens ought not to have tools the
     government can't overcome.)
11.4.5. "What will the effects of crypto on conventional espionage?"
  - Massive effects; watch out for this to be cited as a reason
     to ban or restrict crypto--however pointless that may be.
  + Effects:
    - information markets, a la BlackNet
    - digital dead drops -- why use Coke cans near oak trees
       when you can put messages into files and post them
       worldwide, with untraceably? (but, importantly, with a
       digital signature!)
    - transparency of borders
    - arms trade, arms deals
    - virus, weaponry
11.4.6. NSA budget
  - $27 billion over 6 years, give or take
  - may actually increase, despite end of Cold War
  - new threats, smaller states, spread of nukes, concerns
     about trade, money-laundering, etc.
  - first rule of bureaucracies: they always get bigger
  + NSA-Cray Computer supercomputer
    + press release, 1994-08-17, gives some clues about the
       capabilities sought by the surveillance state
      - "The Cray-3/SSS will be a hybrid system capable of
         vector parallel processing, scalable parallel
         processing and a combination of both. The system will
         consist of a dual processor 256 million word Cray-3 and
         a 512,000 processor 128 million byte single instruction
         multiple data (SIMD) array......SIMD arrays of one
         million processors are expected to be possible using
         the current version of the Processor-In-Memory (PIM)
         chips developed by the Supercomputing Research Center
         once the development project is completed. The PIM chip
         contains 64 single-bit processors and 128 kilobyte bits
         of memory. Cray Computer will package PIM chips
         utilizing its advanced multiple chip module packaging
         technology. The chips are manufactured by National
         Semiconductor Corporation."
    - This is probably the supercomputer described in the
       Gunter Ahrendt report
11.4.7. FINCEN, IRS, and Other Economic Surveillance
  - Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, a consortium or task
     force made up of DEA, DOJ, FBI, CIA, DIA, NSA, IRS, etc.
  - set up in Arlington as a group to monitor the flows of
     money and information
  - eventually these groups will see the need to hack into
     computer systems used by various groups that are under
     investigation
  - Cf. "Wired," either November or December, 1993
11.4.8. "Why are so many computer service, telecom, and credit agency
   companies located near U.S. intelligence agency sites?"
  + For example, the cluster of telecom and credit reporting
     agencies (TRW Credit, Transunion, etc.) in and around the
     McLean/Langley area of Northern Virginia (including
     Herndon, Vienna, Tyson's Corner, Chantilly, etc.)
    - same thing for, as I recall, various computer network
       providers, such as UUCP (or whatever), America Online,
       etc.
  - The least conspiratorial view: because all are located near
     Washington, D.C., for various regulatory, lobbying, etc.
     reasons
  + The most conspiratorial view: to ensure that the
     intelligence agencies have easy access to communications,
     direct landlines, etc.
    - credit reporting agencies need to clear identities that
       are fabricated for the intelligence agencies, WitSec,
       etc. (the three major credit agencies have to be
       complicit in these creations, as the "ghosts" show up
       immediately when past records are cross-correlated)
    - As Paul Ferguson, Cypherpunk and manager at US Sprint,
       puts it: "We're located in Herndon, Virginia, right
       across the street from Dulles Airport and a hop, skip &
       jump down the street from the new NRO office.   ,-)"
       [P.F., 1994-08-18]
11.4.9. Task Force 157, ONI, Kissinger, Castle Bank, Nugan Hand Bank,
   CIA
11.4.10. NRO building controversy
  - and an agency I hadn't seen listed until August, 1994: "The
     Central Imagery Office"
11.4.11. SIGINT listening posts
  + possible monkeywrenching?
    - probably too hard, even for an EMP bomb (non-nuclear,
       that is)
11.4.12. "What steps is the NSA taking?"
  * besides death threats against Jim Bidzos, that is
  * Clipper a plan to drive competitors out (pricing, export
     laws, harassment)
  * cooperation with other intelligence agencies, other nations
    - New World Order
  * death threats were likely just a case of bullying...but
     could conceivably be part of a campaign of terror--to shut
     up critics or at least cause them to hesitate

11.5. Surveillance in Other Countries
11.5.1. Partly this overlaps on the earlier discussion of crypto laws
   in other countries.
11.5.2. Major Non-U.S. Surveillance Organizations
  + BnD -- Bundesnachrichtendienst
    - German security service
    - BND is seeking constitutional amendment, buy may not need
       it, as the mere call for it told everyone what is already
       existing
    - "vacuum cleaner in the ether"
    - Gehlen...Eastern Front Intelligence
    - Pullach, outside Munchen
    - they have always tried to get the approval to do domestic
       spying...a key to power
  + Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) -- W. German FBI
    - HQ is at Wiesbaden
    - bomb blew up there when being examined, killing an
       officer (related to Pan Am/Lockerbie/PFLP-GC)
    - sign has double black eagles (back to back)
  - BVD -- Binnenlandse Veiligheids Dienst, Dutch Internal
     Security Service
  + SDECE
    - French intelligence (foreign intelligence), linked to
       Greepeace ship bombing in New Zealand?
    - SDECE had links to the October Surprise, as some French
       agents were in on the negotiations, the arms shipments
       out of Marseilles and Toulon, and in meetings with
       Russbacher and the others
  - DST, Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire,
     counterespionage arm of France (parallel to FBI)
  + DSGE, Direction GŽnŽrale de la SŽcuritŽ ExtŽriere
    - provides draft deferments for those who deliver stolen
       information
  + Sweden, Forsvarets Radioanstalt ("Radio Agency of the
     Defense")
    - cracked German communications between occupied Norway and
       occupied Denmark
    - Beurling, with paper and pencil only
  + Mossad, LAKAM, Israel
    + HQ in Tel Aviv, near HQ of AMAN, military intelligence
      - doesn't HQ move around a lot?
    - LAKAM (sp?),  a supersecret Israeli intelligence
       agency...was shown the PROMIS software in 1983
    + learned of the Pakistani success in building an atom bomb
       and took action against the Pakistani leadership:
       destruction of the plane carrying the President (Zia?)
       and some U.S. experts
      - Mossad knew of DIA and CIA involvement in BCCI
         financing of Pakistani atom bomb efforts (and links to
         other arms dealers that allowed triggers and the like
         to reach Pakistan)
    - revelations by Vanunu were designed to scare the Arab and
       Muslim world-and to send a signal that the killing of
       President Zia was to be the fate of any Pakistani leader
       who continued the program
11.5.3. They are very active, though they get less publicity than do
   the American CIA, NSA, FBI, etc.

11.6. Surveillance Methods and Technology
11.6.1. (some of this gets speculative and so may not be to
   everyone's liking)
11.6.2. "What is TEMPEST and what's the importance of it?"
  - TEMPEST apprarently stands for nothing, and hence is not an
     acronym, just a name. The all caps is the standard
     spelling.
  - RF emission, a set of specs for complying
  - Van Eyck (or Van Eck?) radiation
  + Mostly CRTs are the concern, but also LCD panels and the
     internal circuitry of the PCs, workstations, or terminals.
    - "Many LCD screens can be read at a distance. The signal
       is not as strong as that from the worst vdus, but it is
       still considerable. I have demonstrated attacks on Zenith
       laptops at 10 metres or so with an ESL 400 monitoring
       receiver and a 4m dipole antenna; with a more modern
       receiver, a directional antenna and a quiet RF
       environment there is no reason why 100 metres should be
       impossible." [Ross Anderson, Tempest Attacks on Notebook
       Computers ???, comp.security.misc, 1994-08-31]
11.6.3. What are some of the New Technologies for Espionage and
   Surveillance
  + Bugs
    + NSA and CIA have developed new levels of miniaturized
       bugs
      - e.g., passive systems that only dribble out intercepted
         material when interrogated (e.g., when no  bug sweeps
         are underway)
      - many of these new bugging technologies were used in the
         John Gotti case in New York...the end of the Cold War
         meant that many of these technologies became available
         for use by the non-defense side
      - the use of such bugging technology is a frightening
         development: conversations can be heard inside sealed
         houses from across streets, and all that will be
         required is an obligatory warrant
    + DRAM storage of compressed speech...6-bit companded,
       frequency-limited, so that 1 sec  of speech takes
       50Kbits, or 10K when compressed, for a total of 36 Mbits
       per hour-this will fit on a single chip
      - readout can be done from a "mothership" module (a
         larger bug that sits in some more secure location)
      - or via tight-beam lasers
    + Bugs are Mobile
      - can crawl up walls, using the MIT-built technology for
         microrobots
      - some can even fly for short distances (a few klicks)
  + Wiretaps
    - so many approaches here
    - phone switches are almost totally digital (a la ESS IV)
    - again, software hacks to allow wiretaps
  + Vans equipped to eavesdrop on PCs and networks
    + TEMPEST systems
      + technology is somewhat restricted, companies doing this
         work are under limitations not to ship to some
         customers
        - no laws against shielding, of course
    - these vans are justified for the "war on drugs" and
       weapons proliferation controle efforts (N.E.S.T., anti-
       Iraq, etc.)
  + Long-distance listening
    - parabolic reflectors, noise cancellation (from any off-
       axis sources), high gain amplification, phoneme analysis
    - neural nets that learn the speech patterns and so can
       improve clarity
  + lip-reading
    - with electronically stabilized CCD imagers, 3000mm lenses
    - neural net-based lip-reading programs, with learning
       systems capable of improving performance
  - for those in sensitive positions, the availability of new
     bugging methods will accelerate the conversion to secure
     systems based on encrypted telecommunications and the
     avoidance of voice-based systems
11.6.4. Digital Telephony II is a major step toward easier
   surveillance
11.6.5. Citizen tracking
  + the governments of the world would obviously like to trace
     the movements, or at least the major movements, of their
     subjects
    - makes black markets a bit more difficult
    - surfaces terrorists, illegal immigrants, etc. (not
       perfectly)
    + allows tracking of "sex offenders"
      - who often have to register with the local police,
         announce to their neighbors their previous crimes, and
         generally wear a scarlet letter at all times--I'm not
         defending rapists and child molesters, just noting the
         dangerous precedent this is setting
    - because its the nature of bureaucracies to want to know
       where "their" subjects are (dossier society = accounting
       society...records are paramount)
  + Bill Stewart has pointed out that the national health care
     systems, and the issuance of social security numbers to
     children, represent a way to track the movements of
     children, through hospital visits, schools, etc. Maybe even
     random check points at places where children gather (malls,
     schools, playgrounds, opium dens, etc.)
    - children in such places are presumed to have lesser
       rights, hence...
    - this could all be used to track down kidnapped children,
       non-custodial parents, etc.
    - this could be a wedge in the door: as the children age,
       the system is already in place to continue the tracking
       (about the right timetable, too...start the systme this
       decade and by 2010 or 2020, nearly everybody will be in
       it)
    - (A true paranoid would link these ideas to the child
       photos many schools are requring, many local police
       departments are officially assisting with, etc. A dossier
       society needs mug shots on all the perps.)
  - These are all reasons why governments will continue to push
     for identity systems and will seek to derail efforts at
     providing anonymity
  + Surveillance and Personnel Identification
    + cameras that can recognize faces are placed in many
       public places, e.g., airports, ports of entry, government
       buildings
      - and even in some private places, e.g., casinos, stores
         that have had problems with certain customers, banks
         that face robberies, etc.
    + "suspicious movements detectors"
      + cameras that track movements, loitering, eye contact
         with other patrons
        + neural nets used to classify behvaiors
          - legal standing not needed, as these systems are
             used only to trigger further surveillance, not to
             prove guilt in a court of law
        - example: banks have cameras, by 1998, that can
           identify potential bank robbers
        - camera images are sent to a central monitoring
           facility, so the usual ploy of stopping the silent
           alarm won't work
      - airports and train stations (fears of terrorists),
         other public places
11.6.6. Cellular phones are trackable by region...people are getting
   phone calls as they cross into new zones, "welcoming" them
  - but it implies that their position is already being tracked
11.6.7. coming surveillance, Van Eck, piracy, vans
  - An interesting sign of things to come is provided in this
     tale from a list member:  "In Britain we have 'TV detector
     Vans'. These are to detect licence evaders (you need to pay
     an annual licence for the BBC channels). They are provided
     by the Department of Trade and Industry. They use something
     like a small minibus and use Van Eck principles. They have
     two steerable detectors on the van roof so they can
     triangulate. But TV shops have to notify the Government of
     buyers - so that is the basic way in which licence evaders
     are detected. ... I read of a case on a bulletin board
     where someone did not have a TV but used a PC. He got a
     knock on the door. They said he appeared to have a TV but
     they could not make out what channel he was watching!
     [Martin Spellman, <mspellman@cix.compulink.co.uk>, 1994-
     0703]
  - This kind of surveillance is likely to become more and more
     common, and raises serious questions about what _other_
     information they'll look for. Perhaps the software piracy
     enforcers (Software Publishers Association) will look for
     illegal copies of Microsoft Word or SimCity!   (This area
     needs more discussion, obviously.)
11.6.8. wiretaps
  - supposed to notify targets within 90 days, unless extended
     by a judge
  - Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act cases are exempt from
     this (it is likely that Cypherpunks wiretapped, if they
     have been, for crypto activities fall under this
     case...foreigners, borders being crossed, national security
     implications, etc. are all plausible reasons, under the
     Act)

11.7. Surveillance Targets
11.7.1. Things the Government May Monitor
  - besides the obvious things like diplomatic cable traffic,
     phone calls from and to suspected terrorists and criminals,
     etc.
  + links between Congressmen and foreign embassies
    - claims in NYT (c. 9-19-91) that CIA had files on
       Congressmen opposing aid to Contras
  + Grow lamps for marijuana cultivation
    - raids on hydroponic supply houses and seizure of mailing
       lists
    - records of postings to alt.drugs and alt.psychoactive
    - vitamin buyers clubs
  + Energy consumption
    - to spot use of grow lamps
    + but also might be refined to spot illegal aliens being
       sheltered or any other household energy consumption
       "inconsistent with reported uses"
      - same for water, sewage, etc.
  + raw chemicals
    - as with monitors on ammonium nitrate and other bomb
       materials
    - or feedstock for cocaine production (recall various
       seizures of shipments of chemicals to Latin America)
  - checkout of books, a la FBI's "Library Awareness Program"
     of around 1986 or so
  - attendance at key conferences, such as Hackers Conference
     (could have scenes involving this), Computer Security
     Conference
11.7.2. Economic Intelligence (Spying on Corporations, Foreign and
   Domestic)
  + "Does the NSA use economic intelligence data obtained in
     intercepts?"
    - Some of us speculate that this is so, that this has been
       going on since the 1960s at least. For example, Bamford
       noted in 1982 that the NSA had foreknowledge of the plans
       by the British to devalue the pound in the late 1970s,
       and knowledge of various corporate plans.
    - The NSA clears codes used by the CIA, so it seem
       impossible for the NSA not to have known about CIA drug
       smuggling activities. The NSA is very circumspect,
       however, and rarely (or never) comments.
  + there have been calls for the government to somehow help
     American business and overall competitiveness by "levelling
     the playing field" via espionage
    - especially as the perceived threat of the Soviet bloc
       diminishes and as the perceived threat of Japan and
       Germany increases
  - leaders of the NSA and CIA have even talked openly about
     turning to economic surveillance
  + Problems with this proposal:
    - illegal
    - unethical
    + who gets the intelligence information? Does NSA just call
       up Apple and say "We've intercepted some message from
       Taiwan that describe their plans for factories. Are you
       interested?"
      - the U.S. situation differs from Japan and MITI (which
         is often portrayed as the model for how this ought to
         work) in that we have many companies with little or no
         history of obeying government recommendations
    + and foreign countries will likely learn of this espionage
       and take appropriate measures
      - e.g., by increasing encryption
11.7.3. War on Drugs and Money Laundering is Causing Increase in
   Surveillance and Monitoring
  - monitoring flows of capital, cash transactions, etc.
  - cooperation with Interpol, foreign governments, even the
     Soviets and KGB (or whatever becomes of them)
  - new radar systems are monitoring light aircraft, boats,
     etc.

11.8. Legal Issues
11.8.1. "Can my boss monitor my work?" "Can my bankruptcy in 1980 be
   used to deny me a loan?" etc.
  - Libertarians have a very different set of answers than do
     many others: the answer to all these questions is mostly
     "yes," morally (sorry for the normative view).
11.8.2. Theme: to protect some rights, invasion of privacy is being
   justified
  - e.g., by forcing employer records to be turned over, or of
     seizing video rental records (on the grounds of catching
     sexual deviants)
  - various laws about employee monitoring
11.8.3. Government ID cards, ability to fake identities
  - The government uses its powers to forge credentials, with
     the collusion of the major credit agencies (who obviously
     see these fake identities "pop into existence full-blown."
  - WitSec, FINCen, false IDs, ties to credit card companies
  - DEA stings, Heidi in La Jolla, Tava, fake tax returns, fake
     bank applications, fake IDs
  - the "above it all" attitude is typical of this...who guards
     the guardians?
  - WitSec, duplicity
11.8.4. Legalities of NSA surveillance
  - read Bamford for some circa 1982 poinra
  - UK-USA
  - ECPA
  - national security exemptions
  - lots of confusion; however, the laws have never had any
     real influence, and I cannot imagine the NSA being sued!

11.9. Dossiers and Data Bases
11.9.1. "The dossier never forgets"
  + any transgressions of any law in any country can be stored
     indefinitely, exposing the transgressor to arrest and
     detention anytime he enters a country with such a record on
     him
    - (This came up with regard to the British having quaint
       ideas about computer security, hacking, and data privacy;
       it is quite possible that an American passing through
       London could be detained for some obscure violation years
       in the past.)
  - this is especially worrisome in a society in which legal
     codes fill entire rooms and in which nearly every day
     produces some violation of some law
11.9.2. "What about the privacy issues with home shopping, set-top
   boxes, advertisers, and the NII?"
  - Do we want our preferences in toothpaste fed into databases
     so that advertisers can target us? Or that our food
     purchases be correlated and analyzed by the government to
     spot violations of the Dietary Health Act?
  - First, laws which tell people what records they are
     "allowed" to keep are wrong-headed, and lead to police
     state inspections of disk drives, etc. The so-called "Data
     Privacy" laws of several European nations are a nightmare.
     Strong crypto makes them moot.
  - Second, it is mostly up to people to protect what they want
     protected, not to pass laws demanding that others protect
     it for them.
  - In practice, this means either use cash or make
     arrangements with banks and credit card companies that will
     protect privacy. Determining if they have or not is another
     issue, but various ideas suggest themselves (John Gilmore
     says he often joins groups under variants of his name, to
     see who is selling his name to mailing lists.)
  - Absent any laws which forbid them, privacy-preserving
     credit card companies will likely spring up if there's a
     market demand. Digital cash is an example. Other variants
     abound. Cypherpunks should not allow such alternatives to
     be banned, and should of course work on their own such
     systems.
11.9.3. credit agencies
  - TRW Credit, Transunion, Equifax
  - links to WitSec
11.9.4. selling of data bases, linking of records...
  - several states have admitted to selling their driver's
     license data bases

11.10. Police States and Informants
11.10.1. Police states need a sense of terror to help magnify the
   power or the state, a kind of "shrechlichkeit," as the Nazis
   used to call it. And lots of informants. Police states need
   willing accomplices to turn in their neighbors, or even their
   parents, just as little Pavel Morozov became a Hero of the
   Soviet People by sending his parents to their deaths in
   Stalin's labor camps for the crime of expressing negative
   opinions about the glorious State.
  - (The canonization of Pavel Morozov was recently repudiated
     by current Russian leaders--maybe even by the late-Soviet
     era leades, like Gorbachev--who pointed out the corrosive
     effects of encouraging families to narc on each
     other...something the U.S. has forgotten...will it be 50
     years before our leaders admit that having children turn in
     Daddy for using "illegal crypto" was not such a good idea?)
11.10.2. Children are encouraged in federally-mandated D.A.R.E.
   programs to become Junior Narcs, narcing their parents out to
   the cops and counselors who come into their schools.
11.10.3. The BATF has a toll-free line (800-ATF-GUNS) for snitching on
   neighbors who one thinks are violating the federal gun laws.
   (Reports are this is backfiring, as gun owners call the
   number to report on local liberal politicians and gun-
   grabbers.)
11.10.4. Some country we live in, eh? (Apologies to non-U.S. readers,
   as always.)
11.10.5. The implications for use of crypto, for not trusting others,
   etc., are clear
11.10.6. Dangers of informants
  + more than half of all IRS prosecutions arise out of tips by
     spouses and ex-spouses...they have the inside dope, the
     motive, and the means
    - a sobering thought even in the age of crypto
  + the U.S. is increasing a society of narcs and stool
     pigeons, with "CIs" (confidential informants), protected
     witnesses (with phony IDs and lavish lifestyles), and with
     all sorts of vague threats and promises
    - in a system with tens of thousands of laws, nearly all
       behavior breaks at least some laws, often unavoidably,
       and hence a powerful sword hangs over everyone's head
  - corrosion of trust, especially within families (DARE
     program in schools encourages children to narc on their
     parents who are "substance abusers"!)

11.11. Privacy Laws
11.11.1. Will proposed privacy laws have an effect?
  + I suspect just the opposite: the tangled web of laws-part
     of the totalitarian freezeout-will "marginalize" more
     people and cause them to seek ways to protect their own
     privacy and protect themselves from sanctions over their
     actions
    + free speech vs. torts, SLAPP suits, sedition charges,
       illegal research, etc.
      - free speech is vanishing under a torrent of laws,
         licensing requirements, and even zoning rules
    + outlawing of work on drugs, medical procedures, etc.
      - against the law to disseminate information on drug use
         (MDMA case at Stanford), on certain kinds of birth
         control
    - "If encrytion is outlawed, only outlaws will have
       encryption."
  + privacy laws are already causing encryption ("file
     protection") to be mandatory in many cases, as with medical
     records, transmission of sensitive files, etc.
    - by itself this is not in conflict with the government
       requirement for tappable access, but the practical
       implementation of a two-tier system-secure against
       civilian tappers but readable by national security
       tappers-is a nightmare and is likely impossible to
       achieve
11.11.2. "Why are things like the "Data Privacy Laws" so bad?"
  - Most European countries have laws that limit the collection
     of computerized records, dossiers, etc., except for
     approved uses (and the governments themselves and their
     agents).
  - Americans have no such laws. I've heard calls for this,
     which I think is too bad.
  - While we may not like the idea of others compiling dossiers
     on us, stopping them is an even worse situation. It gives
     the state the power to enter businesses, homes, and examine
     computers (else it is completely unenforceable). It creates
     ludicrous situations in which, say, someone making up a
     computerized list of their phone contacts is compiling an
     illegal database! It makes e-mail a crime (those records
     that are kept).
  - they are themselves major invasions of privacy
  - are you going to put me in jail because I have data bases
     of e-mail, Usenet posts, etc.?
  - In my opinion, advocates of "privacy" are often confused
     about this issue, and fail to realize that laws about
     privacy often take away the privacy rights of _others_.
     (Rights are rarely in conflict--contract plus self-privacy
     take care of 99% of situations where rights are purported
     to be in conflict.)
11.11.3. on the various "data privacy laws"
  - many countries have adopted these data privacy laws,
     involving restrictions on the records that can be kept, the
     registration of things like mailing lists, and heavy
     penalties for those found keeping computer files deemed
     impermissable
  - this leads to invasions of privacy....this very Cypherpunks
     list would have to be "approved" by a bureaucrat in many
     countries...the oportunites (and inevitabilities) of abuse
     are obvious
  - "There is a central contradiction running through the
     dabase regulations proposed by many so-called "privacy
     advocates".  To be enforceable they require massive
     government snooping into database activities on our
     workstatins and PCs,  especially the activities of many
     small at-home businesses (such as mailing list
     entrepreneurs who often work out of the home).

     "Thus, the upshot of these so-called "privacy" regulations
     is to destroy our last shreds of privacy against
     government, and calm us into blindly letting even more of
     the details of our personal lives into the mainframes of
     the major government agencies and credit reporting
     agenices, who if they aren't explicitly excepted from the
     privacy laws (as is common) can simply evade them by using
     offshore havesn, mutual agreements with foreign
     investigators, police and intelligence agencies."  [Jim
     Hart, 1994-09-08]
11.11.4. "What do Cypherpunks think about this?"
  + divided minds...while no one likes being monitored, the
     question is how far one can go to stop others from being
     monitored
    - "Data Privacy Laws" as a bad example: tramples on freedom
       to write, to keep one's computer private
11.11.5. Assertions to data bases need to be checked (credit,
   reputation, who said what, etc.)
  - if I merely assert that Joe Blow no longer is employed, and
     this spreads...

11.12. National ID Systems
11.12.1. "National ID cards are just the driver's licenses on the
   Information Superhighway." [unknown...may have been my
   coining]
11.12.2. "What's the concern?"
11.12.3. Insurance and National Health Care will Produce the "National
   ID" that will be Nearly Unescapable
  - hospitals and doctors will have to have the card...cash
     payments will  evoke suspicion and may not even be feasible
11.12.4. National ID Card Arguments
  - "worker's permit" (another proposal, 1994-08, that would
     call for a national card authorizing work permission)
  - immigration, benefit
  - possible tie-in to the system being proposed by the US
     Postal Service: a registry of public keys (will they also
     "issue" the private-public key pair?)
  - software key escrow and related ideas
  - "I doubt that one would only have to "flash" your card and
     be on your way.  More correctly, one would have to submit
     to being "scanned" and be on your way.   This would also
     serve to be a convienient locator tag if installed in the
     toll systems and miscellaneous "security checkpoints".  Why
     would anyone with nothing to hide care if your every move
     could be monitored?  Its for your own good, right?  Pretty
     soon sliding your ID into slots in everyplace you go will
     be common." [Korac MacArthur, comp.org.eff.talk, 1994-07-
     25]
11.12.5. "What are some concerns about Universal ID Cards?"
  - "Papierren, bitte! Schnell!
  - that they would allow traceability to the max (as folks
     used to say)... tracking of movements, erosion of privacy
  - that they would be required to be used for banking
     transactions, Net access, etc. (As usual, there may be
     workarounds, hacks, ...)
  - "is-a-person" credentially, where government gets involved
     in the issuance of cryptographic keys (a la the USPS
     proposal), where only "approved uses" are allowed, etc.
  - timestamps, credentials
11.12.6. Postal Service trial balloon for national ID card
  - "While it is true that they share technology, their intent
     and purpose is very different.  Chaum's proposal has as its
     intent  and purpose to provide and protect anonymity in
     financial transactions.  The intent and purpose of the US
     Postal Service is to identify and authenticate you to the
     government and to guarantee the traceability of all
     financial transactions." [WHMurray, alt.privacy, 1994-07-
     04]
11.12.7. Scenario for introduction of national ID cards
  - Imagine that vehicle registrations require presentation of
     this card (gotta get those illegals out of their cars, or,
     more benignly, the bureaucracy simply makes the ID cars
     part of their process).
  - Instantly this makes those who refuse to get an ID card
     unable to get valid license tags. (Enforcement is already
     pretty good....I was pulled over a couple of times for
     either forgetting to put my new stickers on, or for driving
     with Oregon expired tags.)
  + The "National Benefits Card," for example, is then required
     to get license plate tags.and maybe other things, like car
     and home insurance, etc. It would be very difficult to
     fight such a card, as one could not drive, could not pay
     taxes ("Awhh!" I hear you say, but consider the penalties,
     the tie-ins with employers, etc. You can run but you can't
     hide.)
    - the national ID card would presumably be tied in to
       income tax filings, in various ways I won't go into here.
       The Postal Service, aiming to get into this area I guess,
       has floated the idea of electronic filing, ID systems,
       etc.
11.12.8. Comments on national ID cards
  - That some people will be able to skirt the system, or that
     the system will ultimately be unenforceable, does not
     lessen the concern. Things can get real tough in the
     meantime.
  - I see great dangers here, in tying a national ID card to
     transactions we are essentially unable to avoid in this
     society: driving, insurance (and let's not argue
     insurance...I mean it is unavoidable in the sense of legal
     issues, torts, etc.), border crossings, etc. Now how will
     one file taxes without such a card if one is made mandatory
     for interactions with the government? Saying "taxes are not
     collectable" is not an adequate answer. They may not be
     collectible for street punks and others who inhabit the
     underground economy, but they sure are for most of us.

11.13. National Health Care System Issues
11.13.1. Insurance and National Health Care will Produce the "National
   ID" that will be Nearly Unescapable
  - hospitals and doctors will have to have the card...cash
     payments will  evoke suspicion and may not even be feasible
11.13.2. I'm less worried that a pharmacist will add me to some
   database he keeps than that my doctor will be instructed to
   compile a dossier to government standards and then zip it off
   over the Infobahn to the authorities.
11.13.3. Dangers and issues of National Health Care Plan
  - tracking, national ID card
  - "If you think the BATF is bad, wait until the BHCRCE goes
     into action. "What is the BHCRCE?" you ask. Why, it the
     Burea of Health Care Reform Compliance Enforcement - the
     BATF, FBI, FDA, CIA and IRS all rolled into one."  [Dave
     Feustel, talk.politics.guns, 1994-08-19]
  - Bill Stewart has pointed out the dangers of children having
     social security numbers, of tracking systems in schools and
     hospitals, etc.

11.14. Credentials
11.14.1. This is one of the most overlooked and ignored aspects of
   cryptology, especially of Chaum's work. And no one in
   Cypherpunks or anywhere else is currently working on "blinded
   credentials" for everyday use.
11.14.2. "Is proof of identity needed?"
  - This question is debated a lot, and is important. Talk of a
     national ID card (what wags call an "internal passport") is
     in the air, as part of health care, welfare, and
     immigration legislation. Electronic markets make this also
     an issue for the ATM/smart card community. This is also
     closely tied in with the nature of anonymous reamailers
     (where physical identity is of course generally lacking).
  + First, "identity" can mean different things:
    - Conventional View of Identity: Physical person, with
       birthdate, physical characteristics, fingerprints, social
       security numbers, passports, etc.--the whole cloud of
       "identity" items. (Biometric.)
    - Pseudonym View of Identity:  Persistent personnas,
       mediated with cryptography. "You are your key."
    - Most of us deal with identity as a mix of these views: we
       rarely check biometric credentials, but we also count on
       physical clues (voice, appearance, etc.). I assume that
       when I am speaking to "Duncan Frissell," whom I've never
       met in person, that he is indeed Duncan Frissell. (Some
       make the jump from this expectation to wanting the
       government enforce this claim, that is, provided I.D.)
  + It is often claimed that physical identity is important in
     order to:
    - track down cheaters, welchers, contract breakes, etc.
    - permit some people to engage in some transactions, and
       forbid others to (age credentials, for drinking, for
       example, or---less benignly--work permits in some field)
    - taxation, voting, other schemes tied to physical
       existence
  + But most of us conduct business with people without ever
     verifying their identity credentials...mostly we take their
     word that they are "Bill Stewart" or "Scott Collins," and
     we never go beyond that.
    - this could change as digital credentials proliferate and
       as interactions cause automatic checks to be made (a
       reason many of us have to support Chaum's "blinded
       credentials" idea--without some crypto protections, we'll
       be constantly tracked in all interactions).
  + A guiding principle: Leave this question of whether to
     demand physical ID  credentials up to the *parties
     involved*. If Alice wants to see Bob's "is-a-person"
     credential, and take his palmprint, or whatever, that's an
     issue for them to work out. I see no moral reason, and
     certainly no communal reason, for outsiders to interfere
     and insist that ID be produced (or that ID be forbidden,
     perhaps as some kind of "civil rights violation"). After
     all, we interact in cyberspace, on the Cypherpunks list,
     without any such external controls on identity.
    - and business contracts are best negotiated locally, with
       external enforcement contracted by the parties (privately-
       produced law, already seen with insurance companies,
       bonding agents, arbitration arrangements, etc.)
  - Practically speaking, i.e., not normatively speaking,
     people will find ways around identity systems. Cash is one
     way, remailers are another. Enforcement of a rigid identity-
     based system is difficult.
11.14.3. "Do we need "is-a-person" credentials for things like votes
   on the Net?"
  - That is, any sysadmin can easily create as many user
     accounts as he wishes. And end users can sign up with
     various services under various names. The concern is that
     this Chicago-style voting (fictitious persons) may be used
     to skew votes on Usenet.
  - Similar concerns arise elsewhere.
  - In my view, this is a mighty trivial reason to support "is-
     a-person" credentials.
11.14.4. Locality, credentials, validations
  + Consider the privacy implications of something so simple as
     a parking lot system. Two main approaches:
    - First Approach. Cash payment. Car enters lot, driver pays
       cash, a "validation" is given. No traceability exists.
       (There's a small chance that one driver can give his
       sticker to a new driver, and thus defraud the parking
       lot. This tends not to happen, due to the inconveniences
       of making a market in such stickers (coordinating with
       other car, etc.) and because the sticker is relatively
       inexpensive.)
    - Second Approach. Billing of driver, recording of license
       plates. Traceability is present, especially if the local
       parking lot is tied in to credit card companies, DMV,
       police, etc. (these link-ups are on the wish list of
       police agencies, to further "freeze out" fugitives, child
       support delinquents, and other criminals).
  - These are the concerns of a society with a lot of
     electronic payments but with no mechanisms for preserving
     privacy. (And there is currently no great demand for this
     kind of privacy, for a variety of reasons, and this
     undercuts the push for anonymous credential methods.)
  - An important property of true cash (gold, bank notes that
     are well-trusted) is that it settles immediately, requiring
     no time-binding of contracts (ability to track down the
     payer and collect on a bad transaction)

11.15. Records of all UseNet postings
11.15.1. (ditto for CompuServe, GEnie, etc.) will exist
11.15.2. "What kinds of monitoring of the Net is possible?"
  - Archives of all Usenet traffic. This is already done by
     commercial CD-ROm suppliers, and others, so this would be
     trivial for various agencies.
  - Mail archives. More problematic, as mail is ostensibly not
     public. But mail passes through many sites, usually in
     unencrypted form.
  - Traffic analysis. Connections monitored. Telnet, ftp, e-
     mail, Mosaid, and other connections.
  - Filtered scans of traffic, with keyword-matched text stored
     in archives.
11.15.3. Records: note that private companies can do the same thing,
   except that various "right to privacy" laws may try to
   interfere with this
  - which causes its own constitutional privacy problems, of
     course
11.15.4. "How can you expect that something you sent on the UseNet to
   several thousand sites will not be potentially held against
   you? You gave up any pretense of privacy when you broadcast
   your opinions-and even detailed declarations of your
   activities-to an audience of millions. Did you really think
   that these public messages weren't being filed away? Any
   private citizen would find it almost straightforward to sort
   a measly several megabytes a day by keywords, names of
   posters, etc." [I'm not sure if I wrote this, or if someone
   else who I forgot to make a note of did]
11.15.5. this issue is already coming up: a gay programmer who was
   laid-off discussed his rage on one of the gay boards and said
   he was thinking of turning in his former employer for
   widespread copying of Autocad software...an Autodesk employee
   answered him with "You just did!"
11.15.6. corporations may use GREP and On Location-like tools to
   search public nets for any discussion of themselves or their
   products
  - by big mouth employees, by disgruntled customers, by known
     critics, etc.
  - even positive remarks that may be used in advertising
     (subject to various laws)
11.15.7. the 100% traceability of public postings to UseNet and other
   bulletin boards is very stifling to free expression and
   becomes one of the main justifications for the use of
   anonymous (or pseudononymous) boards and nets
  - there may be calls for laws against such compilation, as
     with the British data laws, but basically there is little
     that can be done when postings go to tens of thousands of
     machines and are archived in perpetuity by many of these
     nodes and by thousands of readers
  - readers who may incorporate the material into their own
     postings, etc. (hence the absurdity of the British law)

11.16. Effects of Surveillance on the Spread of Crypto
11.16.1. Surveillance and monitoring will serve to increase the use of
   encryption, at first by people with something to hide, and
   then by others
  - a snowballing effect
  - and various government agencies will themselves use
     encryption to protect their files and their privacy
11.16.2. for those in sensitive positions, the availability of new
   bugging methods will accelerate the conversion to secure
   systems based on encrypted telecommunications and the
   avoidance of voice-based systems
11.16.3. Surveillance Trends
  + Technology is making citizen-unit surveillance more and
     more trivial
    + video cameras on every street corners are technologically
       easy to implement, for example
      - or cameras in stores, in airports, in other public
         places
      - traffic cameras
    - tracking of purchases with credit cards, driver's
       licenses, etc.
    - monitoring of computer emissions (TEMPEST issues, often a
       matter of paranoid speculation)
    + interception of the Net...wiretapping, interception of
       unencrypted communications, etc.
      - and compilation of dossier entries based on public
         postings
  + This all makes the efforts to head-off a person-tracking,
     credentials-based society all the more urgent.
     Monkeywrenching, sabotage, public education, and
     development of alternatives are all needed.
    - If the surveillance state grows as rapidly as it now
       appears to be doing, more desperate measures may be
       needed. Personally, I wouldn't shed any tears if
       Washington, D.C. and environs got zapped with a terrorist
       nuke; the innocents would be replaced quickly enough, and
       the death of so many political ghouls would surely be
       worth it. The destruction of Babylon.
    + We need to get the message about "blinded credentials"
       (which can show some field, like age, without showing all
       fields, including name and such) out there. More
       radically, we need to cause people to question why
       credentials are as important as many people seem to
       think.
      - I argue that credentials are rarely needed for mutually
         agreed-upon transactions

11.17. Loose Ends
11.17.1. USPS involvement in electronic mail, signatures,
   authentication (proposed in July-August, 1994)
  + Advantages:
    - many locations
    - a mission already oriented toward delivery
  + Disadvantages:
    - has performed terribly, compared to allowed compettion
       (Federal Express, UPS, Airborne, etc.)
    - it's linked to the goverment (now quasi-independent, but
       not really)
    - could become mandatory, or competition restricted to
       certain niches (as with the package services, which
       cannot have "routes" and are not allowed to compete in
       the cheap letter regime)
    - a large and stultified bureaucracy, with union labor
  - Links to other programs (software key escrow, Digital
     Telephony) not clear, but it seems likely that a quasi-
     governemt agency like the USPS would be cooperative with
     government, and would place limits on the crypto systems
     allowed.
11.17.2. the death threats
  + An NSA official threatened to have Jim Bidzos killed if he
     did not change his position on some negotiation underway.
     This was reported in the newspaper and I sought
     confirmation:
    - "Everything reported in the Merc News is true. I am
       certain that he wasnot speaking for the agency, but when
       it happened he was quite serious, at least appeared to
       be.  There was a long silence after he made the threat,
       with a staring contest.  He was quite intense.

       "I respect and trust the other two who were in the room
       (they were shocked and literally speechless, staring into
       their laps) and plan to ask NSA for a written apology and
       confirmation that he was not speaking for the agency.
       We'll see if I get it.  If the incident made it into
       their trip reports, I have a chance of getting a letter."
       [jim@RSA.COM (Jim Bidzos), personal communication, posted
       with permission to talk.politics.crypto, 1994-06-28]
11.17.3. False identities...cannot just be "erased" from the computer
   memory banks. The web of associations, implications, rule
   firings...all mean that simple removal (or insertion of a
   false identity) produces discontinuities, illogical
   developments, holes...history is not easily changed.

12. Digital Cash and Net Commerce

12.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

12.2. SUMMARY: Digital Cash and Net Commerce
12.2.1. Main Points
  - strong crypto makes certain forms of digital cash possible
  - David Chaum is, once again, centrally involved
  - no real systems deployed, only small experiments
  - the legal and regulatory tangle will likely affect
     deployment in major ways (making a "launch" of digital cash
     a notrivial matter)
12.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
  - reputations
  - legal situation
  - crypto anarchy
12.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - http://digicash.support.nl/
12.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - a huge area, filled with special terms
  - many financial instruments
  - the theory of digital cash is not complete, and confusion
     abounds
  - this section is also more jumbled and confusing than I'd
     like; I'll clean it up in fufure releases.

12.3. The Nature of Money
12.3.1. The nature of money, of banking and finance, is a topic that
   suffuses most discussions of digital cash. Hardly surprising.
   But also an area that is even more detailed than is crypto.
   And endless confusion of terms, semantic quibblings on the
   list, and so on. I won't be devoting much space to trying to
   explain economics, banking, and the deep nature or money.
12.3.2. There are of course many forms of cash or money today (these
   terms are not equivalent...)
  + coins, bills (presumed to be difficult to forge)
    - "ontological conservation laws"--the money can't be in
       two places at once, can't be double spent
    - this is only partly true, and forgery technology is
       making it all moot
  - bearer bonds and other "immediately cashable" instruments
  - diamonds, gold, works of art, etc. ("portable wealth")
12.3.3. Many forms of digital money. Just as there are dozens of
   major forms of instruments, so too will there be many forms
   of digital money. Niches will be filled.
12.3.4. The deep nature of money is unclear to me. There are days
   when I think it's just a giant con game, with value in money
   only because others will accept it. Other days when I think
   it's somewhat tied to "real things" like gold and silver. And
   other days when I'm just unconcerned (so long as I have it,
   and it works).
12.3.5. The digital cash discussions get similarly confused by the
   various ideas about money. Digital cash is not necessarily a
   form of _currency_, but is instead a transfer mechanism. More
   like a "digital check," in fact (though it may give rise to
   new currencies, or to wider use of some existing
   currency...at some point, it may become indistinguishable
   from a currency).
12.3.6. I advise that people not worry overly much about the true and
   deep nature of money, and instead think about digital cash as
   a transfer protocol for some underlyng form of money, which
   might be gold coins, or Swiss francs, or chickens, or even
   giant stone wheels.
12.3.7. Principle vs. Properties of Money
  - Physical coins, as money, have certain basic properties:
     difficult to counterfeit, pointless to counterfeit if made
     of gold or silver, fungibility, immediate settling (no need
     to clear with a distant bank, no delays, etc.),
     untraceability, etc.
  - Digital cash, in various flavors, has dramatically
     different properties, e.g., it may require clearing, any
     single digtital note is infinitely copyable, it may allow
     traceability, etc. A complicated mix of properties.
  + But why is physical money (specie) the way it is? What
     properties account for this? What are the core principles
     that imply these properties?
    - hardware (specie like gold) vs. software (bits, readily
       copyable)
    - immediale, local clearing, because of rational faith that
       the money will clear
    - limits on rate of transfer of physical money set by size,
       weight of money, whereas "wire fraud" and variants can
       drain an account in seconds
  - My notion is that we spend too much time thinking about the
     _principles_ (such as locality, transitivity, etc.) and
     expect to then _derive_ the properties. Maybe we need to
     instead focus on the _objects_, the sets of protocol-
     derived things, and examine their emergent properties. (I
     have my own thinking along these lines, involving "protocol
     ecologies" in which agents bang against each other, a la
     Doug Lenat's old "Eurisko" system, and thus discover
     weaknesses, points of strength, and even are genetically
     programmed to add new methods which increase security.
     This, as you can guess, is a longterm, speculative
     project.)
12.3.8. "Can a "digital coin" be made?"
  - The answer appears to be "no"
  + Software is infinitely copyable, which means a software
     representation of digital money could be replicated many
     times
    - this is not to say it could be _spent_ many times,
       depending on the clearing process...but then this is not
       a "coin" in the sense we mean
  - Software is trivially replicable, unlike gold or silver
     coins, or even paper currency. If and when paper currency
     becomes trivially replicable (and color copiers have almost
     gotten there), expect changes in the nature of cash.
     (Speculation: cash will be replaced by smart cards,
     probably not of the anonymous sort we favor.)
  + bits can always be duplicated (unless tied to hardware, as
     with TRMs), so must look elsewhere
    + could tie the bits to a specific location, so that
       duplication would be obvious or useless
      - the idea is vaguely that an agent could be placed in
         some location...duplications would be both detectable
         and irrelevant (same bits, same behavior, unmodifiable
         because of digital signature)
  - (this is formally similar to the idea of an active agent
     that is unforgeable, in the sense that the agent or coin is
     "standalone")
12.3.9. "What is the 'granularity' of digital cash?"
  + fine granularity, e.g., sub-cent amounts
    - useful for many online transactions
    - inside computers
    - add-on fees by interemediaries
    - very small purchases
  + medium granularity
    - a few cents, up to a dollar (for example)
    - also useful for many small purchases
    - close equivalent to "loose change" or small bills, and
       probably useful for the same purposes
    - tolls, fees, etc.
    - This is roughly the level many DigiCash protocols are
       aimed at
  + large granularity
    - multiple dollars
    - more like a "conventional" online transaction
    -
  - the transaction costs are crucial; online vs. offline
     clearing
  - Digital Silk Road is a proposal by Dean Tribble and Norm
     Hardy to reduce transaction costs
12.3.10. Debate about money and finance gets complicated
  - legal terms, specific accounting jargon, etc.
  - I won't venture into this thicket here. It's a specialty
     unto itself, with several dozen major types of instruments
     and derivatives. And of course with big doses of the law.

12.4. Smart Cards
12.4.1. "What are smart cards and how are they used?"
  + Most smart cards as they now exist are very far from being
     the anonymous digital cash of primary interest to us. In
     fact, most of them are just glorified credit cards.
    - with no gain to consumers, since consumes typically don't
       pay for losses by fraud
    - (so to entice consumes, will they offer inducements?)
  - Can be either small computers, typically credit-card-sized,
     or  just cards that control access via local computers.
  + Tamper-resistant modules, e.g., if tampered with, they
     destroy the important data or at the least give evidence of
     having been tampered with.
    + Security of manufacturing
      - some variant of  "cut-and-choose" inspection of
         premises
  + Uses of smart cards
    - conventional credit card uses
    - bill payment
    - postage
    - bridge and road tolls
    - payments for items received electronically (not
       necessarily anonymously)
12.4.2. Visa Electronic Purse
12.4.3. Mondex

12.5. David Chaum's "DigiCash"
12.5.1. "Why is Chaum so important to digital cash?"
  - Chaum's name appears frequently in this document, and in
     other Cypherpunk writings. He is without a doubt the
     seminal thinker in this area, having been very nearly the
     first to write about several areas: untraceable e-mail,
     digital cash, blinding, unlinkable credentials, DC-nets,
     etc.
  - I spoke to him at the 1988 "Crypto" conference, telling him
     about my interests, my 'labyrinth' idea for mail-forwarding
     (which he had anticipated in 1981, unbeknownst to me at the
     time), and a few hints about "crypto anarchy." It was clear
     to me that Chaum had thought long and deeply about these
     issues.
  - Chaum's articles should be read by all interested in this
     area. (No, his papers are _not_ "on-line." Please see the
     "Crypto" Proceedings and related materials.)
  - [DIGICASH PRESS RELEASE, "World's first electronic cash
     payment over computer networks," 1994-05-27]
12.5.2. "What's his motivation?"
  - Chaum appears to be a libertarian, at least on social
     issues, and is very worried about "Big Brother" sorts of
     concerns (recall the title of his 1985 CACM article).
  - His work in Europe has mostly concentrated on unlinkable
     credentials for toll road payments, electronic voting, etc.
     His company, DigiCash, is working on various aspects of
     digital cash.
12.5.3. "How does his system work?"
  - There have been many summaries on the Cypherpunks list. Hal
     Finney has written at least half a dozen, and others have
     been contributed by Eric Hughes, Karl Barrus, etc. I won't
     be including any of them here....it just takes too many
     pages to explain how digital cash works in detail.
  - (The biggest problem people have with digital cash is in
     not taking the time to understand the basics of the math,
     of blinding, etc. They wrongly assume that "digital cash"
     can be understood by common-sense reasoning about existing
     cash, etc. This mistake has been repeated in several of the
     half-assed proposals for "net cash" and "digi dollars.")
  + Here's the opening few paragraphs from one of Hal's
     explanations, to provide a glimpse:
    - "Mike Ingle asks about digicash.  The simplest system I
       know of that is anonymous is the one by Chaum, Fiat, and
       Naor, which we have discussed here a few times.  The idea
       is that the bank chooses an RSA modulus, and a set of
       exponents e1, e2, e3, ..., where each exponent ei
       represents
       a denomination and possibly a date.  The exponents must
       be relatively prime to (p-1)(q-1).  PGP has a GCD routine
       which can be used to check for valid exponents..

       "As with RSA, to each public exponent ei corresponds a
       secret exponent di, calculated as the multiplicative
       inverse of ei mod (p-1)(q-1).  Again, PGP has a routine
       to calculate multiplicative inverses.

       "In this system, a piece of cash is a pair (x, f(x)^di),
       where f() is a one-way function.  MD5 would be a
       reasonable choice for f(), but notice that it produces a
       128-bit result.  f() should take this 128-bit output of
       MD5 and "reblock" it to be an multi-precision number by
       padding it; PGP has a "preblock" routine which does this,
       following the PKCS standard.

       "The way the process works, with the blinding, is like
       this.  The user chooses a random x.  This should probably
       be at least 64 or 128 bits, enough to preclude exhaustive
       search.  He calculates f(x), which is what he wants the
       bank to sign by raising to the power di.  But rather than
       sending f(x) to the bank directly, the user first blinds
       it by choosing a random number r, and calculating D=f(x)
       * r^ei.  (I should make it clear that ^ is the power
       operator, not xor.)  D is what he sends to the bank,
       along with some information about what ei is, which tells
       the denomination of the cash, and also information about
       his account number."  [Hal Finney, 1993-12-04]
12.5.4. "What is happening with DigiCash?"
  - "Payment from any personal computer to any other
     workstation, over email or Internet, has been demonstrated
     for the first time, using electronic cash technology. "You
     can pay for access to a database, buy software or a
     newsletter by email, play a computer game over the net,
     receive $5 owed you by a friend, or just order a pizza. The
     possibilities are truly unlimited" according to David
     Chaum, Managing Director of DigiCash TM, who announced and
     demonstrated the product during his keynote address at the
     first conference on the World Wide Web, in Geneva this
     week." [DIGICASH PRESS RELEASE, "World's first electronic
     cash payment over computer networks," 1994-05-27]
  - DigiCash is David Chaum's company, set up to commercialize
     this work. Located near Amsterdam.
  + Chaum is also centrally invovled in "CAFE," a European
     committee investigating ways to deploy digital cash in
     Europe
    - mostly standards, issues of privacy, etc.
    - toll roads, ferries, parking meters, etc.
  - http://digicash.support.nl/
  - info@digicash.nl
  - People have been reporting that their inquiries are not
     being answered; could be for several reasons.
12.5.5. The Complexities of Digital Cash
  - There is no doubt as to the complexity: many protocols,
     semantic confusion, many parties, chances for collusion,
     spoofing, repudiation, and the like. And many derivative
     entities: agents, escrow services, banks.
  - There's no substitute for _thinking hard_ about various
     scenarios. Thinking about how to arrange off-line clearing,
     how to handle claims of people who claim their digital
     money was stolen, people who want various special kinds of
     services, such as receipts, and so on. It's an ecology
     here, not just a set of simple equations.

12.6. Online and Offline Clearing, Double Spending
12.6.1. (this section still under construction)
12.6.2. This is one of the main points of division between systems.
12.6.3. Online Clearing
  - (insert explanation)
12.6.4. Offline Clearing
  - (insert explanation)
12.6.5. Double spending
  - Some approaches involve constantly-growing-in-size coins at
     each transfer, so who spent the money first can be deduced
     (or variants of this). And N. Ferguson developed a system
     allowing up to N expenditures of the same coin, where N is
     a parameter. [Howard Gayle reminded me of this, 1994-08-29]
  - "Why does everyone think that the law must immediately be
     invoked when double spending is detected?....Double
     spending is an informational property of digital cash
     systems. Need we find malicious intent in a formal
     property?  The obvious moralism about the law and double
     spenders is inappropriate.  It evokes images of revenge and
     retribution, which are stupid, not to mention of negative
     economic value." [Eric Hughes, 1994-08-27]  (This also
     relates to Eric's good point that we too often frame crypto
     issue in terms of loaded terms like "cheating," "spoofing,"
     and "enemies," when more neutral terms would carry less
     meaning-obscuring baggage and would not give our "enemies"
     (:-}) the ammunition to pass laws based on such terms.)
12.6.6. Issues
  + Chaum's double-spending detection systems
    - Chaum went to great lengths to develop system which
       preserve anonymity for single-spending instances, but
       which break anonymity and thus reveal identity for double-
       spending instances. I'm not sure what market forces
       caused him to think about this as being so important, but
       it creates many headaches. Besides being clumsy, it
       require physical ID, it invokes a legal system to try to
       collect from "double spenders," and it admits the
       extremely serious breach of privacy by enabling stings.
       For example, Alice pays Bob a unit of money, then quickly
       Alice spends that money before Bob can...Bob is then
       revealed as a "double spender," and his identity revealed
       to whomver wanted it...Alice, IRS, Gestapo, etc. A very
       broken idea. Acceptable mainly for small transactions.
  +  Multi-spending vs. on-line clearing
    - I favor on-line clearing. Simply put: the first spending
       is the only spending. The guy who gets to the train
       locker where the cash is stored is the guy who gets it.
       This ensure that the burden of maintaining the secret is
       on the secret holder.
    - When Alice and Bob transfer money, Alice makes the
       transfer, Bob confirms it as valid (or verifies that his
       bank has received the deposit), and the transaction is
       complete.
    - With network speeds increasing dramatically, on-line
       clearing should be feasible for most transactions. Off-
       line systems may of course be useful, especially for
       small transactions, the ones now handled with coins and
       small bills.
  -
12.6.7. "How does on-line clearing of anonymous digital cash work?"
  - There's a lot of math connected with blinding,
     exponentions, etc. See Schneier's book for an introduction,
     or the various papers of Chaum, Brands, Bos, etc.
  - On-line clearing is similar to two parties in a transaction
     exchanging goods and money. The transaction is clearled
     locally, and immediately. Or they could arrange transfer of
     funds at a bank, and the banker could tell them over the
     phone that the transaction has cleared--true "on-line
     clearing." Debit cards work this way, with money
     transferred effectively immediately out of one account and
     into another. Credit cards have some additional wrinkles,
     such as the credit aspect, but are basically still on-line
     clearing.
  - Conceptually, the guiding principle idea is simple: he who
     gets to the train locker where the cash is stored *first*
     gets the cash. There can never be "double spending," only
     people who get to the locker and find no cash inside.
     Chaumian blinding allows the "train locker" (e.g., Credit
     Suisse) to give the money to the entity making the claim
     without knowing how the number correlates to previous
     numbers they "sold" to other entities. Anonymity is
     preserved, absolutely. (Ignoring for this discussion issues
     of cameras watching the cash pickup, if it ever actually
     gets picked up.)
  - Once the "handshaking" of on-line clearing is accepted,
     based on the "first to the money gets it" principle, then
     networks of such clearinghouses can thrive, as each is
     confident about clearing. (There are some important things
     needed to provide what I'll dub "closure" to the circuit.
     People need to ping the system, depositing and withdrawing,
     to establish both confidence and cover. A lot like remailer
     networks. In fact, very much like them.)
  - In on-line clearing, only a number is needed to make a
     transfer. Conceptually, that is. Just a number. It is up to
     the holder of the number to protect it carefully, which is
     as it should be (for reasons of locality, or self-
     responsibility, and because any other option introduces
     repudiation, disavowal, and the "Twinkies made me do it"
     sorts of nonsense). Once the number is transferred and
     reblinded, the old number no longer has a claim on the
     money stored at Credit Suisse, for example. That money is
     now out of the train locker and into a new one. (People
     always ask, "But where is the money, really?" I see digital
     cash as *claims* on accounts in existing money-holding
     places, typically banks. There are all kinds of "claims"--
     Eric Hughes has regaled us with tales of his explorations
     of the world of commericial paper. My use of the term
     "claim" here is of the "You present the right number, you
     get access" kind. Like the combination to a safe. The train
     locker idea makes this clearer, and gets around the
     confusion about "digimarks" of "e$" actually _being_ any
     kind of money it and of itself.)

12.7. Uses for Digital Cash
12.7.1. Uses for digital cash?
  - Privacy protection
  - Preventing tracking of movements, contacts, preferences
  + Illegal markets
    - gambling
    - bribes, payoffs
    - assassinations and other contract crimes
    - fencing, purchases of goods
  + Tax avoidance
    - income hiding
    - offshore funds transfers
    - illegal markets
  - Online services, games, etc.
  + Agoric markets, such as for allocation of computer
     resources
    - where programs, agents "pay" for services used, make
       "bids" for future services, collect "rent," etc.
  + Road tolls, parking fees, where unlinkablity is desired.
     This press release excerpt should give the flavor of
     intended uses for road tolls:
    - "The product was developed by DigiCash TM Corporation's
       wholly owned Dutch subsidiary, DigiCash TM BV. It is
       related to the firm's earlier released product for road
       pricing, which has been licensed to Amtech TM
       Corporation, of Dallas, Texas, worldwide leader in
       automatic road toll collection. This system allows
       privacy protected payments for road use at full highway
       speed from a smart card reader affixed to the inside of a
       vehicle. Also related is the approach of the EU supported
       CAFE project, of which Dr. Chaum is Chairman, which uses
       tamper-resistant chips inserted into electronic wallets."
       [DIGICASH PRESS RELEASE, "World's first electronic cash
       payment over computer networks," 1994-05-27]
12.7.2. "What are some motivations for anonymous digital cash?"
  + Payments that are unlinkable to identity, especially for
     things like highway tolls, bridge tolls, etc.
    - where linkablity would imply position tracking
    - (Why not use coins? This idea is for "smart card"-type
       payment systems, involving wireless communication.
       Singapore planned (and perhaps has implemented) such a
       system, except there were no privacy considerations.)
  + Pay for things while using pseudonyms
    - no point in having a pseudonym if the payment system
       reveals one's identity
  + Tax avoidance
    - this is the one the digicash proponents don't like to
       talk about too loudly, but it's obviously a time-honored
       concern of all taxpayers
  + Because there is no compelling reason why money should be
     linked to personal identity
    - a general point, subsuming others

12.8. Other Digital Money Systems
12.8.1. "There seem to be many variants....what's the story?"
  - Lots of confusion. Lots of systems that are not at all
     anonymous, that are just extensions of existing systems.
     The cachet of digital cash is such that many people are
     claiming their systems are "digital cash," when of course
     they are not (at least not in the Chaum/Cypherpunk sense).
  - So, be careful. Caveat emptor.
12.8.2. Crypto and Credit Cards (and on-line clearing)
  + Cryptographically secure digital cash may find a major use
     in effectively extending the modality of credit cards to
     low-level, person-to-person transactions.
    - That is, the convenience of credit cards is one of their
       main uses (others being the advancing of actual credit,
       ignored here). In fact, secured credit cards and debit
       cards don't offer this advancement of credit, but are
       mainly used to accrue the "order by phone" and "avoid
       carrying cash" advantages.
    - Checks offer the "don't carry cash" advantage, but take
       time to clear. Traveller's checks are a more pure form of
       this.
    - But individuals (like Alice and Bob) cannot presently use
       the credit card system for mutual transactions. I'm not
       sure of all the reasons. How might this change?
    - Crypto can allow unforgeable systems, via some variant of
       digital signatures. That is, Alice can accept a phoned
       payment from Bob without ever being able to sign Bob's
       electronic signature herself.
  - "Crypto Credit Cards" could allow end users (customers, in
     today's system) to handle transactions like this, without
     having merchants as intermediaries.
  - I'm sure the existing credit card outfits would have
     something to say about this, and there may be various
     roadblocks in the way. It might be best to buy off the VISA
     and MasterCard folks by working through them. (And they
     probably have studied this issue; what may change their
     positions is strong crypto, locally available to users.)
  - (On-line clearing--to prevent double-spending and copying
     of cash--is an important aspect of many digital cash
     protocols, and of VISA-type protocols. Fortunately,
     networks are becoming ubiquitous and fast. Home use is
     still a can of worms, though, with competing standards
     based on video cable, fiber optics, ISDN, ATM, etc.)
12.8.3. Many systems being floated. Here's a sampling:
  + Mondex
    - "Unlike most other electronic purse systems, Mondex, like
       cash, is anonymous.  The banks that issue Mondex cards
       will not be able to keep track of who gets the payments.
       Indeed, it is the only system in which two card holders
       can transfer money to each other.

       ""If you want to have a product that replaces cash, you
       have to do everything that cash does, only better,"
       Mondex's senior executive, Michael Keegan said.  "You can
       give money to your brother who gives it to the chap that
       sells newspapers, who gives it to charity, who puts it in
       the bank, which has no idea where it's been.  That's what
       money is."" [New York Times, 1994-09-06, provided by John
       Young]
  + CommerceNet
    - allows Internet users to buy and sell goods.
    - "I read in yesterday's L.A. Times about something called
       CommerceNet, where sellers and buyers of workstation
       level equipment can meet and conduct busniess....Near the
       end of the article, they talked about a proposed method
       for  exchanging "digital signatures" via Moasic (so that
       buyers and sellers could _know_ that they were who they
       said they were) and that they were going to "submit it to
       the Internet Standards body"" [Cypher1@aol.com, 1994-06-
       23]
  + NetCash
    - paper published at 1st ACM Conference on Computer and
       Communications Security, Nov. 93, available via anonymous
       ftp from PROSPERO.ISI.EDU as /pub/papers/security/netcash-
       cccs93.ps.Z
    - "NetCash: A design for practical electronic currency on
       the Internet  ... Gennady Medvinsky and Clifford Neuman

       "NetCash is a framework that supports realtime electronic
       payments with provision of anonymity over an unsecure
       network.  It is designed to enable new types of services
       on the Internet which have not been practical to date
       because of the absence of a secure, scalable, potentially
       anonymous payment method.

       "NetCash strikes a balance between unconditionally
       anonymous electronic currency, and signed instruments
       analogous to checks that are more scalable but identify
       the principals in a transaction.  It does this by
       providing the framework within which proposed electronic
       currency protocols can be integrated with the scalable,
       but non-anonymous, electronic banking infrastructure that
       has been proposed for routine transactions."
    + Hal Finney had a negative reaction to their system:
      - "I didn't think it was any good.  They have an
         incredibly simplistic model, and their "protocols" are
         of the order, A sends the bank some paper money, and B
         sends A some electronic cash in return.....They don't
         even do blinding of the cash.  Each piece of cash has a
         unique serial number which is known to the currency
         provider.  This would of course allow matching of
         withdrawn and deposited coins....These guys seem to
         have read the work in the field (they reference it) but
         they don't appear to have understood it." [Hal Finney,
         1993-08-17]
  + VISA Electronic Purse
    - (A lot of stuff appeared on this, including listings of
       the alliance partners (like Verifone), the technology,
       the plans for deployment, etc. I regret that I can't
       include more here. Maybe when this FAQ is a Web doc, more
       can be included.)
    - "PERSONAL FINANCE - Seeking the Card That Would Create A
       Cashless World. The Washington Post, April 03, 1994,
       FINAL Edition By: Albert B. Crenshaw, Washington Post ...

       "Now that credit cards are in the hands of virtually
       every living, breathing adult  in  the  country-not to
       mention a lot of children and the occasional family  pet-
       and  now  that  almost  as  many people  have  ATM cards,
       card companies are wondering where future growth will
       come from.

       "At *Visa* International, the answer is: Replace cash
       with plastic.

       "Last month,  the  giant  association  of  card issuers
       announced it had formed a coalition of banking and
       technology companies to develop technical standards  for
       a  product it dubbed the "Electronic Purse," a plastic
       card meant to replace coins and bills in small
       transactions."  [provided by Duncan Frissell, 1994-04-05]
    - The talk of "clearinghouses" and the involvement of VISA
       International and the Usual Suspects suggest
       identity-blinding protocols are not in use. I also see no
       mention of DigiCash, or even RSA (but maybe I missed that-
       -and the presence of RSA would not necessairly mean
       identity-blinding protocols were being planned).

       Likely Scenario: This is *not* digital cash as we think
       of it. Rather, this is a future evolution of the cash ATM
       card and credit card, optimized for faster and cheaper
       clearing.

       Scary Scenario: This could be the vehicle for the long-
       rumored "banning of cash." (Just because conspiracy
       theorists and Number of the Beast Xtian fundamentalists
       belive it doesn't render it implausible.)
    - Almost nothing of interest for us. No methods for
       anonymity. Make no mistake, this is not the digital cash
       that Cypherpunks espouse. This gives the credit agencies
       and the government (the two work hand in hand) complete
       traceability of all purchases, automatic reporting of
       spending patterns, target lists for those who frequent
       about-to-be-outlawed businesses, and invasive
       surveillance of all inter-personal economic transactions.
       This is the AntiCash. Beware the Number of the AntiCash.
12.8.4. Nick Szabo:
  - "Internet commercialization in itself is a _huge_ issue
     full of pitfall and  opportunity: Mom & Pop BBS's,
     commercial MUDs, data banks, for-profit pirate and porn
     boards, etc. are springing  up everywhere like weeds,
     opening a vast array of both needs of privacy and ways to
     abuse privacy.  Remailers, digital cash, etc. won't become
     part of this Internet commerce way of life unless they are
     deployed soon, theoretical flaws and all, instead of
     waiting until The Perfect System comes along.  Crypto-
     anarchy in the real world will be messy, "nature red in
     tooth and claw", not all nice and clean like it says in the
     math books.  Most of thedebugging will be done not in any
     ivory tower, but by the bankruptcy of businesses who
     violate their customer's privacy, the confiscation of BBS
     operators who stray outside the laws of some jurisdication
     and screw up their privacy arrangements, etc. Anybody who
     thinks they can flesh out a protocol in secret and then
     deploy it, full-blown and working, is in for a world of
     hurt.  For those who get their Pretty Good systems out
     there and used, there is vast potential for business growth
     -- think of the $trillions confiscated every year by
     governments around the world, for example." [Nick Szabo,
     1993-8-23]
12.8.5. "What about _non-anonymous_ digital cash?"
  - a la the various extensions of existing credit and debit
     cards, traveller's checks, etc.
  + There's still a use for this, with several motivations"
    * for users, it may be _cheaper_ (lower transaction costs)
       than fully anonymous digital cash
    * for banks, it may also be cheaper
    * users may wish audit trails, proof, etc.
    * and of course governments have various reasons for
       wanting traceable cash systems
      - law enforcement
      - taxes, surfacing the underground economy
12.8.6. Microsoft plans to enter the home banking business
  - "PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) -- Microsoft Corp. wants to replace
     your checkbook with a home computer that lets the bank do
     all the work of recording checks, tallying up credit card
     charges and paying bills.... The service also tracks credit
     card accounts, withdrawals from automated teller machines,
     transfers from savings or other accounts, credit lines,
     debit cards, stocks and other investments, and bill
     payments." [Associated Press, 1994-07-04]
  - Planned links with a consortium of banks, led by U.S.
     Bancorp, using its "Money" software package.
  - Comment: Such moves as this--and don't forget the cable
     companies--could result in a rapid transition to a form of
     home banking and "digital money." Obviously this kind of
     digital money, as it is being planned today, is very from
     the kind of digital cash that interests us. In fact, it is
     the polar opposite of what we want.
12.8.7. Credit card clearing...individuals can't use the system
  - if something nonanonymous like credit cards cannot be used
     by end users (Alice and Bob), why would we expect an
     anonymous version of this would be either easier to use or
     more possible?
  - (And giving users encrypted links to credit agencies would
     at least stop the security problems with giving credit card
     numbers out over links that can be observed.)
  - Mondex claims their system will allow this kind of person-
     to-person transfer of anonymous digital cash (I'll believe
     it when I see it).

12.9. Legal Issues with Digital Cash
10.8.1. "What's the legal status of digital cash?"
  - It hasn't been tested, like a lot of crypto protocols. It
     may be many years before these systems are tested.
10.8.2. "Is there a tie between digital cash and money laundering?"
  - There doesn't have to be, but many of us believe the
     widespread deployment of digital, untraceable cash will
     make possible new approaches
  - Hence the importance of digital cash for crypto anarchy and
     related ideas.
  - (In case it isn't obvious, I consider money-laundering a
     non-crime.)
10.8.3. "Is it true the government of the U.S. can limit funds
   transfers outside the U.S.?"
  - Many issues here. Certainly some laws exist. Certainly
     people are prosecuted every day for violating currency
     export laws. Many avenues exist.
  - "LEGALITY - There isn't and will never be a law restricting
     the sending of funds outside the United States.  How do I
     know?  Simple.  As a country dependant on international
     trade (billions of dollars a year and counting), the
     American economy would be destroyed." [David Johnson,
     privacy@well.sf.ca.us, "Offshore Banking & Privacy,"
     alt.privacy, 1994-07-05]
10.8.4. "Are "alternative currencies" allowed in the U.S.? And what's
   the implication for digital cash of various forms?
  - Tokens, coupons, gift certificates are allowed, but face
     various regulations. Casino chips were once treated as
     cash, but are now more regulated (inter-casino conversion
     is no longer allowed).
  - Any attempt to use such coupons as an alternative currency
     face obstacles.  The coupons may be allowed, but heavily
     regulated (reporting requirements, etc.).
  - Perry Metzger notes, bearer bonds are now illegal in the
     U.S. (a bearer bond represented cash, in that no name was
     attached to the bond--the "bearer" could sell it for cash
     or redeem it...worked great for transporting large amounts
     of cash in compact form).
  + Note: Duncan Frissell claims that bearer bonds are _not_
     illegal.
    - "Under the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of
       1982 (TEFRA), any interest payments made on *new* issues
       of domestic bearer bonds are not deductible as an
       ordinary and necessary business expense so none have been
       issued since then.  At the same time, the Feds
       administratively stopped issuing treasury securities in
       bearer form.  Old issues of government and corporate debt
       in bearer form still exist and will exist and trade for
       30 or more years after 1982.  Additionally, US residents
       can legally buy foreign bearer securities." [Duncan
       Frissell, 1994-08-10]
    - Someone else has a slightly different view: "The last US
       Bearer Bond issues mature in 1997. I also believe that to
       collect interest, and to redeem the bond at maturity, you
       must give your name and tax-id number to the paying
       agent. (I can check with the department here that handles
       it if anyone is interested in the pertinent OCC regs that
       apply)"  [prig0011@gold.tc.umn.edu, 1994-08-10]
    - I cite this gory detail to give readers some idea about
       how much confusion there is about these subjects. The
       usual advice is to "seek competent counsel," but in fact
       most lawyers have no clear ideas about the optimum
       strategies, and the run-of-the-mill advisor may mislead
       one dangerously. Tread carefully.
  - This has implications for digital cash, of course.
10.8.5. "Why might digital cash and related techologies take hold
   early in illegal markets? That is, will the Mob be an early
   adopter?"
  - untraceability needed
  - and reputations matter to them
  - they've shown in the past that they will try new
     approaches, a la the money movements of the drug cartels,
     novel methods for security, etc.
10.8.6. "Electronic cash...will it have to comply with laws, and
   how?"
  - Concerns will be raised about the anonymity aspects, the
     usefulness for evading taxes and reporting requirements,
     etc.
  - a messy issue, sure to be debated and legislated about for
     many years
  + split the cash into many pieces...is this "structuring"? is
     it legal?
    - some rules indicate the structuring per se is not
       illegal, only tax evasion or currency control evasion
    - what then of systems which _automatically_, as a basic
       feature, split the cash up into multiple pieces and move
       them?
10.8.7. Currency controls, flight capital regulations, boycotts,
   asset seizures, etc.
  - all are pressures to find alternate ways for capital to
     flow
  - all add to the lack of confidence, which, paradoxically to
     lawmakers, makes capital flight all the more likely
10.8.8. "Will banking regulators allow digital cash?"
  - Not easily, that's for sure. The maze of regulations,
     restrictions, tax laws, and legal rulings is daunting. Eric
     Hughes spent a lot of time reading up on the laws regarding
     banks, commercial paper, taxes, etc., and concluded much
     the same. I'm not saying it's impossible--indeed, I believe
     it will someday happen, in some form--but the obstacles are
     formidable.
  + Some issues:
    + Will such an operation be allowed to be centered or based
       in the U.S.?
      - What states? What laws? Bank vs. Savings and Loan vs.
         Credit Union vs. Securities Broker vs. something else?
    + Will customers be able to access such entities offshore,
       outside the U.S.?
      - strong crypto makes communication possible, but it may
         be difficult, not part of the business fabric, etc.
         (and hence not so useful--if one has to send PGP-
         encrypted instructions to one's banker, and can't use
         the clearing infrastructure....)
    + Tax collection, money-laundering laws, disclosure laws,
       "know your customer" laws....all are areas where a
       "digital bank" could be shut down forthwith. Any bank not
       filling out the proper forms (including mandatory
       reporting of transactions of certain amounts and types,
       and the Social Security/Taxpayer Number of customers)
       faces huge fines, penalties, and regulatory sanctions.
      - and the existing players in the banking and securities
         business will not sit idly by while newcomers enter
         their market; they will seek to force newcomers to jump
         through the same hoops they had to (studies indicate
         large corporations actually _like_ red tape, as it
         helps them relative to smaller companies)
  - Concluson: Digital banks will not be "launched" without a
     *lot* of work by lawyers, accountants, tax experts,
     lobbyists, etc. "Lemonade stand digital banks" (TM) will
     not survive for long. Kids, don't try this at home!
  - (Many new industries we are familiar with--software,
     microcomputers--had very little regulation, rightly so. But
     the effect is that many of us are unprepared to understand
     the massive amount of red tape which businesses in other
     areas, notably banking, face.)
10.8.9. Legal obstacles to digital money. If governments don't want
   anonymous cash, they can make things tough.
  + As both Perry Metzger and Eric Hughes have said many times,
     regulations can make life very difficult. Compliance with
     laws is a major cost of doing business.
    - ~"The cost of compliance in a typical USA bank is 14% of
       operating costs."~ [Eric Hughes, citing an "American
       Banker" article, 1994-08-30]
  + The maze of regulations is navigable by larger
     institutions, with staffs of lawyers, accountants, tax
     specialists, etc., but is essentially beyond the
     capabilities of very small institutions, at least in the
     U.S.
    - this may or may not remain the case, as computers
       proliferate. A "bank-in-a-box" program might help. My
       suspicion is that a certain size of staff is needed just
       to handle the face-to-face meetings and hoop-jumping.
  + "New World Order"
    - U.S. urging other countries to "play ball" on banking
       secrecy, on tax evasion extradition, on immigration, etc.
    - this is closing off the former loopholes and escape
       hatches that allowed people to escape repressive
       taxation...the implications for digital money banks are
       unclear, but worrisome.

12.10. Prospects for Digital Cash Use
12.10.1. "If digital money is so great, why isn't it being used?"
  - Hasn't been finished. Protocols are still being researched,
     papers are still being published. In any single area, such
     as toll road payments, it may  be possible to deploy an
     application-specific system, but there is no "general"
     solution (yet). There is no "digital coin" or unforgeable
     object representing value, so the digital money area is
     more similar to the similarly nonsimple markets in
     financial instruments, commercial papers, bonds, warrants,
     checks, etc. (Areas that are not inherently simple and that
     have required lots of computerization and communications to
     make manageable.)
  - Flakiness of Nets. Systems crash, mail gets delayed
     inexplicably, subscriptions to lists get lunched, and all
     sorts of other breakages occur. Most interaction on the
     Nets involves a fair amount of human adaptation to changing
     conditions, screwups, workarounds, etc. These are not
     conditions that inspire confidence in automated money
     systems!
  - Hard to Use. Few people will use systems that require
     generating code, clients, etc. Semantic gap (generating
     stuff on a Unix workstation is not at all like taking one's
     checkbook out). Protocols in crypto are generally hard to
     use and confusing.
  - Lack of compelling need. Although people have tried various
     experiments with digital money tokens or coupons (Magic
     Money/Tacky Tokens, the HeX market, etc.), there is little
     real world incentive to experiment with them. And most of
     the denominated tokens are for truly trivial amounts of
     money, not for anything worth spending time learning. No
     marketplace for buyers to "wander around in." (You don't
     buy what you don't see.)
  - Legal issues. The IRS does not look favorably on
     alternative currencies, especially if used in attempts to
     bypass ordinary tax collection schemes. This and related
     legal issues (redemptions into dollars) put a roadblock in
     front of serious plans to use digital money.
  - Research Issues. Not all problems resolved. Still being
     developed, papers being published. Chaum's system does not
     seem to be fully ready for deployment, certainly not
     outside of well-defined vertical markets.
12.10.2. "Why isn't digital money in use?"
  - The Meta Issue: *what* digital money? Various attempts at
     digital cash or digital money exist, but most are flawed,
     experimental, crufty, etc. Chaum's DigiCash was announced
     (Web page, etc.), but is apparently not even remotely
     usable.
  + Practical Reasons:
    - nothing to buy
    - no standard systems that are straightforward to use
    - advantages of anonymity and untraceability are seldom
       exploited
  - The Magic Money/Tacky Tokens experiment on the Cypherpunks
     list is instrucive. Lots of detailed work, lots of posts--
     and yet not used for anything (granted, there's not much
     being bought and sold on the List, so...).
  - Scenario for Use in the Near Future: A vertical
     application, such as a bridge toll system that offers
     anonymity. In a vertical app, the issues of compatibility,
     interfaces, and training can be managed.
12.10.3. "why isn't digital cash being used?"
  + many reasons, too many reasons!
    + hard issues, murky issues
      - technical developments not final, Chaum, Brands, etc.
    + selling the users
      - who don't have computers, PDAs, the means to do the
         local computations
      - who want portable versions of the same
    + The infrastructure for digital money (Chaum anonymous-
       style, and variants, such as Brands) does not now exist,
       and may not exist for several more years. (Of course, I
       thought it would take "several more years" back in 1988,
       so what do I know?)
      - The issues are familiar: lack of standards, lack of
         protocols, lack of customer experience, and likely
         regulatory hurdles. A daunting prospect.
      - Any "launches" will either have to be well-funded, well-
         planned, or done sub rosa, in some quasi-legal or even
         illegal market (such as gambling).
  - "The american people keep claiming in polls that they want
     better privacy protection, but the fact is that most aren't
     willing to do anything about it: it's just a preference,
     not a solid imperative.  Until something Really Bad happens
     to many people as a result of privacy loss, I really don't
     think much will be done that requires real work and
     inconvenience from people, like moving to something other
     than credit cards for long-distance transactions... and
     that's a tragedy."[L. Todd Masco , 1994-08-20]
12.10.4. "Is strong crypto needed for digital cash?"
  - Yes, for the most bulletproof form, the form of greatest
     interest to us and especially for agents, autonomous
     systems
  + No, for certain weak versions (non-cryptographic methods of
     security, access control, biometric security, etc. methods)
    - for example, Internet billing is not usually done with
       crypto
    - and numbered Swiss accounts can be seen as a weak form of
       digital cash (with some missing features)
    - "warehouse receipts," as in gold or currency shipments
12.10.5. on why we may not have it for a while, from a non-Cypherpunk
   commenter:
  - "Government requires information on money flows, taxable
     items, and large financial transactions.....As a result, it
     would be nearly impossible to set up a modern anonymous
     digital cash system, despite the fact that we have the
     technology.....I think we have more of a right to privacy
     with digicash transactions, and I also think there is a
     market for anonymous digicash systems. " [Thomas Grant
     Edwards. talk.politics.crypto, 1994-09-06]
12.10.6. "Why do a lot of schemes for things like digital money have
   problems on the Net?
  + Many reasons
    - lack of commercial infrastructure in general on the
       Net...people are not used to buying things, advertising
       is discouraged (or worse), and almost everything is
       "free."
    - lack of robustness and completeness in the various
       protocols: they are "not ready for prime time" in most
       cases (PGP is solid, and some good shells exist for PGP,
       but the many other crypto protocols are mostly not
       implemented at all, at least not widely).
    + The Net runs "open-loop," as a store-and-forward delivery
       system
      - The Net is mostly a store-and-forward netword, at least
         at the granularity seen by the user in sending
         messages, and hence is "open loop." Messages may or may
         not be received in a timely way, and there is little
         opportunity for negotiaton on a real-time basis.
      - This open-loop nature usually works...messages get
         through most of the time. And the "message in a bottle"
         nature fits in with anonymous remailers (with
         latency/delay), with message pools, and with other
         schemes to make traffic analysis harder. A "closed-
         loop," responsive system is likelier to be traffic-
         analyzed by correlation of packets, etc.
      - but the sender does not know if it gets through (return
         receipts not commonly implemented...might be a nice
         feature to incorporate; agent-based systems
         (Telescript?) will certainly do this)
      - this open-loop nature makes protocols, negotiation,
         digital cash very tough to use--too much human
         intervention needed
      - Note: These comments apply mainly to _mail_ systems,
         which is where most of us have experimented with these
         ideas. Non-mail systems, such as Mosaic or telnet or
         the like, have better or faster feedback mechanisms and
         may be preferable for implementation of Cypherpunks
         goals. It may be that the natural focus on mailing
         lists, e-mail, etc., has distracted us. Perhaps a focus
         on MUDs, or even on ftp, would have been more
         fruitful...but we're a mailing list, and most people
         are much more familiar with e-mail than with archie or
         gopher or WAIS, etc.
    - The legal and regulatory obstacles to a real system, used
       for real transactions, are formidable. (The obstacles to
       a "play" system are not so severe, but then play systems
       tend not to get much developer attention.)
12.10.7. Scenario for deployment of digital cash
  - Eric Hughes has spent time looking into this. Too many
     issues to go into here, but he had this interesting
     scenario, repeated almost in toto here:
  - "It's very unlikely that a USA bank will be the one to
     deploy anonymous digital dollars first.  It's much more
     likely that the first dollar digital cash will be issued
     overseas, possibly London.  By the same token, the non-
     dollar regulation on banks in this country is not the same
     as the dollar regulation, so it's quite possible that the
     New York banks may be the first issuers of digital cash, in
     pounds sterling, say.

     "There will be two stages in actually deploying digital
     cash.  By digital cash, here, I mean a retail phenomenon,
     available anybody. The first will be to digitize money, and
     the second will be to anonymize it.  Efforts are already
     well underway to make more-or-less secure digital funds
     transfers with reasonably low transaction fees (not
     transaction costs, which are much more than just fees).
     These efforts, as long as they retain some traceability,
     will almost certainly succeed first in the marketplace,
     because (and this is vital) the regulatory environment
     against anonymity is not compromised.

     "Once, however, money has been digitized, one of the
     services available for purchase can be the anonymous
     transfer of funds.  I expect that the first digitization of
     money won't be fully fungible.  For example, if you allow
     me to take money out of your checking account by automatic
     debit, there is risk that the money won't be there when I
     ask for it.  Therefore that kind of money won't be
     completely fungible, because money authorized from one
     person won't be completely identical with money from
     another.  It may be a risk issue, it may be a timeliness
     issue, it may be a fee issue; I don't know, but it's
     unlikely to be perfect.

     "Now, as the characteristic size of a business decreases,
     the relative costs of dealing with whatever imperfection
     there is will be greater. To wit, the small player will
     still have some problem getting paid, although certainly
     less than now.  Digital cash solves many of these problems.
     The clearing is immediate and final (no transaction
     reversals).  The number of entities to deal with is greatly
     reduced, hopefully to one.  The need and risk and cost of
     accounts receivables is eliminated.  It's anonymous.  There
     will be services which will desire these advantages, enough
     to support a digital cash infrastructure. [Eric Hughes,
     Cypherpunks list, 1994-08-03]

12.11. Commerce on the Internet
12.11.1. This has been a brewing topic for the past couple of years.
   In 1994 thing heated up on several fronts:
  - DigiCash announcement
  - NetMarket announcement
  - various other systems, including Visa Electronic Purse
12.11.2. I have no idea which ones will succeed...
12.11.3. NetMarket
  - Mosaic connections, using PGP
  + "The NetMarket Company is now offering PGP-encrypted Mosaic
     sessions for securely transmitting credit card information
     over the Internet.  Peter Lewis wrote an article on
     NetMarket on page D1 of today's New York Times (8/12/94).
     For more information on NetMarket, connect to
     http://www.netmarket.com/  or,  telnet netmarket.com." [
     Guy H. T. Haskin <guy@netmarket.com>, 1994-08-12]
    - Uses PGP. Hailed by the NYT as the first major use of
       crypto for some form of digital money, but this is not
       correct.
12.11.4. CommerceNet
  - allows Internet users to buy and sell goods.
  - "I read in yesterday's L.A. Times about something called
     CommerceNet, where sellers and buyers of workstation level
     equipment can meet and conduct busniess....Near the end of
     the article, they talked about a proposed method for
     exchanging "digital signatures" via Moasic (so that buyers
     and sellers could _know_ that they were who they said they
     were) and that they were going to "submit it to the
     Internet Standards body"" [Cypher1@aol.com, 1994-06-23]
12.11.5. EDI, purchase orders, paperwork reduction, etc.
  - Nick Szabo is a fan of this approach
12.11.6. approaches
  - send VISA numbers in ordinary mail....obviously insecure
  - send VISA numbers in encrypted mail
  + establish two-way clearing protocols
    - better ensures that recipient will fulfill service...like
       a receipt that customer signs (instead of the "sig taken
       over the phone" approach)
    - various forms of digital money
12.11.7. lightweight vs. heavyweight processes for Internet commerce
  - Chris Hibbert
  - and the recurring issue of centralized vs. decentralized
     authentication and certification

12.12. Cypherpunks Experiments ("Magic Money")
12.12.1. What is Magic Money?
  - "Magic Money is a digital cash system designed for use over
     electronic mail. The system is online and untraceable.
     Online means that each transaction involves an exchange
     with a server, to prevent double-spending. Untraceable
     means that it is impossible for anyone to trace
     transactions, or to match a withdrawal with a deposit, or
     to match two coins in any way."

     "The system consists of two modules, the server and the
     client. Magic Money uses the PGP ascii-armored message
     format for all communication between the server and client.
     All traffic is encrypted, and messages from the server to
     the client are signed. Untraceability is provided by a
     Chaum-style blind signature. Note that the blind signature
     is patented, as is RSA. Using it for experimental purposes
     only shouldn't get you in trouble.

     "Digicash is represented by discrete coins, the
     denominations of which are chosen by the server operator.
     Coins are RSA-signed, with a different e/d pair for each
     denomination. The server does not store any money. All
     coins are stored by the client module. The server accepts
     old coins and blind- signs new coins, and checks off the
     old ones on a spent list."
     [...rest of excellent summary elided...highly recommended
     that you dig it up (archives, Web site?) and read it]
     [Pr0duct Cypher, Magic Money Digicash System, 1992-02-04]
  + Magic Money
    - ftp://csn.org/pub/mpj/crypto_XXXXXX (or something like
       that) <Derek Atkins, 4-7-94>
    - ftp:csn.org//mpj/I_will_not_export/crypto_???????/pgp_too
       ls  <Michael Paul Johnson, 4-7-94>
12.12.2. Matt Thomlinson experimented with a derivative version called
   "GhostMarks"
12.12.3. there was also a "Tacky Tokens" derivative
12.12.4. Typical Problems with Such Experiments
  - Not worth anything...making the money meaningful is an
     obstacle to be overcome
  - If worth anything, not worth the considerable effort to use
     it ("creating Magic Money clients" and other scary Unix
     stuff!)
  - robustness...sites go down, etc.
  - same problems were seen on Extropians list with "HEx"
     exchange and its currency, the "thorne." (I even paid real
     money to Edgar Swank to buy some thorned...alas, the market
     was too thinly traded and the thornes did me no good.)

12.13. Practical Issues and Concerns with Digital Cash
12.13.1. "Is physical identity proof needed for on-line clearing?"
  - No, not if the cash outlook is taken. Cash is cash. Caveat
     emptor.
  - The "first to the locker" approach causes the bank not to
     particularly care about this, just as a Swiss bank will
     allow access to a numbered account by presentation of the
     number, and perhaps a key. Identity proof *may* be needed,
     depending on the "protocol" they and the customer
     established, but it need not be. And the last thing the
     bank is worried about is being able to "find and prosecute"
     anyone, as there is no way they can be liable for a double
     spending incident. The beauties of local clearing! (Which
     is what gold coins do, and paper money if we really think
     we can pass it on to others.)
12.13.2. "Is digital cash traceable?"
  - There are several flavors of "digital cash," ranging from
     versions of VISA cards to fully untraceable (Chaumian)
     digital cash.
  - This comes up a lot, with people in Net newsgroups even
     warning others not to use digital cash because of the ease
     of traceability. Not so.
  - "Not the kind proposed by David Chaum and his colleagues in
     the Netherlands. The whole thrust of their research over
     the last decade has been the use of cryptographic
     techniques to make electronic transactions secure from
     fraud while at the same time protecting personal privacy.
     They, and others, have developed a number of schemes for
     UNTRACEABLE digital cash." [Kevin Van Horn,
     talk.politics.crypto, 1994-07-03]
12.13.3. "Is there a danger that people will lose the numbers that
   they need to redeem money? That someone could steal the
   number and thus steal their money?"
  - Sure. There's the danger that I'll lose my bearer bonds, or
     forget my Swiss bank account number, or lose my treasure
     map to where I buried my money (as Alan Turing supposedly
     did in WW II).
  - People can take steps to limit risk. More secure computers.
     Dongles worn around their necks. Protocols that involve
     biometric authentication to their local computer or key
     storage PDA, etc. Limits on withdrawals per day, etc.
     People can store key numbers with people they trust,
     perhaps encrypted with other keys, can leave them with
     their lawyers, etc. All sorts of arrangements can be made.
     Personal identification is but one of these arrangements.
     Often used, but not essential to the underlyng protocol.
     Again, the Swiss banks (maybe now the Liechtenstein
     anstalts are a better example) don't require physical ID
     for all accounts. (More generally, if Charles wants to
     create a bank in which deposits are made and then given out
     to the first person who sings the right tune, why should we
     care? This extreme example is useful in pointing out that
     _contractual arrangements_ need not involve governmental or
     societal norms about what constitutes proof of identity.)

12.14. Cyberspace and Digital Money
12.14.1. "You can't eat cyberspace, so what good is digital money?"
  - This comes up a lot. People assume there is no practical
     way to transfer assets, when in fact it is done all the
     time. That is, money flows from the realm of the purely
     "informational" realm to the physcial realm Consultants,
     writers, traders, etc., all use their heads and thereby
     earn real money.
  - Same will apply to cyberspace.
12.14.2. "How can I remain anonymous when buying physical items using
   anonymous digital cash?'
  - Very difficult. Once you are seen, and your picture can be
     taken( perhaps unknown to you), databases will have you.
     Not much can be done about this.
  - People have proposed schemes for anonymous shipment and
     pickup, but the plain fact is that physical delivery of any
     sort compromises anonymity, just as in the world today.
  - The purpose of anonymous digital cash is partly to at least
     make it more difficult, to not give Big Brother your
     detailed itinerary from toll road movements, movie theater
     payments, etc. To the extent that physical cameras can
     still track cars, people, shipments, etc., anonymous
     digital cash doesn't solve this surveillance problem.

12.15. Outlawing of Cash
12.15.1. "What are the motivations for outlawing cash?"
  - (Note: This has not happened. Many of us see signs of it
     happening. Others are skeptical.)
  + Reasons for the Elimination of Cash:
    - War on Drugs....need I say more?
    -  surface the underground economy, by withdrawing paper
       currency and forcing all monetary transaction into forms
       that can be easily monitored, regulated, and taxed.
    - tax avoidance, under the table economy (could also be
       motive for tamper-resistant cash registers, with spot
       checks to ensure compliance)
    + welfare, disability, pension, social security auto-
       deposits
      - fraud, double-dipping
      - reduce theft of welfare checks, disability payments,
         etc....a problem in some locales, and automatic
         deposit/cash card approaches are being evaluated.
    - general reduction in theft, pickpockets
    - reduction of paperwork: all transfers electronic (could
       be part of a "reinventing government" initiative)
    +  illegal immigrants, welfare cheats, etc. Give everyone a
       National Identity Card (they'll call it something
       different. to make it more palatable, such as "Social
       Services Portable Inventory Unit" or "Health Rights
       Document").
      - (Links to National Health Care Card, to Welfare Card,
         to other I.D. schemes designed to reduce fraud, track
         citizen-units, etc.)
    + rationing systems that depend on non-cash transactions
       (as explained elsewhere, market distortions from
       rationing systems generally require identification,
       correlation to person or group, etc.)
      - this rationing can included subsidized prices, denial
         of access (e.g., certain foods denied to certain
         people)
12.15.2. Lest this be considered paranoid ranting, let me point out
   that many actions have already been taken that limit the form
   of money (banking laws, money laundering, currency
   restrictions...even the outlawing of competing currencies
   itself)
12.15.3. Dangers of outlawing cash
  - Would freeze out all transactions, giving Big Brother
     unprecedented power (unless the non-cash forms were
     anonymous, a la Chaum and the systems we support)
  - Would allow complete traceability....like the cellular
     phones that got Simpson
  - 666, Heinlein, Shockwave Rider, etc.
12.15.4. Given that there is no requirement for identity to be
   associated with money, we should fight any system which
   proposed to link the two.
12.15.5. The value of paying cash
  - makes a transaction purely local, resolved on the spot
  - the alternative, a complicated accounting system involving
     other parties, etc., is much less attractive
  - too many transactions these days are no longer handled in
     cash, which increases costs and gets other parties involved
     where they shouldn't be involved.
12.15.6. "Will people accept the banning of cash?"
  - There was a time when I would've said Americans, at least,
     would've rejected such a thing. Too many memories of
     "Papieren, bitte. Macht schnell!" But I now think most
     Americans (and Europeans) are so used to producing
     documents for every transaction, and so used to using VISA
     cards and ATM cards at gas stations, supermarkets, and even
     at flea markets, that they'll willingly--even eagerly--
     adopt such a system.

12.16. Novel Opportunities
12.16.1. Encrypted open books, or anonymous auditing
  - Eric Hughes has worked on a scheme using a kind of blinding
     to do "encrypted open books," whereby observers can verify
     that a bank is balancing its books without more detailed
     looks at individual accounts. (I have my doubts about
     spoofs, attacks, etc., but such are always to be considered
     in any new protocol.)
  - "Kent Hastings wondered how an offshore bank could provide
     assurances to depositors.  I wondered the same thing a few
     months ago, and started working on what Perry calls the
     anonymous auditing problem.  I have what I consider to be
     the core of a solution.
     ...The following is long.... [TCM Note: Too long to include
     here. I am including just enough to convince readers that
     some new sorts of banking ideas may come out of
     cryptography.]

     "If we use the contents of the encrypted books at the
     organizational boundary points to create suitable legal
     opbligations, we can mostly ignore what goes on inside of
     the mess of random numbers.  That is, even if double books
     were being kept, the legal obligations created should
     suffice to ensure that everything can be unwound if needed.
     This doesn't prevent networks of corrupt businesses from
     going down all at once, but it does allow networks of
     honest businesses to operate with more assurance of
     honesty." [Eric Hughes,  PROTOCOL: Encrypted Open Books,
     1993-08-16]
12.16.2. "How can software components be sold, and how does crypto
   figure in?"
  + Reusable Software, Brad Cox, Sprague, etc.
    - good article in "Wired" (repeated in "Out of Control")
  - First, certainly software is sold. The issues is why the
     "software components" market has not yet developed, and why
     such specific instances of software as music, art, text,
     etc., have not been sold in smaller chunks.
  + Internet commerce is a huge area of interest, and future
     development.
    - currently developing very slowly
    - lots of conflicting information...several mailing
       lists...lots of hype
  + Digital cash is often cited as a needed enabling tool, but
     I think the answer is more complicated than that.
    - issues of convenience
    - issues of there being no recurring market (as there is
       in, say, the chip business...software doesn't get bought
       over and over again, in increasing unit volumes)

12.17. Loose Ends
12.17.1. Reasons to have no government involvement in commerce
  - Even a small involvement, through special regulations,
     granted frachises, etc., produces vested interests. For
     example, those in a community who had to wait to get
     building permits want _others_ to wait just as long, or
     longer. Or, businesses that had to meet certain standard,
     even if unreasonable, will demand that new businesses do so
     also. The effect is an ever-widening tar pit of rules,
     restrictions, and delays. Distortions of the market result.
  + Look at how hard it is for the former U.S.S.R. to
     disentangle itself from 75 years of central planning. They
     are now an almost totally Mafia-controlled state (by this I
     mean that "privatization" of formerly non-private
     enterprises benefitted those who had amassed money and
     influence, and that these were mainly the Russian Mafia and
     former or current politicians...the repercussions of this
     "corrupt giveaway" will be felt for decades to come).
    - An encouraging sign: The thriving black market in Russia-
       -which all Cypherpunks of course cheer--will gradually
       displace the old business systems with new ones, as in
       all economies. Eventually the corruptly-bought businesses
       will sink or swim based on merit, and newly-created
       enterprises will compete with them.
12.17.2. "Purist" Approach to Keys, Cash, Responsibility
  + There are two main approaches to the issue:
    - Key owner is responsible for uses of his key
    - or, Others are responsible
  + There may be mixed situations, such as when a key is
     stolen...but this needs also to be planned-for by the key
     owner, by use of protocols that limit exposure. For
     example, few people will use a single key that accesses
     immediately their net worth...most people will partition
     their holding and their keyed access in such a way as to
     naturally limit exposure if any particular key is lost or
     compromised. Or forgotten.
    - could involve their bank holding keys, or escrow agents
    - or n-out-of-m voting systems
  - Contracts are the essence...what contracts do people
     voluntarily enter into?
  - And locality--who better to keep keys secure than the
     owner? Anything that transfers blame to "the banks" or to
     "society" breaks the feedback loop of responsibility,
     provides an "out" for the lazy, and encourages fraud
     (people who disavow contracts by claiming their key was
     stolen).

13. Activism and Projects

13.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

13.2. SUMMARY: Activism and Projects
13.2.1. Main Points
13.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
13.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
13.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments

13.3. Activism is a Tough Job
13.3.1. "herding cats"..trying to change the world through
   exhortation seems a particulary ineffective notion
13.3.2. There's always been a lot of wasted time and rhetoric on the
   Cypherpunks list as various people tried to get others to
   follow their lead, to adopt their vision. (Nothing wrong with
   this, if done properly. If someone leads by example, or has a
   particularly compelling vision or plan, this may naturally
   happen. Too often, though, the situation was that someone's
   vague plans for a product were declared by them to be the
   standards that others should follow. Various schemes for
   digital money, in many forms and modes, has always been the
   prime example of this.)
13.3.3. This is related also to what Kevin Kelley calls "the fax
   effect." When few people own fax machines, they're not of
   much use. Trying to get others to use the same tools one has
   is like trying to convince people to buy fax machines so that
   you can communicate by fax with them...it may happen, but
   probably for other reasons. (Happily, the interoperability of
   PGP provided a common communications medium that had been
   lacking with previous platform-specific cipher programs.)
13.3.4. Utopian schemes are also a tough sell. Schemes about using
   digital money to make inflation impossible, schemes to
   collect taxes with anonymous systems, etc.
13.3.5. Harry Browne's "How I Found Freedom in an Unfree World" is
   well worth reading; he advises against getting upset and
   frustrated that the world is not moving in the direction one
   would like.

13.4. Cypherpunks Projects
13.4.1. "What are Cypherpunks projects?"
  - Always a key part--perhaps _the_ key part--of Cypherpunks
     activity. "Cypherpunks write code." From work on PGP to
     remailers to crypto toolkits to FOIA requests, and a bunch
     of other things, Cypherpunks hack the system in various
     ways.
  - Matt Blaze's LEAF blower, Phil Karn's "swIPe" system, Peter
     Wayner's articles....all are examples. (Many Cypherpunks
     projects are also done, or primarily done, for other
     reasons, so we cannot in all cases claim credit for this
     work.)
13.4.2. Extensions to PGP
13.4.3. Spread of PGP and crypto in general.
  - education
  - diskettes containing essays, programs
  - ftp sites
  - raves, conventions, gatherings
13.4.4. Remailers
  + ideal Chaumian mix has certain properties
    - latency to foil traffic analysis
    - encryption
    - no records kept (hardware tamper-resistance, etc.)
  - Cyperpunks remailers
  - julf remailers
  + abuses
    - flooding, because mail transmission costs are not borne
       by sender
    + anonymity produces potential for abuses
      - death threats, extortion
  - Progress continues, with new features added. See the
     discussion in the remailers section.
13.4.5. Steganography
  - hiding the existence of a message, for at least some amount
     of time
  - security through obscurity
  - invisible ink, microdots
  + Uses
    - in case crypto is outawed, may be useful to avoid
       authorities
    - if enough people do it, increases the difficulty of
       enforcing anti-crypto laws (all
  + Stego
    - JSTEG:
       soda.berkeley.edu:/pub/cypherpunks/applications/jsteg
    - Stego: sumex-aim.stanford.edu
13.4.6. Anonymous Transaction Systems
13.4.7. Voice Encryption, Voice PGP
  - Clipper, getting genie out of bottle
  - CELP, compression, DSPs
  - SoundBlaster approach...may not have enough processing
     power
  + hardware vs. pure software
    - newer Macs, including av Macs and System 7 Pro, have
       interesting capabilities
  + Zimmermann's plans have been widely publicized, that he is
     looking for donations, that he is seeking programming help,
     etc.
    - which does not bode well for seeing such a product from
       him
    - frankly, I expect it will come from someone else
  - Eric Blossom is pursuing own hardware board, based on 2105
  + "Is anyone building encrypted telephones?"
    -
    + Yes, several such projects are underway. Eric Blossom
       even showed a
      - PCB of one at a Cypherpunks meeting, using an
         inexpensive DSP chip.
      -
      + Software-only versions, with some compromises in speech
         quality
        - probably, are also underway. Phil Zimmermann
           described his progress at
        + the last Cypherpunks meeting.
          -
        - ("Software-only" can mean using off-the-shelf, widely-
           available DSP
        + boards like SoundBlasters.)
          -
        - And I know of at least two more such projects.
           Whether any will
        + materialize is anyone's guess.
          -
        - And various hacks have already been done. NeXT users
           have had
        - voicemail for years, and certain Macs now offer
           something similar.
        + Adding encryption is not a huge obstacle.
          -
        - A year ago, several Cypherpunks meeting sites around
           the U.S. were
        - linked over the Internet using DES encryption. The
           sound quality was
        - poor, for various reasons, and we turned off the DES
           in a matter of
        - minutes. Still, an encrypted audio conference call.
13.4.8. DC-Nets
  - What it is, how it works
  - Chaum's complete 1988 "Journal of Cryptology" article is
     available at the Cypherpunks archive site,
     ftp.soda.csua.edu, in /pub/cypherpunks
  + Dining Cryptographers Protocols, aka "DC Nets"
    + "What is the Dining Cryptographers Problem, and why is it
       so important?"
      + This is dealt with in the main section, but here's
         David Chaum's Abstract, from his 1988 paper"
        - Abstract: "Keeping confidential who sends which
           messages, in a world where any physical transmission
           can be traced to its origin, seems impossible. The
           solution presented here is unconditionally or
           cryptographically secure, depending on whether it is
           based on one-time-use keys or on public keys.
           respectively. It can be adapted to address
           efficiently a wide variety of practical
           considerations." ["The Dining Cryptographers Problem:
           Unconditional Sender and Recipient Untraceability,"
           David Chaum, Journal of Cryptology, I, 1, 1988.]
        -
      - DC-nets have yet to be implemented, so far as I know,
         but they represent a "purer" version of the physical
         remailers we are all so familiar with now. Someday
         they'll have have a major impact. (I'm a bigger fan of
         this work than many seem to be, as there is little
         discussion in sci.crypt and the like.)
    + "The Dining Cryptographers Problem: Unconditional Sender
       and Recipient Untraceability," David Chaum, Journal of
       Cryptology, I, 1, 1988.
      - available courtesy of the Information Liberation Front
         at the soda.csua.berkeley.edu site
      - Abstract: "Keeping confidential who sends which
         messages, in a world where any physical transmission
         can be traced to its origin, seems impossible. The
         solution presented here is unconditionally or
         cryptographically secure, depending on whether it is
         based on one-time-use keys or on public keys.
         respectively. It can be adapted to address efficiently
         a wide variety of practical considerations." ["The
         Dining Cryptographers Problem: Unconditional Sender and
         Recipient Untraceability," David Chaum, Journal of
         Cryptology, I, 1, 1988.]
      - Note that the initials "D.C." have several related
         meanings: Dining Cryptographers, Digital Cash/DigiCash,
         and David Chaum. Coincidence?
    + Informal Explanation
      - Note: I've posted this explanation, and variants,
         several times since I first wrote it in mid-1992. In
         fact, I first posted it on the "Extropians" mailing
         list, as "Cypherpunks" did not then exist.
      - Three Cypherpunks are having dinner, perhaps in Palo
         Alto. Their waiter tells them that their bill has
         already been paid, either by the NSA or by one of them.
         The waiter won't say more. The Cypherpunks wish to know
         whether one of them paid, or the NSA paid. But they
         don't want to be impolite and force the Cypherpunk
         payer to 'fess up, so they carry out this protocol (or
         procedure):

         Each Cypherpunk flips a fair coin behind a menu placed
         upright between himself and the Cypherpunk on his
         right. The coin is visible to himself AND to the
         Cypherpunk on his left. Each Cypherpunk can see his own
         coin and the coin to his right. (STOP RIGHT HERE!
         Please take the time to make a sketch of the situation
         I've described. If you lost it here, all that follows
         will be a blur. It's too bad the state of the Net today
         cannot support figures and diagrams easily.)

         Each Cypherpunk then states out loud whether the two
         coins he can see are the SAME or are DIFFERENT, e.g.,
         "Heads-Tails" means DIFFERENT, and so forth. For now,
         assume the Cypherpunks are truthful. A little bit of
         thinking shows that the total number of "DIFFERENCES"
         must be either 0 (the coins all came up the same), or
         2. Odd parity is impossible.

         Now the Cypherpunks agree that if one of them paid, he
         or she will SAY THE OPPOSITE of what they actually see.
         Remember, they don't announce what their coin turned up
         as, only whether it was the same or different as their
         neighbor.

         Suppose none of them paid, i.e., the NSA paid. Then
         they all report the truth and the parity is even
         (either 0 or 2 differences). They then know the NSA
         paid.

         Suppose one of them paid the bill. He reports the
         opposite of what he actually sees, and the parity is
         suddenly odd. That is, there is 1 difference reported.
         The Cypherpunks now know that one of them paid. But can
         they determine which one?

         Suppose you are one of the Cypherpunks and you know you
         didn't pay. One of the other two did. You either
         reported SAME or DIFFERENT, based on what your neighbor
         to the right (whose coin you can see) had. But you
         can't tell which of the other two is lying! (You can
         see you right-hand neighbor's coin, but you can't see
         the coin he sees to his right!)

         This all generalizes to any number of people. If none
         of them paid, the parity is even. If one of them paid,
         the parity is odd. But which one of them paid cannot be
         deduced. And it should be clear that each round can
         transmit a bit, e.g., "I paid" is a "1". The message
         "Attack at dawn" could thus be "sent" untraceably with
         multiple rounds of the protocol.
      - The "Crypto Ouija Board": I explain this to people as a
         kind of ouija board. A message, like "I paid" or a more
         interesting "Transfer funds from.....," just "emerges"
         out of the group, with no means of knowing where it
         came from. Truly astounding.
    + Problems and Pitfalls
      - In Chaum's paper, the explanation above is given
         quickly, in a few pages. The _rest_ of the paper is
         then devoted to dealing with the many "gotchas" and
         attacks that come up and that must be dealt with before
         the DC protocol is even remotely possible. I think all
         those interested in protocol design should read this
         paper, and the follow-on papers by Bos, Pfitzmann,
         etc., as object lessons for dealing with complex crypto
         protocols.
      + The Problems:
        - 1. Collusion. Obviously the Cypherpunks can collude
           to deduce the payer. This is best dealt with by
           creating multiple subcircuits (groups doing the
           protocol amongst themselves). Lots more stuff here.
           Chaum devotes most of the paper to these kind of
           issues and their solutions.

           2. With each round of this protocol, a single bit is
           transmitted. Sending a long message means many coin
           flips. Instead of coins and menus, the neighbors
           would exchange lists of random numbers (with the
           right partners, as per the protocol above, of course.
           Details are easy to figure out.)

           3. Since the lists are essentially one-time pads, the
           protocol is unconditionally secure, i.e., no
           assumptions are made about the difficulty of
           factoring large numbers or any other crypto
           assumptions.

           4. Participants in such a "DC-Net" (and here we are
           coming to the heart of the "crypto anarchy" idea)
           could exchange CD-ROMs or DATs, giving them enough
           "coin flips" for zillions of messages, all
           untraceable! The logistics are not simple, but one
           can imagine personal devices, like smart card or
           Apple "Newtons," that can handle these protocols
           (early applications may be for untraceable
           brainstorming comments, secure voting in corportate
           settings, etc.)

           5. The lists of random numbers (coin flips) can be
           generated with standard cryptographic methods,
           requiring only a key to be exchanged between the
           appropriate participants. This eliminates the need
           for the one-time pad, but means the method is now
           only cryptographically secure, which is often
           sufficient. (Don't think "only cryptographically
           secure" means insecure....the messages may remain
           encrypted for the next billion years)

           6. Collisions occur when multiple messages are sent
           at the same time. Various schemes can be devised to
           handle this, like backing off when you detect another
           sender (when even parity is seen instead of odd
           parity). In large systems this is likely to be a
           problem. Deliberate disruption, or spamming, is a
           major problem--a disruptor can shut down the DC-net
           by sending bits out. As with remailes, anonymity
           means freedom from detection. (Anonymous payments to
           send a message may help, but the details are murky to
           me.)
    + Uses
      - * Untraceable mail. Useful for avoiding censorship, for
         avoiding lawsuits, and for all kinds of crypto anarchy
         things.
      - * Fully anonymous bulletin boards, with no traceability
         of postings or responses. Illegal materials can be
         offered for sale (my 1987 canonical example, which
         freaked out a few people: "Stealth bomber blueprints
         for sale. Post highest offer and include public key.").
         Think for a few minutes about this and you'll see the
         profound implications.
      - * Decentralized nexus of activity. Since messages
         "emerge" (a la the ouija board metaphor), there is no
         central posting area. Nothing for the government to
         shut down, complete deniability by the participants.
      - * Only you know who your a partners are....in any given
         circuit. And you can be in as many circuits as you
         wish. (Payments can be made to others, to create a
         profit motive. I won't deal with this issue, or with
         the issue of how reputations are handled, here.)
    - It should be clear that DC-nets offer some amazing
       opportunities. They have not been implemented at all, and
       have received almost no attention compared to ordinary
       Cypherpunks remailers. Why is this? The programming
       complexity (and the underlying cryptographic primitives
       that are needed) seems to be the key. Several groups have
       announced plans to imlement some form of DC-net, but
       nothing has appeared.
  - software vs. hardware,
  - Yanek Martinson, Strick, Austin group, Rishab
  - IMO, this is an ideal project for testing the efficacy of
     software toolkits. The primitives needed, including bit
     commitment, synchronization, and collusion handling, are
     severe tests of crypto systems. On the downside, I doubt
     that even the Pfaltzmans or Bos has pulled off a running
     simulation...
13.4.9. D-H sockets, UNIX, swIPe
  + swIPe
    - Matt Blaze, John I. (did coding), Phil Karn, Perry
       Metzger, etc. are the main folks involved
    - evolved from "mobile IP," with radio links, routing
    - virtual networks
    - putting encryption in at the IP level, transparently
    - bypassing national borders
    - Karn
    - at soda site
    + swIPe system, for routing packets
      - end to end, gateways, links, Mach, SunOS
13.4.10. Digital Money, Banks, Credit Unions
  - Magic Money
  - Digital Bank
  - "Open Encrypted Books"
  - not easy to do...laws, regulations, expertise in banking
  - technical flaws, issues in digital money
  + several approaches
    - clearing
    - tokens, stamps, coupons
    - anonymity-protected transactions
13.4.11. Data Havens
  + financial info, credit reports
    - bypassing local jurisdictions, time limits, arcane rules
  - reputations
  - insider trading
  - medical
  - technical, scientific, patents
  - crypto information (recursively enough)
  - need not be any known  location....distributed in
     cyberspace
  - One of the most commercially interesting applications.
13.4.12. Related Technologies
  - Agorics
  - Evolutionary Systems
  - Virtual Reality and Cyberspace
  - Agents
  + Computer Security
    + Kerberos, Gnu, passwords
      - recent controversy
      - demon installed to watch packets
      - Cygnus will release it for free
    - GuardWire
  + Van Eck, HERF, EMP
    - Once Cypherpunk project proposed early on was the
       duplication of certain NSA capabilities to monitor
       electronic communications. This involves "van Eck"
       radiation (RF) emitted by the CRTs and other electronics
       of computers.
    + Probably for several reasons, this has not been pursued,
       at least not publically.
      - legality
      - costs
      - difficulty in finding targets of opportunity
      - not a very CPish project!
13.4.13. Matt Blaze, AT&T, various projects
  + a different model of trust...multiple universes
    - not heierarchical interfaces, but mistrust of interfaces
    - heterogeneous
    - where to put encryption, where to mistrust, etc.
  + wants crypto at lowest level that is possible
    - almost everything should  be mistrusted
    - every mistrusted interface shoud be cryptographically
       protected...authentication, encryption
  + "black pages"---support for cryptographic communication
    - "pages of color"
    - a collection of network services that identiy and deliver
       security information as needed....keys, who he trusts,
       protocols, etc.
    + front end: high-level API for security requirements
      - like DNS? caching models?
    - trusted local agent....
  + "people not even born yet" (backup tapes of Internet
     communications)
    - tapes stored in mountains, access by much more powerful
       computers
  + "Crytptographic File System" (CFS)
    - file encryption
    - no single DES mode appears to be adequate...a mix of
       modes
  + swIPe system, for routing packets
    - end to end, gateways, links, Mach, SunOS
13.4.14. Software Toolkits
  + Henry Strickland's TCL-based toolkit for crypto
    - other Cypherpunks, including Hal Finney and Marianne
       Mueller, have expressed good opinions of TCL and TCL-TK
       (toolkit)
  - Pr0duct Cypher's toolkit
  - C++ Class Libraries
  - VMX, Visual Basic, Visual C++
  - Smalltalk

13.5. Responses to Our Projects (Attacks, Challenges)
13.5.1. "What are the likely attitudes toward mainstream Cypherpunks
   projects, such as remailers, encryption, etc.?"
  - Reaction has already been largely favorable. Journalists
     such as Steven Levy, Kevin Kelly, John Markoff, and Julian
     Dibbell have written favorably. Reaction of people I have
     talked to has also been mostly favorable.
13.5.2. "What are the likely attitudes toward the more outre
   projects, such as digital money, crypto anarchy, data havens,
   and the like?"
  - Consternation is often met. People are frightened.
  - The journalists who have written about these things (those
     mentioned above) have gotten beyond the initial reaction
     and seem genuinely intrigued  by the changes that are
     coming.
13.5.3. "What kinds of _attacks_ can we expect?"
  + Depends on the projects, but some general sorts of attacks
     are likely. Some have already occurred. Examples:
    * flooding of remailers, denial of service attacks--to
       swamp systems and force remailers to reconsider
       operations
      - this is fixed (mostly) with "digital postage" (if
         postage covers costs, and generates a profit, then the
         more the better)
    * deliberately illegal or malicicious messages, such as
       death threats
      - designed to put legal and sysop pressures on the
         remailer operator
      - several remailers have been attacked this way, or at
         least have had these messages
      - source-blocking sometimes works, though not of course
         if another remailer is first used (many issues here)
    * prosecution for content of posts
      + copyright violations
        - e.g., forwarding ClariNet articles through Hal
           Finney's remailer got Brad Templeton to write warning
           letters to Hal
      - pornography
      - ITAR violations, Trading with the Enemy Act
      - espionage, sedition, treason
      - corporate secrets,
  - These attacks will test the commitment and courage of
     remailer or anonymizing service operators

13.6. Deploying Crypto
13.6.1. "How can Cypherpunks publicize crypto and PGP?"
  - articles, editorials, radio shows, talking with friends
  - The Net itself is probably the best place to publicize the
     problems with Clipper and key escrow. The Net played a
     major role--perhaps the dominant role--in generating scorn
     for Clipper. In many way the themes debated here on the Net
     have tremendous influence on media reaction, on editorials,
     on organizational reactions, and of course on the opinion
     of technical folks. News spreads quickly, zillions of
     theories are aired and debated, and consensus tends to
     emerge quickly.
  - raves, Draper
  - Libertarian Party, anarchists...
  + conferences and trade shows
    - Arsen Ray Arachelian passed out diskettes at PC Expo
13.6.2. "What are the Stumbling Blocks to Greater Use of Encryption
   (Cultural, Legal, Ethical)?"
  + "It's too hard to use"
    - multiple protocols (just consider how hard it is to
       actually send encrypted messages between people today)
    - the need to remember a password or passphrase
  + "It's too much trouble"
    - the argument being that people will not bother to use
       passwords
    - partly because they don't think anything will happen to
       them
  + "What have you got to hide?"
    - e.g.,, imagine some comments I'd have gotten at Intel had
       I encrypted everything
    - and governments tend to view encryption as ipso facto
       proof that illegalities are being committed: drugs, money
       laundering, tax evasion
    - recall the "forfeiture" controversy
  - BTW, anonymous systems are essentially the ultimate merit
     system (in the obvious sense) and so fly in the face of the
     "hiring by the numbers" de facto quota systems now
     creeeping in to so many areas of life....there may be rules
     requiring all business dealings to keep track of the sex,
     race, and "ability group" (I'm kidding, I hope) of their
     employees and their consultants
  + Courts Are Falling Behind, Are Overcrowded, and Can't Deal
     Adequately with New Issues-Such as Encryption and Cryonics
    - which raises the issue of the "Science Court" again
    - and migration to private adjudication
    - scenario: any trials that are being decided in 1998-9
       will have to have been started in 1996 and based on
       technology and decisions of around 1994
  + Government is taking various steps to limit the use of
     encryption and secure communication
    - some attempts have failed (S.266), some have been
       shelved, and almost none have yet been tested in the
       courts
    - see the other sections...
13.6.3. Practical Issues
  - Education
  - Proliferation
  - Bypassing Laws
13.6.4. "How should projects and progress best be achieved?"
  - This is a tough one, one we've been grappling with for a
     couple of years now. Lots of approaches.
  - Writing code
  - Organizational
  - Lobbying
  - I have to say that there's one syndrome we can probably do
     w,the Frustrated Cyperpunks Syndrome. Manifested by someone
     flaming the list for not jumping in to join them on their
     (usually) half-baked scheme to build a digital bank, or
     write a book, or whatever. "You guys just don't care!" is
     the usual cry. Often these flamers end up leaving the list.
  - Geography may play a role, as folks in otherwise-isolated
     areas seem to get more attached to their ideas and then get
     angry when the list as a whole does not adopt them (this is
     my impression, at least).
13.6.5. Crypto faces the complexity barrier that all technologies
   face
  - Life has gotten more complicated in some ways, simpler in
     other ways (we don't have to think about cooking, about
     shoeing the horses, about the weather, etc.). Crypto is
     currently fairly complicated, especially if multiple
     paradigms are used (encryption, signing, money, etc.).
  - As a personal note, I'm practically drowning in a.c.
     adaptors and power cords for computers, laser printers,
     VCRs, camcorders, portable stereos, laptop computers,
     guitars, etc. Everything with a rechargeable battery has to
     be charged, but not overcharged, and not allowed to run-
     down...I forgot to plug in my old Powerbook 100 for a
     couple of months, and the lead-acid batteries went out on
     me. Personally, I'm drowning in this crap.
  - I mention this only because I sense a backlash
     coming...people will say "screw it" to new technology that
     actually complicates their lives more than it simplifies
     their lives. "Crypto tweaks" who like to fool around with
     "creating a client" in order to play with digital cash will
     continue to do so, but 99% of the sought-after users won't.
     (A nation that can't--or won't--set its VCR clock will
     hardly embrace the complexities of digital cash. Unless
     things change, and use becomes as easy as using an ATM.)
13.6.6. "How can we get more people to worry about security in
   general and encryption in particular?"
  - Fact is, most people never think about real security. Safe
     manufacturers have said that improvements in safes were
     driven by insurance rates. A direct incentive to spend more
     money to improve security (cost of better safe < cost of
     higher insurance rate).

     Right now there is almost no economic incentive for people
     to worry about PIN security, about protecting their files,
     etc. (Banks eat the costs and pass them on...any bank which
     tried to save a few bucks in losses by requiring 10-digit
     PINs--which people would *write down* anyway!--would lose
     customers. Holograms and pictures on bank cards are
     happening because the costs have dropped enough.)

     Personally, my main interests is in ensuring the Feds don't
     tell me I can't have as much security as I want to buy. I
     don't share the concern quoted above that we have to find
     ways to give other people security.
  - Others disagree with my nonchalance, pointing out that
     getting lots of other people to use crypto makes it easier
     for those who already protect themselves. I agree, I just
     don't focus on missionary work.
  - For those so inclined, point out to people how vulnerable
     their files are, how the NSA can monitor the Net, and so
     on. All the usual scare stories.

13.7. Political Action and Opposition
13.7.1. Strong political action is emerging on the Net
  - right-wing conspiracy theorists, like Linda Thompson
  + Net has rapid response to news events (Waco, Tienenmen,
     Russia)
    - with stories often used by media (lots of reporters on
       Net, easy to cull for references, Net has recently become
       tres trendy)
  - Aryan Nation in Cyberspace
  - (These developments bother many people I mention them to.
     Nothing can be done about who uses strong crypto. And most
     fasicst/racist situations are made worse by state
     sponsorship--apartheid laws, Hitler's Germany, Pol Pot's
     killing fields, all were examples of the state enforcing
     racist or genocidal laws. The unbreakable crypto that the
     Aryan Nation gets is more than offset by the gains
     elsewhere, and the undermining of central authority.)
  - shows the need for strong crypto...else governments will
     infiltrate and monitor these political groups
13.7.2. Cypherpunks and Lobbying Efforts
  + "Why don't Cypherpunks have a lobbying effort?"
    + we're not "centered" near Washington, D.C., which seems
       to be an essential thing (as with EFF, ACLU, EPIC, CPSR,
       etc.)
      - D.C. Cypherpunks once volunteered (April, 1993) to make
         this their special focus, but not much has been heard
         since. (To be fair to them, political lobbying is
         pretty far-removed from most Cypherpunks interests.)
    - no budget, no staff, no office
  + "herding cats" +  no financial stakes = why we don't do
     more
    + it's very hard to coordinate dozens of free-thinking,
       opinionated, smart people, especially when there's no
       whip hand, no financial incentive, no way to force them
       into line
      - I'm obviously not advocating such force, just noting a
         truism of systems
  + "Should Cypherpunks advocate breaking laws to achieve
     goals?"
    - "My game is to get cryptography available to all, without
       violating the law.  This mean fighting Clipper, fighting
       idiotic export restraints, getting the government to
       change it's stance on cryptography, through arguements
       and letter pointing out the problems ...  This means
       writing or promoting strong cryptography....By violating
       the law, you give them the chance to brand you
       "criminal," and ignore/encourage others to ignore what
       you have to say." [Bob Snyder, 4-28-94]
13.7.3. "How can nonlibertarians (liberals, for example) be convinced
   of the need for strong crypto?"
  - "For liberals, I would examine some pet cause and examine
     the consequences of that cause becoming "illegal."  For
     instance, if your friends are "pro choice," you might ask
     them what they would do if the right to lifers outlawed
     abortion.  Would they think it was wrong for a rape victim
     to get an abortion just because it was illegal?  How would
     they feel about an abortion "underground railroad"
     organized via a network of "stations" coordinated via the
     Internet using "illegal encryption"?  Or would they trust
     Clipper in such a situation?

     "Everyone in America is passionate about something.  Such
     passion usually dispenses with mere legalism, when it comes
     to what the believer feels is a question of fundamental
     right and wrong.  Hit them with an argument that addresses
     their passion.  Craft a pro-crypto argument that helps
     preserve the object of that passion." [Sandy Sandfort, 1994-
     06-30]
13.7.4. Tension Between Governments and Citizens
  - governments want more monitoring...big antennas to snoop on
     telecommunications, "
  - people who protect themselves are sometimes viewed with
     suspicion
  + Americans have generally been of two minds about privacy:
    - None of your damn business, a man's home is his
       castle..rugged individualism, self-sufficiency, Calvinism
    - What have you got to hide? Snooping on neighbors
    + These conflicting views are held simultaneously, almost
       like a tensor that is not resolvable to some resultant
       vector
      - this dichotomy cuts through legal decisions as well
13.7.5. "How does the Cypherpunks group differ from lobbying groups
   like the EFF, CPSR, and EPIC?"
  - We're more disorganized (anarchic), with no central office,
     no staff, no formal charter, etc.
  - And the political agenda of the aforementioned groups is
     often at odds with personal liberty. (support by them for
     public access programs, subsidies, restrictions on
     businesses, etc.)
  - We're also a more radical group in nearly every way, with
     various flavors of political extremism strongly
     represented. Mostly anarcho-capitalists and strong
     libertarians, and many "no compromises" privacy advocates.
     (As usual, my apologies to any Maoists or the like who
     don't feel comfortable being lumped in with the
     libertarians....if you're out there, you're not speaking
     up.) In any case, the house of Cypherpunks has many rooms.
  - We were called "Crypto Rebels" in Steven Levy's "Wired"
     article (issue 1.2, early 1993). We can represent a
     _radical alternative_ to the Beltway lawyers that dominate
     EFF, EPIC, etc. No need to compromise on things like
     Clipper, Software Key Escrow, Digital Telephony, and the
     NII. But, of course, no input to the legislative process.
  - But there's often an advantage to having a much more
     radical, purist body out in the wings, making the
     "rejectionist" case and holding the inner circle folks to a
     tougher standard of behavior.
  - And of course there's the omnipresent difference that we
     tend to favor direct action through technology over
     politicking.
13.7.6. Why is government control of crypto so dangerous?
  + dangers of government monopoly on crypto and sigs
    - can "revoke your existence"
    - no place to escape to (historically an important social
       relief valve)
13.7.7. NSA's view of crypto advocates
  -  "I said to somebody once, this is the revenge of people
     who couldn't go to Woodstock because they had too much trig
     homework.  It's a kind of romanticism about privacy and the
     kind of, you know, "you won't get my crypto key until you
     pry it from my dead cold fingers" kind of stuff.  I have to
     say, you know, I kind of find it endearing." [Stuart Baker,
     counsel, NSA, CFP '94]
13.7.8. EFF
  - eff@eff.org
  + How to Join
    - $40, get form from many places, EFFector Online,
    - membership@eff.org
  + EFFector Online
    - ftp.eff.org, pub/EFF/Newsletters/EFFector
  + Open Platform
    - ftp://ftp.eff.org/pub/EFF/Policy/Open_Platform
  - National Information Infrastructure
13.7.9. "How can the use of cryptography be hidden?"
  + Steganography
    - microdots, invisible ink
    - where even the existence of a coded message gets one shot
  + Methods for Hiding the Mere Existence of Encrypted Data
    + in contrast to the oft-cited point (made by crypto
       purists) that one must assume the opponent has full
       access to the cryptotext, some fragments of decrypted
       plaintext,  and to the algorithm itself, i.e., assume the
       worst
      - a condition I think is practically absurd and
         unrealistic
      - assumes infinite intercept power (same assumption of
         infinite computer power would make all systems besides
         one-time pads breakable)
      - in reality, hiding the existence and form of an
         encrypted message is important
      + this will be all the more so as legal challenges to
         crypto are mounted...the proposed ban on encrypted
         telecom (with $10K per day fine), various governmental
         regulations, etc.
        - RICO and other broad brush ploys may make people very
           careful about revealing that they are even using
           encryption (regardless of how secure the keys are)
    + steganography, the science of hiding the existence of
       encrypted information
      - secret inks
      - microdots
      - thwarting traffic analysis
      - LSB method
    + Packing data into audio tapes (LSB of DAT)
      + LSB of DAT: a 2GB audio DAT will allow more than 100
         megabytes in the LSBs
        - less if algorithms are used to shape the spectrum to
           make it look even more like noise
        - but can also use the higher bits, too (since a real-
           world recording will have noise reaching up to
           perhaps the 3rd or 4th bit)
        + will manufacturers investigate "dithering"  circuits?
           (a la fat zero?)
          - but the race will still be on
    + Digital video will offer even more storage space (larger
       tapes)
      - DVI, etc.
      - HDTV by late 1990s
    + Messages can be put into GIFF, TIFF image files (or even
       noisy faxes)
      - using the LSB method, with a 1024 x 1024 grey scale
         image holding 64KB in the LSB plane alone
      - with error correction, noise shaping, etc., still at
         least 50KB
      - scenario: already being used to transmit message
         through international fax and image transmissions
    + The Old "Two Plaintexts" Ploy
      - one decoding produces "Having a nice time. Wish you
         were here."
      - other decoding, of the same raw bits, produces "The
         last submarine left this morning."
      - any legal order to produce the key generates the first
         message
      + authorities can never prove-save for torture or an
         informant-that another message exists
        - unless there are somehow signs that the encrypted
           message is somehow "inefficiently encrypted,
           suggesting the use of a dual plaintext pair method"
           (or somesuch spookspeak)
      - again, certain purist argue that such issues (which are
         related to the old "How do you know when to stop?"
         question) are misleading, that one must assume the
         opponent has nearly complete access to everything
         except the actual key, that any scheme to combine
         multiple systems is no better than what is gotten as a
         result of the combination itself
    - and just the overall bandwidth of data...
13.7.10. next Computers, Freedom and Privacy Conference will be March
   1995, San Francisco
13.7.11. Places to send messages to
  - cantwell@eff.org, Subject: I support HR 3627
  - leahy@eff.org, Subject: I support hearings on Clipper
13.7.12. Thesis: Crypto can become unstoppable if critical mass is
   reached
  - analogy: the Net...too scattered, too many countries, too
     many degrees of freedom
  - so scattered that attempts to outlaw strong crypto will be
     futile...no bottlenecks, no "mountain passes" (in a race to
     the pass, beyond which the expansion cannot be halted
     except by extremely repressive means)
13.7.13. Keeping the crypto genie from being put in the bottle
  - (though some claim the genie was never _in_ the bottle,
     historically)
  - ensuring that enough people are using it, and that the Net
     is using it
  - a _threshold_, a point of no return
13.7.14. Activism practicalities
  + "Why don't we buy advertising time like Perot did?"
    + This and similar points come up in nearly all political
       discussions (I'm seeing in also in talk.politics.guns).
       The main reasons it doesn't happen are:
      - ads cost a lot of money
      - casual folks rarely have this kind of money to spend
      - "herding cats" comes to mind, i.e., it's nearly
         impossible to coordinate the interests of people to
         gather money, set up ad campaigns, etc.
  - In my view, a waste of efforts. The changes I want won't
     come through a series of ads that are just fingers in the
     dike. (More cynically, Americans are getting the government
     they've been squealing for. My interest is in bypassing
     their avarice and repression, not in changing their minds.)
  - Others feel differently, from posts made to the list.
     Practically speaking, though, organized political activity
     is difficult to achieve with the anarchic nonstructure of
     the Cypherpunks group. Good luck!

13.8. The Battle Lines are Being Drawn
13.8.1. Clipper met with disdain and scorn, so now new strategies are
   being tried...
13.8.2. Strategies are shifting, Plan B is being hauled out
  - fear, uncertainty, and doubt
  - fears about terrorists, pornographers, pedophiles, money
     launderers
13.8.3. corporate leaders like Grove are being enlisted to make the
   Clipper case
13.8.4. Donn Parker is spreading panic about "anarchy" (similar to my
   own CA)
13.8.5. "What can be done in the face of moves to require national ID
   cards, use official public key registries, adhere to key
   escrow laws, etc?"
  - This is the most important question we face.
  - Short of leaving the country (but for where?) or living a
     subsistence-level lifestyle below the radar screens of the
     surveillance state, what can be done?
  + Some possibilities, not necessarily good ones:
    + civil disobedience
      - mutilation of cards, "accidental erasure," etc.
    - forgeries of cards...probably not feasible (we understand
       about digital sigs)
    - creation of large black markets...still doesn't cover
       everything, such as water, electricity, driver's
       licenses, etc....just too many things for a black market
       to handle
    - lobby against these moves...but it appears the momentum
       is too strong in the other direction

13.9. "What Could Make Crypto Use more Common?"
13.9.1. transparent use, like the fax machine, is the key
13.9.2. easier token-based key and/or physical metrics for security
  - thumbprint readers
  - tokens attached to employee badges
  - rings, watches, etc. that carry most of key (with several
     bits remembered, and a strict "three strikes and you're
     out" system)
13.9.3. major security scares, or fears over "back doors" by the
   government, may accelerate the conversion
  - all it may take are a couple of very large scandals
13.9.4. insurance companies may demand encryption, for several
   reasons
  - to protect against theft, loss, etc.
  - to provide better control against viruses and other
     modifications which expose the companies they ensure to
     liability suits
  - same argument cited by safe makers: when insurance
     companies demanded better safes, that's when customers
     bought them (and not before)
13.9.5. Networks will get more complex and will make conventional
   security systems unacceptable
  - "Fortress" product of Los Altos Technologies
  - too many ways for others to see passwords being given to a
     remote host, e.g., with wireless LANs (which will
     necessitate ZKIPS)
  - ZKIPS especially in networks, where the chances of seeing a
     password being transmitted are much greater (an obvious
     point that is not much discussed)
  - the whole explosion in bandwidth
13.9.6. The revelations of surveillance and monitoring of citizens
   and corporations will serve to increase the use of
   encryption, at first by people with something to hide, and
   then by others. Cypherpunks are already helping by spreading
   the word of these situations.
  - a snowballing effect
  - and various government agencies will themselves use
     encryption to protect their files and their privacy
13.9.7. for those in sensitive positions, the availability of new
   bugging methods will accelerate the conversion to secure
   systems based on encrypted telecommunications and the
   avoidance of voice-based systems
13.9.8. ordinary citizens are being threatened because of what they
   say on networks, causing them to adopt pseudonyms
  - lawsuits, ordinary threats, concerns about how their
     employers will react (many employers may adopt rules
     limiting the speech of their employees, largely because of
     concerns they'll get sued)
  + and some database providers are providing cross-indexed
     lists of who has posted to what boards-this is freely
     available information, but it is not expected by people
     that their postings will live forever
    - some may see this as extortion
    - but any proposed laws are unlikely to succeed
    - so, as usual, the solution is for people to protect
       themselves via technological means
13.9.9. "agents" that are able to retransmit material will make
   certain kinds of anonymous systems much easier to use

13.10. Deals, the EFF, and Digital Telephony Bill
13.10.1. The backroom deals in Washington are flying...apparently the
   Administration got burned by the Clipper fiasco (which they
   could partly write-off as being a leftover from the Bush era)
   and is now trying to "work the issues" behind the scenes
   before unveiling new and wide-reaching programs. (Though at
   this writing, the Health Bill is looking mighty amateurish
   and seems ulikely to pass.)
13.10.2. We are not hearing about these "deals" in a timely way. I
   first heard that a brand new, and "in the bag," deal was
   cooking when I was talking to a noted journalist. He told me
   that a new deal, cut between Congress, the telecom industry,
   and the EFF-type lobbying groups, was already a done deal and
   would be unveiled so. Sure enough, the New and Improved
   Digital Telephony II Bill appears a few weeks later and is
   said by EFF representatives to be unstoppable. [comments by
   S. McLandisht and others, comp.org.eff.talk, 1994-08]
13.10.3. Well, excuse me for reminding everyone that this country is
   allegedly still a democracy. I know politics is done behinde
   closed doors, as I'm no naif, but deal-cutting like this
   deserves to be exposed and  derided.
13.10.4.  I've announced that I won't be renewing my EFF membership. I
   don't expect them to fight all battles, to win all wars, but
   I sure as hell won't help *pay* for their backrooms deals
   with the telcos.
13.10.5. This may me in trouble with my remaining friends at the EFF,
   but it's as if a lobbying groups in Germany saw the
   handwriting on the wall about the Final Solution, deemed it
   essentially unstoppable, and so sent their leaders to
   Berchtesgaden/Camp David to make sure that the death of the
   Jews was made as painless as possible. A kind of joint
   Administration/Telco/SS/IG Farben "compromise." While I don't
   equate Mitch, Jerry, Mike, Stanton, and others with Hitler's
   minions, I certainly do think the inside-the-Beltway
   dealmaking is truly disgusting.
13.10.6. Our freedoms are being sold out.

13.11. Loose ends
13.11.1. Deals, deals, deals!
  - pressures by Administration...software key escrow, digital
     telephony, cable regulation
  + and suppliers need government support on legislation,
     benefits, spectrum allocation, etc
    - reports that Microsoft is lobbying intensively to gain
       control of big chunks of spectrum...could fit with cable
       set-top box negotiations, Teledesic, SKE, etc.
  - EFF even participates in some of these deals. Being "inside
     the Beltway" has this kind of effect, where one is either a
     "player" or a "non-player." (This is my interpretation of
     how power corrupts all groups that enter the Beltway.)
     Shmoozing and a desire to help.
13.11.2. using crypto to bypass laws on contacts and trade with other
   countries
  - one day it's illegal to have contact with China, the next
     day it's encouraged
  + one day it's legal to have contact with Haiti, the next day
     there's an embargo (and in the case of Haiti, the economic
     effects fall on on the poor--the tens of thousands fleeing
     are not fleeing the rulers, but the poverty made worse by
     the boycott
    - (The military rulers are just the usual thugs, but
       they're not "our" thugs, for reasons of history. Aristide
       would almost certainly be as bad, being a Marxist priest.
       Thus, I consider the breakin of the embargo to be a
       morally good thing to do.
  - who's to say why Haiti is suddenly to be shunned? By force
     of law, no less!
13.11.3. Sun Tzu's "Art of War" has useful tips (more useful than "The
   Prince")
  - work with lowliest
  - sabotage good name of enemy
  - spread money around
  - I think the events of the past year, including...
13.11.4. The flakiness of current systems...
  - The current crypto infrastructure is fairly flaky, though
     the distributed web-of-trust model is better than some
     centralized system, of coure. What I mean is that many
     aspects are slow, creaky, and conducive to errors.
  - In the area of digital cash, what we have now is not even
     as advanced as was seen with real money in Sumerian times!
     (And I wouldn't trust the e-mail "message in a bottle"
     approach for any nontrivial financial transactions.)
  - Something's got to change. The NII/Superhighway/Infobahn
     people have plans, but their plans are not likely to mesh
     well with ours. A challenge for us to consider.
13.11.5. "Are there dangers in being too paranoid?"
  + As Eric Hughes put it,  "paranoia is cryptography's
     occupational hazard."
    - "The effect of paranoia is self-delusion of the following
       form--that one's possible explanations are skewed toward
       malicious attacks, by individuals, that one has the
       technical knowledge to anticipate.  This skewing creates
       an inefficient allocation of mental energy, it tends
       toward the personal, downplaying the possibility of
       technical error, and it begins to close off examination
       of technicalities not fully understood.

       "Those who resist paranoia will become better at
       cryptography than those who do not, all other things
       being equal.  Cryptography is about epistemology, that
       is, assurances of truth, and only secondarily about
       ontology, that is, what actually is true.  The goal of
       cryptography is to create an accurate confidence that a
       system is private and secure. In order to create that
       confidence, the system must actually be secure, but
       security is not sufficient.  There must be confidence
       thatthe way by which this security becomes to be believed
       is robust and immune to delusion.

       "Paranoia creates delusion.  As a direct and fundamental
       result, it makes one worse at cryptography.  At the
       outside best, it makes one slower, as the misallocation
       of attention leads one down false trails. Who has the
       excess brainpower for that waste?  Certainly not I.  At
       the worst, paranoia makes one completely ineffective, not
       only in technical means but even more so in the social
       context in which cryptography is necessarily relevant."
       [Eric Hughes, 1994-05-14]
  + King Alfred Plan, blacks
    - plans to round up 20 million blacks
    - RFK, links to LAPD, Western Goals, Birch, KKK
    - RFA #9, 23, 38
    +  organized crime situation, perhaps intelligence
       community
      - damaging to blacks, psychological
13.11.6. The immorality of U.S. boycotts and sanctions
  - as with Haiti, where a standard and comparatively benign
     and harmless military dictatorship is being opposed, we are
     using force to interfere with trade, food shipments,
     financial dealings, etc.
  - invasion of countries that have not attacked other
     countries...a major new escalation of U.S. militarism
  - crypto will facillitate means of underming imperialism
13.11.7. The "reasonableness" trap
  - making a reasonable thing into a mandatory thing
  - this applies to what Cypherpunks should ever be prepared to
     support
  + An example: A restaurant offers to replace dropped items
     (dropped on the floor, literally) for free...a reasonable
     thing to offer customers (something I see frequently). So
     why not make it the law? Because then the reasonable
     discretion of the restaurant owner would be lost, and some
     customers could "game against" (exploit the letter of the
     law) the system. Even threaten lawsuits.
    - (And libertarians know that "my house, my rules" applies
       to restaurants and other businesses, absent a contract
       spelling exceptions out.)
  - A more serious example is when restaurants (again) find it
     "reasonable" to hire various sorts of qualified people.
     What may be "reasonable" is one thing, but too often the
     government decides to _formalize_ this and takes away the
     right to choose. (In my opinion, no person or group has any
     "right" to a job unless the employer freely offers it. Yes,
     this could included discrimination against various groups.
     Yes, we may dislike this. But the freedom to choose is a
     much more basic right than achieving some ideal of equality
     is.)
  - And when "reasonableness" is enforced by law, the game-
     playing increases. In effect, some discretion is needed to
     reject claims that are based on gaming. Markets naturally
     work this way, as no "basic rights" or contracts are being
     violated.
  - Fortunately, strong crypto makes this nonsense impossible.
     Perforce, people will engage in contracts only voluntarily.
13.11.8. "How do we get agreement on protocols?"
  - Give this idea up immediately! Agreement to behave in
     certain ways is almost never possible.
  - Is this an indictment of anarchy?
  - No, because the way agreement is sort of reached is through
     standards or examplars that people can get behind. Thus, we
     don't get "consensus" in advance on the taste of Coca
     Cola...somebody offers Coke for sale and then the rest is
     history.
  - PGP is a more relevant example. The examplar is on a "take
     it or leave it" basis, with minor improvements made by
     others, but within the basic format.

14. Other Advanced Crypto Applications

14.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

14.2. SUMMARY: Other Advanced Crypto Applications
14.2.1. Main Points
14.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
14.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - see the various "Crypto" Proceedings for various papers on
     topics that may come to be important
14.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments

14.3. Digital Timestamping
14.3.1. digital timestamping
  - The canonical reference for digital timestamping is the
     work of Stu Haber and Scott Stornetta, of Bellcore. Papers
     presented at various Crypto conferences. Their work
     involves having the user compute a hash of the document he
     wishes to be stamped and sending the hash to them, where
     they merge this hash with other hashes (and all previous
     hashes, via a tree system) and then they *publish* the
     resultant hash in a very public and hard-to-alter forum,
     such as in an ad in the Sunday "New York Times."

     In their parlance, such an ad is a "widely witnessed
     event," and attempts to alter all or even many copies of
     the newspaper would be very difficult and expensive. (In a
     sense, this WWE is similar to the "beacon" term Eric Hughes
     used.)

     Haber and Stornetta plan some sort of commercial operation
     to do this.

     This service has not yet been tested in court, so far as I
     know. The MIT server is an experiment, and is probably
     useful for experimenting. But it is undoubtedly even less
     legally significant, of course.
14.3.2. my summary

14.4. Voting
14.4.1. fraud, is-a-person, forging identies, increased "number"
   trends
14.4.2. costs also high
14.4.3. Chaum
14.4.4. voting isomorphic to digital money
  - where account transfers are the thing being voted on, and
     the "eligible voters" are oneself...unless this sort of
     thing is outlawed, which would create other problems, then
     this makes a form of anonymous transfer possible (more or
     less)

14.5. Timed-Release Crypto
14.5.1. "Can anything like a "cryptographic time capsule" be built?"
  - This would be useful for sealing diaries and records in
     such a way that no legal bodies could gain access, that
     even the creator/encryptor would be unable to decrypt the
     records. Call it "time escrow." Ironically, a much more
     correct use of the term "escrow" than we saw with the
     government's various "key escrow" schemes.
  - Making records undecryptable is easy: just use a one-way
     function and the records are unreachable forever. The trick
     is to have a way to get them back at some future time.
  + Approaches:
    + Legal Repository. A lawyer or set of lawyers has the key
       or keys and is instructed to release them at some future
       time. (The key-holding agents need not be lawyers, of
       course, though that is the way things are now done.
      - The legal system is a time-honored way of protecting
         secrets of various kinds, and any system based on
         cryptography needs to compete strongly with this simple
         to use, well-established system.
      - If the lawyer's identity is known, he can be
         subpoenaed. Depends on jurisdictional issues, future
         political climate, etc.
      - But identity-hiding protocols can be used, so that the
         lawyer cannot be reached. All that is know, for
         example, is that "somewhere out there" is an agent who
         is holding the key(s). Reputation-based systems should
         work well here: the agent gains little and loses a lot
         by releasing a key early, hence has no economic
         motivation to do so. (Picture also a lot of "pinging"
         going to "rate" the various ti<w agents.)
    - Cryptography with Beacons. A "beacon agent" makes very
       public a series of messages, somehow. Details fuzzy. [I
       have a hunch that using digital time-stamping services
       could be useful here.]
    + Difficulty of factoring, etc.
      + The idea here is to-use a function which is presently
         hard to invert, but which may be easier in the future.
         This is fraught with problems, including
         unpredictability of the difficulty, imprecision in the
         timing of release, and general clumsiness. As Hal
         Finney notes:
        - "There was an talk on this topic at either the Crypto
           92 or 93 conference, I forget which.  It is available
           in the proceedings....The method used was similar to
           the idea here of encrypting with a public key and
           requiring factoring of the modulus to decrypt.  But
           the author had more techniques he used, iterating
           functions forward which would take longer to iterate
           backwards.  The purpose was to give a more
           predictable time to decrypt.....One problem with this
           is that it does not so much put a time floor on the
           decryption, but rather a cost floor.  Someone who is
           willing to spend enough can decrypt faster than
           someone who spends less.  Another problem is the
           difficulty of forecasting the growth of computational
           power per dollar in the future." [Hal Finney,
           sci.crypt, 1994-8-04]
    + Tamper-resistant modules. A la the scheme to send the
       secrets to a satellite in orbit and expect that it will
       be prohibitively expensive to rendezvous and enter this
       satellite.
      - Or to gain access to tamper-resistant modules located
         in bank vaults, etc.
      - But court orders and black bag jobs still are factors.
14.5.2. Needs
  - journalism
  + time-stamping is a kind of example
    - though better seen in the conventional analysis
  - persistent institutions
  - shell games for moving money around, untraceably
14.5.3. How
  - beacons
  - multi-part keys
  - contracted-for services (like publishing keys)
  - Wayner, my proposal, Eric Hughes

14.6. Traffic Analysis
14.6.1. digital form, and headers, LEAF fields, etc., make it vastly
   easier to know who has called whom, for how long, etc.
14.6.2. (esp. in contrast to purely analog systems)

14.7. Steganography
14.7.1. (Another one of the topics that gets a lot of posts)
14.7.2. Hiding messages in other messages
  - "Kevin Brown makes some interesting points about
     steganography and steganalysis.  The issue of recognizing
     whether a message has or mighthave a hidden message has two
     sides.  One is for the desired recipient to be clued that
     he should try desteganizing and decrypting the message, and
     the other is for a possible attacker to discover illegal
     uses of cryptography.

     "Steganography should be used with a "stealthy"
     cryptosystem (secret key or public key), one in which the
     cyphertext is indistinguishable from a random bit string.
     You would not want it to have any headers which could be
     used to confirm that a desteganized message was other than
     random noise." [Hal Finney, 1993-05-25]
14.7.3. Peter Wayner's "Mimic"
  - "They encode a secret message inside a harmless looking
     ASCII text file.  This is one of the very few times
     the UNIX tools "lex" and "yacc" have been used in
     cryptography, as far as I know.   Peter Wayner, "Mimic
     Functions", CRYPTOLOGIA Volume 16, Number 3, pp. 193-214,
     July 1992.[Michael Johnson, sci.crypt, 1994-09-05]
14.7.4. I described it in 1988 or 89 and many times since
  - Several years ago I posted to sci.crypt my "novel" idea for
     packing bits into the essentially inaudible "least
     significant bits" (LSBs) of digital recordings, such as
     DATs and CDs. Ditto for the LSBs in an 8-bit image or 24-
     bit color image. I've since seen this idea reinvented
     _several_ times on sci.crypt and elsewhere...and I'm
     willing to bet I wasn't the first, either (so I don't claim
     any credit).

     A 2-hour DAT contains about 10 Gbits (2 hours x 3600 sec/hr
     x 2 channels x 16 bits/sample x 44K samples/sec), or about
     1.2 Gbytes. A CD contains about half this, i.e., about 700
     Mbytes. The LSB of a DAT is 1/16th of the 1.2 Gbytes, or 80
     Mbytes. This is a _lot_ of storage!

     A home-recorded DAT--and I use a Sony D-3 DAT Walkman to
     make tapes--has so much noise down at the LSB level--noise
     from the A/D and D/A converters, noise from the microphones
     (if any), etc.--that the bits are essentially random at
     this level. (This is a subtle, but important, point: a
     factory recorded DAT or CD will have predetermined bits at
     all levels, i.e., the authorities could in principle spot
     any modifications. But home-recorded, or dubbed, DATs will
     of course not be subject to this kind of analysis.) Some
     care might be taken to ensure that the statistical
     properties of the signal bits resemble what would be
     expected with "noise" bits, but this will be a minor
     hurdle.

     Adobe Photoshop can be used to easily place message bits in
     the "noise" that dominates things down at the LSB level.
     The resulting GIF can then be posted to UseNet or e-mailed.
     Ditto for sound samples, using the ideas I just described
     (but typically requiring sound sampling boards, etc.). I've
     done some experiments along these lines.

     This doesn't mean our problems are solved, of course.
     Exchanging tapes is cumbersome and vulnerable to stings.
     But it does help to point out the utter futility of trying
     to stop the flow of bits.
14.7.5. Stego, other versions
  - Romana Machado's Macintosh stego program is located in the
     compression files, /cmp, in the sumex-aim@stanford.edu info-
     mac archives.
  - "Stego is a tool that enables you to embed data in, and
     retrieve data from, Macintosh PICT format files, without
     changing the appearance of the PICT file.  Though its
     effect is visually undetectable, do not expect
     cryptographic security from Stego.  Be aware that anyone
     with a copy of Stego can retrieve your data from your PICT
     file.  Stego  can  be used as an "envelope" to hide a
     _previously encrypted_ data file in a PICT file, making it
     much less likely to be detected." [Romana Machado, 1993-11-
     23]
14.7.6. WNSTORM, Arsen Ray Arachelian
14.7.7. talk about it being used to "watermark" images
14.7.8. Crypto and steganography used to plant false and misleading
   nuclear information
  - "Under a sub-sub-sub-contract I once worked on some phony
     CAD drawings for the nuclear weapons production process,
     plotting false info that still appears in popular books,
     some of which has been posted here....The docs were then
     encrypted and stegonagraphied for authenticity.  We were
     told that they were turned loose on the market for this
     product in other countries." [John Young, 1994-08-25]
  - Well...
14.7.9. Postscript steganography
  - where info is embedded in spacings, font characteristics
     (angles, arcs)
  - ftp://research.att.com/dist/brassil/infocom94.ps
  - the essential point: just another haystack to hide a needle

14.8. Hiding cyphertext
14.8.1. "Ciphertext can be "uncompressed" to impose desired
   statistical properties.  A non-adaptive first-order
   arithmetic decompression will generate first-order symbol
   frequencies that emulate, for instance, English text." [Rick
   F. Hoselton, sci.crypt, 1994-07-05]

14.9. 'What are tamper-responding or tamper-resistant modules?"
14.9.1. The more modern name for what used to be called "tamper-proof
   boxes"
14.9.2. Uses:
  - alarmed display cases, pressure-sensitive, etc. (jewels,
     art, etc.)
  + chips with extra layers, fuses, abrasive comounds in the
     packaging
    - to slow down grinding, etching, other depotting or
       decapping methods
    - VLSI Technology Inc. reportedly uses these methods in its
       implementation of the MYK-78 "Clipper" (EES) chip
  - nuclear weapons ("Permissive Action Links," a la Sandia,
     Simmons)
  - smartcards that give evidence of tampering, or that become
     inactive
  + as an example, disk drives that erase data when plug is
     pulled, unless proper code is first entered
    - whew! pretty risky (power failures and all), but needed
       by some
    - like "digital flash paper"
14.9.3. Bypassing tamper-responding or tamper-resistant technologies
  - first, you have to _know_

14.10. Whistleblowing
14.10.1. This was an early proposed use (my comments on it go back to
   1988 at least), and resulted in the creation of
   alt.whisteblowers.
  - So far, nothing too earth-shattering
14.10.2. outing the secret agents of a country, by posting them
   anonymously to a world-wide Net distribution....that ought to
   shake things up

14.11. Digital Confessionals
14.11.1. religious confessionals and consultations mediated by digital
   links...very hard for U.S. government to gain access
14.11.2. ditto for attorney-client conversations, for sessions with
   psychiatrists and doctors, etc.
14.11.3. (this does not meen these meetings are exempt from the
   law...witness Feds going after tainted legal fees, and
   bugging offices of attorneys suspected of being in the drug
   business)

14.12. Loose Ends
14.12.1. Feigenbaum's "Computing with Encrypted Instances"
   work...links to Eric Hughes's "encrypted open books" ideas.
  - more work needed, clearly

15. Reputations and Credentials

15.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

15.2. SUMMARY: Reputations and Credentials
15.2.1. Main Points
  - "a man's word is his bond"
  - reputations matter
  - the expectation of future interaction/business is crucial
15.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
  - see section on Crypto Anarchy for why reputations matter
15.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - very little published on this
  - Bruce Benson's "The Enterprise of Law"
15.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - this is another "transition" chapter, laying the groundwork
     for Crypto Anarchy

15.3. The Nature of Reputations
15.3.1. The claim by many of us that "reputations" will take care of
   many problems in crypto anarchic markets is disputed by some
   (notably Eric Hughes). To be sure, it will not be a trivial
   issue. Institutions take years or decades to evolve.
15.3.2. However, think of how often we use reputations: friends,
   books, movies, restaurants, etc
15.3.3. Reputations and other institutions will take time to evolve.
   Saying "the market will talke care of things" may be true,
   but this may take time. The "invisible hand" doesn't
   necessarily move swiftly.
15.3.4. "What are 'reputations' and why are they so important?"
  - a vague concept related to degree of believability, of
     trust, etc.
  + "we know it when we see it"
    - (sorry for the cop out, but I don't have a good
       definition handy....James Donald says studying reputatons
       is "nominalist hot air" [1994-09-02], but I think it's
       quite important)
  + obvious, in ordinary life, but in the cyberspatial context
    - reputation-based systems
    - escrow, expectations
    - "reputation capital"
    - like book or music recommendations
    - web of trust (is different than just "trust"---tensor,
       rather than scalar)
  + Actually very common: how most of us deal with our friends,
     our enemies, the books we read, the restaurants we
     frequent, etc.
    - we mentally downcheck and upcheck on the basis of
       experience; we learn
  - Are there examples?
  - Eric's objections
15.3.5. "How are reputations acquired, ruined, transferred, etc.?"
  + First, reputations are not "owned" by the person to whom
     they are attached by others
    + the algebra is tricky...maybe Eric Hughes or one of the
       other pure math types can help straighten out the
       "calculus of reputations"
      - reputations are not symmetric: just because Alice
         esteems Bob does mean the reverse is so
      - reputations are not transitive, though they are
         partially transitive: if Alice esteems Bob and Bob
         esteems Charles, this may cause Alice to be somewhat
         more esteemful of Charles.
      - a tensor matrix?
      - a graph?
  + Any holder of a reputation can "spend" some of his
     reputation capital
    - in praise or criticism of another agent
    - in reviews (think of Siskel and Ebert "spending" some of
       their reputation capital in the praise of a movie, and
       how their own reptutations will go up and down as a
       function of many things, including especially how much
       the viewing audience agrees with them)
15.3.6. "Are they foolproof? Are all the questions answered?"
  - Of course not.
  - And Eric Hughes has in the past said that too much
     importance is being invested in this idea of reputations,
     though many or even most of us (who comment on the matter)
     clearly think otherwise.
  - In any case, much more study is needed. Hal Finney and I
     have debated this a couple of times (first on the
     Extropians list, then a couple or more times on the
     Cypherpunks list), and we are mostly in agreement that this
     area is very promising and is deserving of much more
     thought--and even experimentation. (One of my interests in
     crypto simulations, in "protocol ecologies," is to simulate
     agents which play games involving reputations, spoofing,
     transfers of reputations, etc.)
15.3.7. Reputations have many aspects
  + the trading firm which runs others people's money is
     probably less "reputable" in an important sense than the
     trading firm in which partners have their own personal
     fortunes riding....or at least I know which one I'd trust!
    - (But how to guarantee one isn't being fooled, by a spoof,
       a sham? Hard to say. Perhaps the "encrypted open books"
       protocol Eric Hughes is working on will be of use here.)

15.4. Reputations, Institutions

15.5. Reputation-Based Systems and Agoric Open Systems
15.5.1. Evolutionary systems and markets
  + markets,  emergent order, Hayek, connectionism
    - many related ideas...spontaneous order, self interest,
       agents, etc.
    + a critique of "blind rationalism"
      - or hyperrationalism, the idea that a form model can
         always be found
  - order can develop even in anonymous systems, provding
     certain types of contacts are established, certain other
     things
15.5.2. shell games...who knows what?
15.5.3. key is that would-be "burners" must never know when they are
   actually being tested
  - with devastating effects if they burn the tester
  + example: how to guarantee (to some degree of certainty)
     that an anonymous bank is not renegging (or whatever)?
    - e.g., a Swiss bank that denies knowledge of an account
    - key is that bank never know when a withdrawal is just a
       test (and these tests may be done frequently)
  - the importance of repeat business
15.5.4. another key: repeat business....when the gains from burning
   someone are greater than the expected future business.....
15.5.5. reputations are what keep CA systems from degenerating into
   flamefests
  - digital pseudonyms mean a trail is left, kill files can be
     used, and people will take care about what they say
  - and the systems will not be truly anonymous: some people
     will see the same other people, allowing the development of
     histories and continued interactions (recall that in cases
     where no future interaction is exected, rudeness and
     flaming creeps in)
  + "Rumormonger" at Apple (and elsewhere) always degenerates
     into flames and crudities, says Johann Strandberg
    - but this is what reputations will partly offset
15.5.6. "brilliant pennies" scam
15.5.7. "reputation float" is how money can be pulled out of the
   future value of  a reputation
15.5.8. Reputation-based systems and repeat business
  + reputations matter...this is the main basis of our economic
     system
    - repeat business....people stop doing business with those
       they don't trust, or who mistreat them, or those who just
       don't seem to be reputable
    - and even in centrally-controlled systems, reputations
       matter (can't force people to undertake some relations)
  - credit ratings (even for pseudonyms) matter
  - escrow agents, bonding, etc.
  - criminal systems still rely on reputations and even on
     honor
  - ironically, it is often in cases where there are
     restrictions on choice that the advantages of reputations
     are lost, as when the government bans discrimination,
     limits choice, or insists on determining who can do
     business with who
  + Repeat business is the most important aspect
    - granularity of transactions, cash flow, game-theoretic
       analysis of advantages of "defecting"
    - anytime a transaction has a value that is very large
       (compared to expected future profits from transactions,
       or on absolute basis), watch out
    - ideally, a series of smaller transactions are more
       conducive to fair trading...for example, if one gets a
       bad meal at a restaurant, one avoids that restaurant in
       the future, rather than suing (even though one can claim
       to have been "damaged")
    - issues of contract as well

15.6. Reputations and Evolutionary Game Theory
15.6.1. game of "chicken," where gaining a rep as tough guy, or king
   of the hill, can head off many future challenges (and hence
   aid in survival, differential reproduction)

15.7. Positive Reputations
15.7.1. better than negative reputations, because neg reps can be
   discarded by pseudonym holdes (neg reps are like allowing a
   credit card to be used then abandoned with a debt on it)
15.7.2. "reputation capital"

15.8. Practical Examples
15.8.1. "Are there any actual examples of software-mediated
   reputation systems?"
  - credit databases...positive and negative reputations
15.8.2. Absent laws which ban strong crypto (and such laws are
   themselves nearly unenforceable), it will be essentially
   impossible to stop anonymous transactions and purely
   reputation-based systems.
  - For example, Pr0duct Cypher and Sue D. Nym will be able to
     use private channels of their own choosing (possibly using
     anonymous pools, etc.) to communicate and arrange deals. If
     some form of digital cash exists, they will even be able to
     transfer this cash. (If not, barter of informations,
     whatever.)
  - So, the issues raised by Hal Finney and others, expressing
     doubts about the adequacy of reputation capital as a
     building block (and good concerns they are, by the way),
     become moot. Society cannot stop willing participants from
     using reputation and anonymity. This is a major theme of
     crypto anarchy: the bypassing of convention by willing
     participants.
  + If Alice and Bob don't care that their physical identies
     are unknown to each other, why should we care? That is, why
     should society step in and try to ban this arrangement?
    - they won't be using "our" court systems, so that's not an
       issue (and longer term, PPLs will take the place of
       courts, many of us feel)
    - only if Alice and Bob are counting on society, on third
       parties to the transaction, to do certain things, can
       society make a claim to be involved
    - (A main reason to try to ban anonymity will be to stop
       "bad" activities, which is a separate issue; banning of
       "bad" activity is usually pointless, and leads to
       repressive states. But I digress.)
15.8.3. Part of the "phase change": people opt out of the permission-
   slip society via strong crypto, making their own decisions on
   who to trust, who to deal with, who to make financial
   arrangements with
  + example: credit rating agencies that are not traceable, not
     prosecutable in any court...people deal with them only if
     they think they are getting value for their money
    - no silly rules that credit rating data can "only" go back
       some arbitrary number of years (7, in U.S.)...no silly
       rules about how certain bankruptcies "can't" be
       considered, how one's record is to be "cleared" if
       conditions are met, etc.
    - rather, all data are considered....customer decides how
       to weight the data...(if a customer is too persnickety
       about past lapsed bills, or a bad debt many years in the
       past, he'll find himself never lending any money, so the
       "invisible hand" of the free market will tend to correct
       such overzealousnesses)
  + data havens, credit havens, etc. (often called "offshore
     data havens," as the current way to do this would be to
     locate in Caymans, Isle of Man, etc.)
    - but clearly they can be "offshore in cyberspace"
       (anonymous links, etc.)

15.9. Credentials and Reputations
15.9.1. debate about credentials vs. reputations
  - James Donald, Hal Finney, etc.
  - (insert details of debate here)
15.9.2. Credentials are not as important as many people seem to think
  - "Permisssion slips" for various behaviors: drinking age,
     admission to movie theaters, business licenses, licenses to
     drive taxicabs, to read palms (yes, here in Santa Cruz one
     must have a palm-reading license, separate from the normal
     "business license")
  + Such credentials often are inappropriate extensions of
     state power into matters which only parents should handle
    - underage drinking? Not my problem! Don't force bars to be
       babysitters.
    - underage viewing of movies? Ditto, even more so.
15.9.3. Proving possession of some credential

15.10. Fraud and False Accusations
15.10.1. "What if someone makes a false accusation?"
  - one's belief in an assertion is an emergent phenomenon
  + assertion does not equal proof
    - (even "proof" is variable, too)
  - false claims eventually reflect on false claimant
15.10.2. Scams, Ponzi Schemes, and Oceania
  + Scams in cyberspace will abound
    - anonymous systems will worsen the situaion in some ways,
       but perhaps help in other ways
    - certainly there is the risk of losing one's electronic
       cash very quickly and irretrievably (it's pretty far gone
       once it's passed through several remailers)
    - conpersons (can't say "con men" anymore!) will be there,
       too
  + Many of you will recall the hype about "Oceania," a
     proposed independent nation to be built on concrete
     pontoons, or somesuch. People were encouraged to send in
     donations. Apparently the scheme/scam collapsed:
    + "It  turned out to all be a scam, actually.  The key
       people involved, Eric Kline and Chuck Geshlieder,
       allegedly had a scheme set up where they repeatedly paid
       themselves out of all of the proceeds." [anonymous post,
       altp.privacy, (reprint of Scott A. Kjar post on
       Compuserve), 1994-07-28]
      - or was it Eric Klein?

15.11. Loose Ends
15.11.1. Selective disclosure of truth
  - More euphemestic than "lying."
  - Consider how we react when someone asks us about something
     we consider overly personal, while a friend or loved one
     may routinely ask such questions.
  - Is "personal" the real issue? Or is that we understand
     truth is a commodity with value, to be given out for
     something in return?
  - At one extreme, the person who casually and consistently
     lies earns a poor reputation--anyone encountering them is
     never certain if the truth is being told. At the other
     extreme, the "always honest" person essentially gives too
     much away, revealing preferences, plans, and ideas without
     consideration.
  - I'm all for secrets--and lies, when needed. I believe in
     selective disclosure of the truth, because the truth
     carries value and need not be "given away" to anyone who
     asks.
15.11.2. Crytography allows virtual networks to arrange by
   cryptographic collusion certain goals. Beyond just the
   standard "cell" system, it allows arrrangements, plans, and
   execution.
  - collecting money to have someone killed is an example,
     albeit a distasteful one

16. Crypto Anarchy

16.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

16.2. SUMMARY: Crypto Anarchy
16.2.1. Main Points
  - "...when you want to smash the State, everything looks like
     a hammer."
  - strong crypto as the "building material" for cyberspace
     (making the walls, the support beams, the locks)
16.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
  - this section ties all the other sections together
16.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
  - again, almost nothing written on this
  - Vinge, Friedman, Rand, etc.
16.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - a very long section, possibly confusing to many

16.3. Introduction
16.3.1. "The revolution will not be televised. The revolution *will*,
   however, be digitized." Welcome to the New Underworld Order!
   (a term I have borrowed from writer Claire Sterling.)
16.3.2. "Do the views here express the views of the Cypherpunks as a
   whole?"
  - This section is controversial. Hence, even more warnings
     than usual about being careful not to confuse these
     comments with the beliefs of all or even most Cypherpunks.
  - In fairness, libertarianism is undeniably the most
     represented ideology on the list, as it is in so much of
     the Net. The reasons for this have been extensively debated
     over the years, but it's a fact. If other major ideologies
     exists, they are fairly hidden on the Cypherpunks list.
  - Yes, some quasi-socialist views are occasionally presented.
     My friend Dave Mandl, for example, has at times argued for
     a less-anarchocapitalist view (but I think our views are
     actually fairly similar...he just has a different language
     and thinks there's more of a difference than their actually
     is--insert smiley here).
  - And several Cypherpunks who've thought about the issues of
     crypto anarchy have been disturbed by the conclusions that
     seem inevitable (markets for corporate information,
     assassianation made more liquid, data havens, espionage
     made much easier, and other such implications to be
     explored later in this section).
  - So, take this section with these caveats.
  - And some of the things I thing are inevitable, and in many
     cases positive, will be repugnant to some. The end of
     welfare, the end of subsidies of inner city breeders, for
     example. The smashing of the national security state
     through digital espionage, information markets, and
     selective assassinations are not things that everyone will
     take comfort in. Some may even call it illegal, seditious,
     and dangerous. So be it.
16.3.3. "What are the Ideologies of Cyperpunks?"
  + I mentioned this in an earlier section, but now that I'm
     discussing "crypto anarchy" in detail it's good to recap
     some points about the ideology of Cypherpunks.
    - an area fraught with dangers, as many Cypherpunks have
       differing views of what's important
  + Two main foci for Cypherpunks:
    - Personal privacy in an increasingly watchful society
    - Undermining of states and governments
  - Of those who speak up, most seem to lean toward the
     libertarian position, often explicitly so (libertarians
     often are to be found on the Internet, so this correlation
     is not surprising)
  + Socialists and Communitarians
    - Should speak up more than they have. Dave Mandl is the
       only one I can recall who's given a coherent summary of
       his views.
  + My Personal Outlook on Laws and Ideology:
    - (Obviously also scattered thoughout this document.)
    + Non-coercion Principle
      - avoid initiation of physical aggression
      - "to each his own" (a "neo-Calvinist" perspective of
         letting each person pick his path, and not interfering)
    - I support no law which can easily be circumvented.
       (Traffic laws are a counterexample...I generally agree
       with basic traffic laws....)
    - And I support no law I would not personally be willing to
       enforce and punish. Murder, rape, theft, etc, but not
       "victimless crimes, " not drug laws, and not 99.9998% of
       the laws on the books.
    - Crypto anarchy is in a sense a throwback to the pre-state
       days of individual choice about which laws to follow. The
       community exerted  a strong force.
    - With strong crypto ("fortress crypto," in law enforcement
       terms), only an intrusive police state can stop people
       from accessing "illegal" sites, from communicating with
       others, from using "unapproved" services, and so on. To
       pick one example, the "credit data haven" that keeps any
       and all financial records--rent problems from 1975,
       bankruptcy proceedings from 1983, divorce settlements,
       results from private investigators, etc. In the U.S.,
       many such records are "unusable": can't use credit data
       older than 7 years (under the "Fair Credit Reporting
       Act"), PI data, etc. But if I am thinking about lending
       Joe Blow some money, how the hell can I be told I can't
       "consider" the fact that he declared bankruptcy in 1980,
       ran out on his debts in Haiti in 1989, and is being sued
       for all his assets by two ex-wives? The answer is simple:
       any law which says I am not allowed to take into account
       information which comes my way is _flawed_ and should be
       bypassed. Dialing in to a credit haven in Belize is one
       approach--except wiretaps might still get me caught.
       Cyberspace allows much more convenient and secure
       bypasses of these laws.
  - (For those of you who think such bypasses of laws are
     immoral, tough. Strong crypto allows this. Get used to it.)
16.3.4. Early history of crypto anarchy
  + 1987-8, AMIX, Salin, Manifesto
    - discussed crypto implications with Phil Salin and Gayle
       Pergamit, in December of 1987
    - with a larger group, including Marc Stiegler, Dave Ross,
       Jim Bennett, Phil Salin, etc., in June 1988.
    - released "The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto" in August 1988.
  - Fen LaBalme had "Guerillan Information Net" (GIN), which he
     and I discussed in 1988 at the Hackers Conference
  + "From Crossbows to Cryptography," 1987?
    - made similar points, but some important differences
  - TAZ also being written at this time

16.4. The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto
16.4.1. Unchanged since it's writing in mid-1988, except for my e-
   mail address.
  - There are some changes I'd make, but...
  - It was written quickly, and in a style to deliberately
     mimic what I remembered of the "Communist Manifesto." (for
     ironic reasons)
  - Still., I'm proud that more than six years ago I correctly
     saw some major points which Cypherpunks have helped to make
     happen: remailers, anonymous communictation, reputation-
     based systems, etc.
  - For history's sake, here it is:
16.4.2.

   The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto

   Timothy  C.  May
   tcmay@netcom.com

   A specter is haunting the modern world, the specter of crypto
   anarchy.

   Computer technology is on the verge of providing the ability
   for individuals and groups to communicate and interact with
   each other in a totally anonymous manner. Two persons may
   exchange messages, conduct business, and negotiate electronic
   contracts without ever knowing the True Name, or legal
   identity, of the other. Interactions over networks will be
   untraceable, via extensive re-routing of encrypted packets
   and tamper-proof boxes which implement cryptographic
   protocols with nearly perfect assurance against any
   tampering. Reputations will be of central importance, far
   more important in dealings than even the credit ratings of
   today. These developments will alter completely the nature of
   government regulation, the ability to tax and control
   economic interactions, the ability to keep information
   secret, and will even alter the nature of trust and
   reputation.

   The technology for this revolution--and it surely will be
   both a social and economic revolution--has existed in theory
   for the past decade. The methods are based upon public-key
   encryption, zero-knowledge interactive proof systems, and
   various software protocols for interaction, authentication,
   and verification. The focus has until now been on academic
   conferences in Europe and the U.S., conferences monitored
   closely by the National Security Agency. But only recently
   have computer networks and  personal computers attained
   sufficient speed to make the ideas practically realizable.
   And the next ten years will bring enough additional speed to
   make the ideas economically feasible and essentially
   unstoppable. High-speed networks, ISDN, tamper-proof boxes,
   smart cards, satellites,  Ku-band transmitters, multi-MIPS
   personal computers, and encryption chips now under
   development will be some of the enabling technologies.

   The State will of course try to slow or halt the spread of
   this technology, citing national security concerns, use of
   the technology by drug dealers and tax evaders, and fears of
   societal disintegration. Many of these concerns will be
   valid; crypto anarchy will allow national secrets to be trade
   freely and will allow illicit and stolen materials to be
   traded. An anonymous computerized market will even make
   possible abhorrent markets for assassinations and extortion.
   Various criminal and foreign elements will be active users of
   CryptoNet. But this will not halt the spread of crypto
   anarchy.

   Just as the technology of printing altered and reduced the
   power of medieval guilds and the social power structure, so
   too will cryptologic methods fundamentally alter the nature
   of corporations
   and of government interference in economic transactions.
   Combined with emerging information markets, crypto anarchy
   will create a liquid market for any and all material which
   can be put into words and pictures. And just as a seemingly
   minor invention like barbed wire made possible the fencing-
   off of vast ranches and farms, thus altering forever the
   concepts of land and property rights in the frontier West, so
   too will the seemingly minor discovery out of an
   arcane branch of mathematics come to be the wire clippers
   which dismantle the barbed wire around intellectual property.

   Arise, you have nothing to lose but your barbed wire fences!

16.5. Changes are Coming
16.5.1. Technology is dramatically altering the nature of
   governments.
  - It may sound like newage trendiness, but strong crypto is
     "technological empowerment." It literally gives power to
     individuals. Like Sam Colt, it makes them equal.
  - "Politics has never given anyone lasting freedom, and it
     never will. Anything gained through politics will be lost
     again as soon as the society feels threatened. If most
     Americans have never been oppressed by the government
     (aside from an annual mugging) it is because most of them
     have never done anything to threaten the government's
     interests." [Mike Ingle, 1994-01-01]
  + Thesis: Strong crypto is a good thing
    - tool against governments of all flavors, left and right
    - religious freedom
    - personal choice
16.5.2. Dangers of democracy in general and electronic democracy in
   particular
  - mob rule, rights of minority ignored
  - too many things get decided by vote that have no business
     being voted on
  - "don't tax me...", De Tocqueville's warning
  + electronic democracy is even worse
    - moves further from republican, representative system to
       electronc mob rule
    - too rapid a system
    - Detweiler's "electrocrasy" (spelling?)...brain-damaged,
       poorly thought-out
16.5.3. The collapse of democracy is predicted by many
  + the "tipping factor" exceeded, with real taxation rates at
     50% or more in most developed countries, with conditions of
     "taxation without representation" far beyond anything in
     American colonial times
    - with professional politicians...and mostly millionaires
       running for office
    - the Cincinnatus (sp?) approach of going into government
       just for a few years, then returning to the farm or
       business, is a joke
  + rise of nominalism [argued by James Donald]
    - "After Athenian democracy  self destructed, the various
       warring parties found that they could only have peace if
       they disowned omnipotent government.  They put together a
       peace agreement that in part proclaimed limits to
       government,  in part acknowledged inherent limits to what
       was proper for governments to do  and in part guaranteed
       that the government would not go beyond what it was
       proper for government to do, that the majority could not
       do as it pleased with the minority, that not any act of
       power was a law, that law was not merely whatever the
       government willed.

       They did not agree on a constitution but agreed to
       respect an unwritten constitution that already existed in
       some sense.

       A similar arrangement underlies the American constitution
       (now defunct) and the English declaration of right (also
       defunct)

       The problem with such formal peace agreements is that
       they can only be put together after government has
       substantially collapsed.  Some of us wish to try other
       possibilities in the event of collapse.

       The American constitution collapsed because of the rise
       of nominalist theories "The constitution says whatever
       the courts say that it says." [James Donald, 1994-08-31]
  - War on Drugs, conspiracy charges, random searches,
     emergency preparedness orders (Operation Vampire Killer,
     Operation Night Train, REX-84). The killings of more than a
     dozen reporters and tipsters over the past decade, many of
     them covering the Iran-Contra story, the drug deals, the
     CIA's dealings...the Farm appears to be "swamping" more and
     more of these troublemakers in the headlong march toward
     fascism.
  + De Tocqueville's warning that the American experiment in
     democracy would last only until voters discovered they
     could pick the pockets of others at the ballot box
    - a point reached about 60 years ago
    - (prior to the federal income tax and then the "New Deal,"
       there were systemic limitations on this ability to the
       pockets of others, despite populist yearnings by
       some....after the New Deal, and the Great Society, the
       modern era of runaway taxation commenced.)
16.5.4. Depredations of the State
  + "Discrimination laws"..choice no longer allowed
    - the strip club in LA forced to install wheelchair access-
       -for the dancers!
    - age no longer allowed to be a factor...gag!
  + democracy run rampant....worst fears of Founders
    - votes on everything...
  - gun control, seizures, using zoning laws (with FFL
     inspections as informants)
  - welfare state,...Murray, inner cities made worse...theft
  - "currency export" laws...how absurd that governments
     attempt to control what folks do with their own money!
16.5.5. Things are likely to get worse, financially (a negative
   view,though there are also reasons to be optimistic)
  + a welfare state that is careening toward the edge of a
     cliff...escalating spending, constantly increasing national
     debt (with no signs that it will ever be paid down)
    - pension burdens are rising dramatically, according to
       "Economist", 1994-08.
  - the link to crypto is that folks had better find ways to
     immunize themselves from the coming crunch
  + Social Security, other pension plans are set to take 30-40%
     of all GDP
    - too many promies, people living longer
    - estimate: $20 trillion in "unfunded liabilities"
  - health care expectations... growing national debt
16.5.6. Borders are becoming transparent to data...terabytes a day
   are flowing across borders, with thousands of data formats
   and virtually indistinguishable from other messages.
   Compressed files, split files, images, sounds, proprietary
   encryption formats, etc.  Once can _almost_ pity the NSA in
   the hopelessness of their job.

16.6. Free Speech and Liberty--The Effects of Crypto
16.6.1. "What freedom of speech is becoming."
  + An increased willingness to limit speech, by attaching
     restrictions based on it being "commercial" or "hate
     speech."
    + advertising laws being the obvious example: smoking,
       alcohol, etc.
      - doctors, lawyers, etc.
      - sex, nudity
      - even laws that say billboards can't show guns
  - A chilling but all too common sentiment on the Net is shown
     by this quote: "Is it freedom of speech to spew racism ,
     and steriotypes, just because you lack the intellectual
     capacity to comprehend that , perhaps, somewhere, there is
     a different way of life, which is not congruent with your
     pre-conceived notions?" [Andrew Beckwith, soc.culture.usa]
16.6.2. We don't really have free speech
  - election laws
  - advertising laws
  + "slander" and "libel"
    - thankfully, anonymous systems will make this moot
  + permission needed...licensing, approval, certification
    - "qualifications"
    - granted, Supremes have made it clear that political
       comments cannot be restricted, but many other areas have
    - often the distinction involves 'for pay"
  - Perhaps you are thinking that these are not really examples
     of government censorship, just of _other crimes_  and
     _other rights_ taking precedence. Thus, advertisers can't
     make false or misleading claims, and can't advertise
     dangerous or otherwise unapproved items. And I can't make
     medical diagnoses, or give structural and geological
     advice, and so on...a dozen good examples. But these
     restrictions emasculate free speech, leaving only banal
     expression of appropriately-hedged "personal opinions" as
     the free speech that is allowed...and even that is ofen
     subject to crazy lawsuits and threats of legal action.

16.7. The Nature of Anarchies
16.7.1. Anarchy doesn't mean chaos and killing
  - As J. Bruce Dawson put it in a review of Linux in the
     September, 1994 "Byte," "It's anarchy at its best."
  + Ironically, crypto anarchy does admit the possibility (and
     hence probablility) of more contract killings as an
     ultimate enforcement mechanism for contracts otherwise
     unenforceable.
    - which is what is occurring in drug and other crime
       situaions: the parties cannot go to the police or courts
       for righting of wrongs, so they need to have the ultimate
       threat of death to enforce deals. It makes good sense
       from a reputation/game theory point of view.
16.7.2. Leftists can be anarchists, too
  - In fact, this tends to be the popular interpretation of
     anarchy. (Besides the bomb-throwing, anti-Tsar anarchists
     of the 19th century, and the bomb-throwing anarchists of
     the U.S. early this century.)
  + "Temporary Autonomous Zones" (TAZ)
    - Hakim Bey (pseudonym for    )
    - Mondo 2000, books, (check with Dave Mandl, who helps to
       publish them)
16.7.3. Anarchic development
  + Markets and emergent behaviors vs. planned development
    - principles of locality come into play (the local players
       know what they want and how much they'll pay for it)
    - central planners have "top-down" outlooks
    - Kevin Kelley's "Out of Control" (1994). Also, David
       Friedman's "Technologies of Freedom."
  - An example I heard about recently was Carroll College, in
     Wisconsin. Instead of building pathways and sidewalks
     across the newly-constructed grounds, the ground was left
     bare. After some time, the "emergent pathways" chosen by
     students and faculty were then turned into paved pathways,
     neatly solving the problem of people not using the
     "planned" pathways. I submit that much of life works this
     way. So does the Net (the "information footpaths"?).
  - anarchies are much more common than most people
     think...personal relationships, choices in life, etc.
16.7.4. The world financial system is a good example: beyond the
   reach of any single government, even the U.S. New World
   Order, money moves and flows as doubts and concerns appear.
   Statist governments are powerless to stop the devaluation of
   their currencies as investors move their assets (even slight
   moves can have large marginal effects).
  - "anarchy" is not a term most would apply, but it's an
     anarchy in the sense of there being no rulers ("an  arch"),
     no central command structure.

16.8. The Nature of Crypto Anarchy
16.8.1. "What is Crypto Anarchy?"
  + "Why the name?"
    + a partial pun on several things"
      - "crypto," meaning "hidden," as used in the term "crypto
         fascist" (Gore Vidal called William F. Buckley this)
      - "crypto anarchy" meaning the anarchy will be hidden,
         not necessarily visible
      - and of course cryptology is centrally invovled
  + Motivation
    - Vernor Vinge's "True Names"
    - Ayn Rand was one of the prime motivators of crypto
       anarchy. What she wanted to do with material technology
       (mirrors over Galt's Gulch) is _much_ more easily done
       with mathematical technology.
16.8.2. "Anarchy turns people off...why not a more palatable name?"
  - people don't understand the term; if people understood the
     term, it might be more acceptable
  - some have suggested I call it "digital liberty" or
     somesuch, but I prefer to stick with the historical term
16.8.3. Voluntary interactions involve Schelling points, mutually-
   agreed upon points of agreement
16.8.4. Crypto anarchy as an ideology rather than as a plan.
  - Without false modesty, I think crypto anarchy is one of the
     few real contributions to ideology in recent memory. The
     notion of individuals becoming independent of states by
     bypassing ordinary channels of control is a new one. While
     there have been hints of this in the cyberpunk genre of
     writing, and related areas (the works of Vinge especially),
     the traditional libertarian and anarchist movements have
     mostly been oblivious to the ramifications of strong
     crypto.
  - Interestingly, David Friedman, son of Milton and author of
     "The Machinery of Freedom," became a convert to the ideas.
     At least enough so as to give a talk in Los Angeles
     entitles "Crypto Anarchy and the State."
  - Conventional political ideology has failed to realize the
     huge changes coming over the next several decades.
     Focussing on unwinnable battles at the ballot box, they
     fritter away their energies; they join the political
     process, but they have nothing to "deal" with, so they
     lose. The average American actually _wants_ to pick the
     pockets of his neighbors (to pay for "free" health care, to
     stop companies from laying-off unneeded workers, to bring
     more pork back to the local enonomy), so the average voter
     is highly unlikely to ever vote for a prinicpled
     Libertarian candidate.
  - Fortunately, how people vote has little effect on certain
     "ground truths" that emerge out of new technologies and new
     economic developments.

16.9. Uses of Crypto Anarchy
16.9.1. Markets unfettered by local laws (digital black markets, at
   least for items that can be moved through cyberspace)
16.9.2. Espionage

16.10. The Implications-Negative and Positive-of Crypto Anarchy
16.10.1. "What are some implications of crypto anarchy?"
  + A return to contracts
    - whiners can't go outside contracts and complain
    - relates to: workers, terms of employment, actions, hurt
       feelings
    - with untraceable communication, virtual networks....
  + Espionage
    + Spying is already changing dramatically.
      + Steele's (or Steeler?) "open sources"
        - collecting info from thousands of Internet sources
      - Well, this cuts both ways..
    + Will allow:
      - BlackNet-type solicitations for military secrets ("Will
         pay $300,000 for xxxx")
      + Digital Dead Drops
        - totally secure, untraceable (pools, BlackNet mode)
        - no Coke cans near the base of oak trees out on Route
           42
        - no chalk marks on mailboxes to signal a message is
           ready
        - no "burning" of spies by following them to dead drops
        - No wonder the spooks are freaked out!
    - Strong crypto will also have a major effect on NSA, CIA,
       and FBI abilities to wiretap, to conduct surveillance,
       and to do domestic and foreign counterintelligence
    - This is not altogether a great thing, as there may be
       _some_ counterintelligence work that is useful (I'm
       perhaps betraying my lingering biases), but there's
       really only one thing to say about it: get used to it.
       Nothing short of a totalitarian police state (and
       probably not even that, given the spread of strong
       crypto) can stop these trends.
    -
  + Bypassing sanctions and boycotts
    - Just because Bill Clinton doesn't like the rulers of
       Haiti is no reason for me to honor his "sanctions"
    - Individual choice, made possible by strong crypto
       (untraceable transactions, pseudonyms, black markets)
  + Information Markets and Data Havens
    - medical
    - scientific
    - corporate knowledge
    - dossiers
    + credit reports
      - without the absurd rules limiting what people can store
         on their computers (e.g., if Alice keeps records going
         back more than 7 years, blah blah, can be thrown in
         jail for violating the "Fair Credit Reporting Act")
      - bypassing such laws
      - true, governments can attempt to force disclosure of
         "reasons" for all decisions (a popular trend, where
         even one's maid cannot be dismissed without the
         "reasons" being called into question!); this means that
         anyone accessing such offshore (or in cyberspace...same
         difference) data bases must find some acceptable reason
         for the actions they take...shouldn't be too hard
      - (as with so many of these ideas, the beauty is that the
         using of such services is voluntary....)
  + Consulting
    - increased liquidity of information
    + illegal transactions
      + untraceability and digital money means many "dark"
         possibilities
        - markets for assassinations
        - stolen property
        - copyright infringement
  + Espionage
    - information markets (a la AMIX)
    - "digital dead drops"
  - Offshore accounts
  - Money-laundering
  + Markets for Assassinations
    - This is one of the more disturbing implications of crypto
       anarchy. Actually, it arises immediately out of strong,
       unbreakable and untraceable communication and some form
       of untraceable digital cash. Distrurbing it may be, but
       the implications are also interesting to consider...and
       inevitable.
    - And not all of the implications are wholly negative.
    + should put the fear of God into politicians
      - "Day of the Jackal" made electronic
      - any interest group that can (anonymously) gather money
         can have a politician zapped. Positive and negative
         implications, of course.
    - The fact is, some people simply need killing. Shocking as
       that may sound to many, surely everyone would agree that
       Hitler deserved killing. The "rule of law" sounds noble,
       but when despicable people control the law, other
       measures are called for.
    - Personally, I hold that anyone who threatens what I think
       of as basic rights may need killing. I am held back by
       the repercussions, the dangers. With liquid markets for
       liquidations, things may change dramatically.
16.10.2. The Negative Side of Crypto Anarchy
  + Comment:
    - There are some very real negative implications;
       outweighed on the whole by the benefits. After all, free
       speech has negatives. Poronography has negatives. (This
       may not be very convincing to many....I can't do it here-
       -the gestalt has to be absorbed and considered.)
  + Abhorrent markets
    - contract killings
    - can collect money anonymously to have someone
       whacked...nearly anyone who is controversial can generate
       enough "contributions"
    - kidnapping, extortion
  + Contracts and assassinations
    - "Will kill for $5000"
    + provides a more "liquid" market (pun intended)
      - sellers and buyers more efficiently matched
      - FBI stings (which are common in hiring hit men) are
         made almost impossible
    - the canonical "dark side" example--Eric Drexler, when
       told of this in 1988, was aghast and claimed I was
       immoral to even continue working on the implications of
       crypto anarchy!
    - made much easier by the inability to trace payments, the
       lack of physical meetings, etc.
  + Potential for lawlessness
    - bribery, abuse, blackmail
    - cynicism about who can manipulate the system
  + Solicitation of Crimes
    - untraceably, as we have seen
  + Bribery of Officials and Influencing of Elections
    - and direct contact with officials is not even
       needed...what if someone "lets it be known" that a
       council vote in favor of some desired project will result
       in campaign contributions?
  + Child molestors, pederasts, and rapists
    - encrypting their diaries with PGP (a real case, says the
       FBI)
    - this raises the privacy issue in all its glory...privacy
       protects illegality...it always has and it always will
  + Espionage is much easier
    - from the guy watching ships leave a harbor to the actual
       theft of defense secrets
    - job of defending against spies becomes much more
       difficult: and end to microdots and invisible ink, what
       with the LSB method and the like that even hides the very
       existence of encrypted messages!
  + Theft of information
    - from corporations and individuals
    - corporations as we know them today will have to change
    - liquidity of information
    - selling of corporate secrets, or personal information
  + Digilantes and Star Chambers
    - a risk of justice running amok?
    + Some killers are not rehabilitated and need to be
       disposed of through more direct means
      + Price, Rhode Island, 21, 4 brutal killings
        - stabbings of children, mother, another
      + for animals like this, vigilantism...discreet
         execution...is justified...
        - or, at least some of us will consider it justified
        - which I consider to be a good thing
      - this relates to an important theme: untraceable
         communication and markets means the ability to "opt
         out" of conventional morality
  + Loss of trust
    + even in families, especially if the government offers
       bounties and rewards
      - recall Pavel Morozov in USSR, DARE-type programs
         (informing on parents)
      - more than 50% of all IRS suits involve one spouse
         informing to the IRS
  + how will taxes be affected by the increased black market?
    - a kind of Laffer curve, in which some threshold of
       taxation triggers disgust and efforts to evade the taxes
    - not clear how large the current underground economy
       is....authorities are motivated to misstate the size
       (depending on their agenda)
  + Tax Evasion (I'm not defending taxation, just pointing out
     what most would call a dark side of CA)
    + By conducting business secretly, using barter systems,
       alternative currencies or credit systems, etc.
      - a la the lawyers who use AMIX-like systems to avoid
         being taxed on mutual consultations
    + By doing it offshore
      - so that the "products" are all offshore, even though
         many or most of the workers are telecommuting or using
         CA schemes
      - recall that many musicians left Europe to avoid 90% tax
         rates
    + the "nest egg" scam: drawing on a lump sum not reported
      + Scenario: Alice sells something very valuable-perhaps
         the specs on a new product-to Bob. She deposits the
         fee, which is, say, a million dollars, in a series of
         accounts. This fee is not reported to the IRS or anyone
         else.
        - the fee could be in cash or in a "promise"
        - in multiple accounts, or just one
        + regardless, the idea is that she is now paid, say,
           $70,000 a year for the next 20 years (what with
           interest) as a "consultant" to the company which
           represents her funds
          - this of course does not CA of any form, merely some
             discreet lawyers
          - and of course Alice reports the income to the
             IRS-they never challenge the taxpayer to "justify"
             work done (and would be incapable of "disallowing"
             the work, as Alice could call it a "retainer," or
             as pay for Board of Directors duties, or
             whatever...in practice, it's easiest to call it
             consulting)
      + these scams are closely related to similar scams for
         laundering money, e.g., by selling company assets at
         artificially low (or high) prices
        - an owner, Charles, could sell assets to a foreign
           company at low prices and then be rewarded in tax-
           free, under the table, cash deposited in a foreign
           account, and we're back to the situation above
  + Collusion already is common; crypto methods will make some
     such collusions easier
    - antique dealers at an auction
  + espionage and trading of national secrets (this has
     positive aspects as well)
    - "information markets" and anonymous digital cash
    - (This realization, in late 1987, was the inspiration for
       the ideas behind crypto anarchy.)
  - mistrust
  - widening gap between rich and poor, or those who can use
     the tools of the age and those who can't
16.10.3. The Positive Side of Crypto Anarchy
  - (other positive reasons are implicitly scattered throughout
     this outline)
  + a pure kind of libertarianism
    - those who are afraid of CA can stay away (not strictly
       true, as the effects will ripple)
  - a way to bypass the erosion of morals, contracts, and
     committments (via the central role of reputations and the
     exclusion of distorting governments)
  - individual responsibility
  - protecting privacy when using hypertext and cyberspace
     services (many issues here)
  - "it's neat" (the imp of the perverse that likes to see
     radical ideas)
  + A return to 4th Amendment protections (or better)
    - Under the current system, if the government suspects a
       person of hiding assets, of conspiracy, of illegal acts,
       of tax evasion, etc., they can easily seize bank
       accounts, stock accounts, boats, cars, ec. In particular,
       the owner has little opportunity to protect these assets.
  - increased liquidity in markets
  + undermining of central states
    - loss of tax revenues
    - reduction of control
  - freedom, personal liberty
  - data havens, to bypass local restrictive laws
  + Anonymous markets for assassinations will have some good
     aspects
    - the liquidation of politicians and other thieves, the
       killing of those who have assisted in the communalization
       of private property
    - a terrible swift sword
16.10.4. Will I be sad if anonymous methods allow untraceable markets
   for assassinations? It depends. In many cases, people deserve
   death--those who have escaped justice, those who have broken
   solemn commitments, etc. Gun grabbing politicians, for
   example should be killed out of hand. Anonymous rodent
   removal services will be a tool of liberty. The BATF agents
   who murdered Randy Weaver's wife and son should be shot. If
   the courts won't do it, a market for hits will do it.
  - (Imagine for a moment an "anonymous fund" to collect the
     money for such a hit. Interesting possibilities.)
  - "Crypto Star Chambers," or what might be called
     "digilantes," may be formed on-line, and untraceably, to
     mete out justice to those let off on technicalities. Not
     altogether a bad thing.
16.10.5. on interference in business as justified by "society supports
   you" arguments (and "opting out)
  + It has been traditionally argued that society/government
     has a right to regulate businesses, impose rules of
     behavior, etc., for a couple of reasons:
    - "to promote the general welfare" (a nebulous reason)
    + because government builds the infrastructure that makes
       business possible
      - the roads, transportation systems, etc. (actually, most
         are privately built...only the roads and canal are
         publically built, and they certainly don't _have_ to
         be)
      - the police forces, courts, enforcement of contracts,
         disputes, etc.
      - protection from foreign countries, tariff negotiations,
         etc., even to the *physical* protection against
         invading countries
  + But with crypto anarchy, *all* of these reasons vanish!
    - society isn't "enabling" the business being transacted
       (after all, the parties don't even necessarily know what
       countries the other is in!)
    - no national or local courts are being used, so this set
       of reasons goes out the window
    - no threat of invasion...or if there is, it isn't
       something governments can address
  + So, in addition to the basic unenforceability of outlawing
     crypto anarchy--short of outlawing encryption--there is
     also no viable argument for having governments interfere on
     these traditional grounds.
    - (The reasons for them to interfere based on fears for
       their own future and fears about unsavory and abominable
       markets being developed (body parts, assassinations,
       trade secrets, tax evasion, etc.) are of course still
       "valid," viewed from their perspective, but the other
       reasons just aren't.)

16.11. Ethics and Morality of Crypto Anarchy
16.11.1. "How do you square these ideas with democracy?"
  - I don't; democracy has run amok, fulfilling de
     Tocqueville's prediction that American democracy would last
     only until Americans discovered they could pick the pockets
     of their neighbors at the ballot box
  - little chance of changing public opinion, of educating them
  - crypto anarchy is a movement of individual opting out, not
     of mass change and political action
16.11.2. "Is there a moral responsibility to ensure that the overall
   effects of crypto anarchy are more favorable than unfavorable
   before promoting it?"
  - I don't think so, any more than Thomas Jefferson should
     have analyzed the future implications of freedom before
     pushing it so strongly.
  - All decisions have implications. Some even cost lives. By
     not becoming a doctor working in Sub-Saharan Africa, have I
     "killed thousands"? Certainly I might have saved the lives
     of thousands of villagers. But I did not kill them just
     because I chose not to be a doctor. Likewise, by giving
     money to starving peasants in Bangladesh, lives could
     undeniably be "saved." But not giving the money does not
     murder them.
  - But such actions of omission are not the same, in my mind,
     as acts of comission. My freedom, via crypto anarchy, is
     not an act of force in and of itself.
  - Developing an idea is not the same as aggression.
  - Crypto anarchy is about personal withdrawal from the
     system, the "technologies of disconnection," in Kevin
     Kelly's words.
16.11.3. "Should individuals have the power to decide what they will
   reveal to others, and to authorities?"
  - For many or even most of us, this has an easy answer, and
     is axiomatically true. But others have doubts, and more
     people may have doubts as some easily anticipated
     develpoments occur.
  - (For example, pedophiles using the much-feared "fortress
     crypto," terrorists communicating in unbreakable codes, tza
     evaders, etc. Lots of examples.)
  - But because some people use crypto to do putatively evil
     things, should basic rights be given up? Closed doors can
     hide criminal acts, but we don't ban closed doors.
16.11.4. "Aren't there some dangers and risks to letting people pick
   and choose their moralities?"
  - (Related to questions about group consensus, actions of the
     state vs. actions of the individual, and the "herd.)
  - Indeed, there are dangers and risks. In the privacy of his
     home, my neighbor might be operating a torture dungeon for
     young children he captures. But absent real evidence of
     this, most nations have not sanctioned the random searches
     of private dwellings (not even in the U.S.S.R., so far as I
     know).
16.11.5. "As a member of a hated minority (crypto anarchists) I'd
   rather take my chances on an open market than risk official
   discrimination by the state.....Mercifully, the technology we
   are developing will allow everyone who cares to to decline to
   participate in this coercive allocation of power." [Duncan
   Frissell, 1994-09-08]
16.11.6. "Are there technologies which should be "stopped" even before
   they are deployed?"
  - Pandora's Box, "things Man was not meant to know," etc.
  - It used to be that my answer was mostly a clear "No," with
     nuclear and biological weapons as the only clear exception.
     But recent events involving key escrow have caused me to
     rethink things.
  - Imagine a company that's developing home surveillance
     cameras...perhaps for burglar prevention, child safety,
     etc. Parents can monitor Junior on ceiling-mounted cameras
     that can't easily be tampered with or disconnected, without
     sending out alarms. All well and good.
  - Now imagine that hooks are put into these camera systems to
     send the captured images to a central office. Again, not
     necessarily a bad idea--vacationers may want their security
     company to monitor their houses, etc.
  - The danger is that a repressive government could make the
     process mandatory....how else to catch sexual deviates,
     child molestors, marijuana growers, counterfeiters, and the
     like?
  - Sound implausible, unacceptable, right? Well, key escrow is
     a form of this.
  - The Danger. That OS vendors will put these SKE systems in
     place without adequate protections against key escrow being
     made mandatory at some future date.
16.11.7. "Won't crypto anarchy allow some people to do bad things?"
  - Sure, so what else is new? Private rooms allows plotters to
     plot their plots. Etc.
  - Not to sound too glib, but most of the things we think of
     as basic rights allow various illegal, distasteful, or
     crummy things to go on. Part of the bargain we make.
  - "Of course you could prevent contract killings by requiring
     everyone to carry government "escrowed" tape recordings to
     record all their conversations and requiring them to keep a
     diary at all times alibing their all their activities.
     This would also make it much easier to stamp out child
     pornography, plutonium smuggling, and social discrimination
     against the politically correct." [James Donald, 1994-09-
     09]

16.12. Practical Problems with Crypto Anarchy
16.12.1. "What if "bad guys" use unbreakable crypto?"
  - What if potential criminals are allowed to have locks on
     their doors? What if potential rapists can buy pornography?
     What if....
  - These are all straw men used in varous forms throughout
     history by tyrants to control their populations. The
     "sheepocracies" of the modern so-called democratic era are
     voting away their former freedoms in favor of cradle to
     grave safety and security.
  - The latest tack is to propose limits on privacy to help
     catch criminals, pedophile, terrorists, and father rapers.
     God help us if this comes to pass. But Cypherpunks don't
     wait for God, they write code!
16.12.2. Dealing with the "Abhorrent Markets"
  - such as markets for assassinations and extortion
  + Possibilities:
    + physical protection, physical capure
      - make it risky
      - (on the other hand, sniping is easy)
    + "flooding" of offers
      - "take a number" (meaning: get in line)
    - attacking reputations
  - I agree that more thought is needed, more thorough analysis
  - Some people have even pointed out the benefits of killing
     off tens of thousands of the corrupt politicians, narcs,
     and cops which have implemented fascist, collectivist
     policies for so long. Assassination markets may make this
     much more practical.
16.12.3. "How is *fraud* dealt with in crypto anarchy?"
  - When the perpetrators can't even be identified.
  - One of the most interesting problems.
  - First, reputations matter. Repeat business is not assured.
     It is always best to not have too much at stake in any
     single transaction.
16.12.4. "How do we know that crypto anarchy will work? How do we know
   that it won't plunge the world into barbarism, nuclear war,
   and terror?"
  - We don't know, of course. We never can.
  - However, things are already pretty bad. Look at Bosnia,
     Ruanda, and a hundred other hellholes and flashpoints
     around the world. Look at the nuclear arsenals of the
     superpowers, and look at who starts the wars. In nearly all
     cases, statism is to blame. States have killed a hundred
     million or more people in this century alone--think of
     Hitler, Stalin, Mao, and Pol Pot--through forced starvation
     of entire provinces, liquidation of the peasantry, killing
     of intellectuals, and mass exterminations of religious and
     ethnic groups. It's hard to imagine crypto anarchy causing
     anything that bad!
  - Crypto anarchy is a cyberspatially-mediated personal course
     of action; by itself it involves no actions such as
     terrorism or nuclear blackmail. One could just as easily
     ask, "Will freedom lead to nuclear blackmail, weapons
     trading, and pedophilia?" The answer is the same: maybe,
     but so what?
16.12.5. It is true that crypto anarchy is not for everyone. Some will
   be too incompetent to prepare to protect themselves, and will
   want a protector. Others will have poor business sense.
16.12.6. "But what will happen to the poor people and those on welfare
   if crypto anarchy really succeeds?"
  - "So?"
  - Many of us would see this as a good thing. Not just for
     Calvinist-Randite reasons, but also because it would break
     the cycle of dependency which has actually made things
     worse for the underclass in America (at least). See Charles
     Murray's "Losing Ground" for more on this.
  - And remember that a collapse of the tax system will mean
     more money left in the hands of former taxpayers, and hence
     more left over for true charity (for those who truly cannot
     help themselves).

16.13. Black Markets
16.13.1. "Why would anyone use black markets?"
  + when the advantages of doing so outweigh the disadvantages
    - including the chance of getting caught and the
       consequences
    - (As the chances decline, this suggests a rise in
       punishment severity)
  - businesses will tend to shy away from illegal markets,
     unless...
  + Anonymous markets for medical products
    - to reduce liability, local ethical and religious laws
    - Example: Live AIDS vaccine...considered too risky for any
       company to introduce, due to inability to get binding
       waivers of liability (even for "fully informed" patients
       who face likely death)
    - markets in body parts...
16.13.2. Crypto anarchy opens up some exciting possibilities for
   collusion in financial deals, for insider trading, etc.
  - I'm not claiming that this will mean instant riches, as
     markets are fairly efficient (*) and "insiders" often don't
     do well in the market. (* Some argue that relaxing laws
     against insider trading will make for an even fairer
     market...I agree with this.)
  - What I am claiming is the SEC and FinCEN computers will be
     working overtime to try to keep up with the new
     possibilities crypto anarchy opens up. Untraceable cash, as
     in offshore bank accounts that one can send anonymous
     trading instructions to (or for), means insider trading
     simply can't be stopped...all that happens is that insiders
     see their bank accounts increase (to the extent they win
     because of the insider trading...like I said, a debatable
     point).
  - Price signalling, a la the airline case of a few years back
     (which, you won't be surprised to hear, I have no problems
     with), will be easier. Untraceable communications, virtual
     meetings, etc.
16.13.3. Information Markets
  - a la "information brokering," but mediated
     cryptographically
  - recall the 1981 market in Exocet missile codes (France,
     Argentina--later of relevance when an Exocet sank a British
     ship)
16.13.4. Black Markets, Informal Economies, Export Laws
  + Transborder data flow, legal issues
    + complex..laws, copyrights, "national sovereignty"
      - e.g., Phillipines demanded in-the-clear transmissions
         during bank loan renegotiations..and several Latin
         American countries forbid encrypted transmissions.
  + Export, Technology Export, Export Control
    - Export Control Act
    - Office of Munitions (as in "Munitions Act", circa 1918)
    + export of some crypto gear shifted from Dept. of State,
       Office of Munitions, to Dept. of Commerce
      - Commodity Control List, allows s/w that is freely
         available to the public to be exported without
         additional paperwork
      - Munitions used to be stickier about export (some would
         say justifiably paranoid)
    - Commodity Jurisdiction request, to see whether product
       for export falls under State or Commerce regulations
    - Trading with the Enemy Act
  - Exocet codes--black market sales of emasculated chips
16.13.5. Smuggling and Black Markets
  + Black Markets in the USSR and Other Former East Bloc
     Nations
    + a major issue, because the normal mechanisms for free
       markets-property laws, shops, stock markets, hard
       currencies, etc.-have not been in place
      - in Russia, have never really existed
    + Role of "Mafia"
      - various family-related groups (which is how trade
         always starts, via contacts and connections and family
         loyalty, until corporations and their own structures of
         loyalty and trust can evolve)
      + how the Mafia in Russia works
        - bribes to "lose" materials, even entire trainloads
        - black market currency (dollars favored)
    + This could cause major discontent in Russia
      - as the privileged, many of them ex-Communist officials,
         are best prepared to make the transition to capitalism
      + those  in factory jobs, on pensions, etc., will not
         have the disposable income to take advantage of the new
         opportunities
        - America had the dual advantages of a frontier that
           people wanted to move to (Turner, Protestant ethic,
           etc.) and a high-growth era (industrialization)
        - plus, there was no exposure to other countries at
           vastly higher living standards
  + Smuggling in the EEC
    + the dream of tariff-free borders has given way to the
       reality of a complex web of laws dictating what is
       politically correct and what is not:
      - animal growth hormones
      - artificial sweeteners are limited after 1-93 to a small
         list of approved foods: and the British are finding
         that their cherished "prawn cocktail-flavored crisps"
         are to be banned (for export to EEC or completely?)
         because they're made with saccharin or aspartame
      - "European content" in television and movies may limit
         American productions...as with Canada, isn't this a
         major abridgement of basic freedoms?
    + this may lead to a new kind of smuggling in "politically
       incorrect" items
      - could be argued that this is already the case with bans
         on drugs, animal skins, ivory, etc. (so tediously
         argued by Brin)
    - recall Turgut Ozal's refreshing comments about loosening
       up on border restrictions
  + as more items are declared bootleg, smuggling will
     increase...politically incorrect contraband (fur, ivory,
     racist and sexist literature)
    + the point about sexist and racist literature being
       contraband is telling: such literature (books, magazines)
       may not be formally banned, for that would violate the
       First Amendment, but may still be imported anonymously
       (smuggled) and distributed as if they were banned (!) for
       the reason of avoiding the "damage claims" of people who
       claim they were victimized, assaulted, etc. as a result
       of the literature!
      + avoidance of prosecution or damage claims for writing,
         editing, distributing, or selling "damaging" materials
         is yet another reason for anonymous systems to emerge:
         those involved in the process will seek to immunize
         themselves from the various tort claims that are
         clogging the courts
        - producers, distributors, directors, writers, and even
           actors of x-rated or otherwise "unacceptable"
           material may have to have the protection of anonymous
           systems
        - imagine fiber optics and the proliferation of videos
           and talk shows....bluenoses and prosecutors will use
           "forum shopping" to block access, to prosecute the
           producers, etc.
    + Third World countries may declare "national sovereignty
       over genetic resources" and thus block the free export
       and use of plant- and animal-derived drugs and other
       products
      - even when only a single plant is taken
      - royalties, taxes, fees, licenses to be paid to local
         gene banks
      - these gene banks would be the only ones allowed to do
         genetic cataloguing
      - the problem is of course one of enforcement
  + technology, programs
    - scenario: many useful programs are priced for
       corporations (as with hotel rooms, airline tickets,
       etc.), and price-sensitive consumers will not pay $800
       for a program they'll use occasionally to grind out term
       papers and church newsletters
  + Scenario: Anonymous organ donor banks
    + e.g., a way to "market" rare blood types, or whatever,
       without exposing one's self to forced donation or other
       sanctions
      - "forced donation" involves the lawsuits filed by the
         potential recipient
      - at the time of offer, at least...what happens when the
         deal is consummated is another domain
    - and a way to avoid the growing number of government
       stings
  + the abortion and women's rights underground...a hopeful
     ally (amidst the generally antiliberty women's movement)
    - RU-486, underground abortion clinics (because many
       clinics have been firebombed, boycotted out of existence,
       cut off from services and supplies)
  + Illegal aliens and immigration
    - "The Boxer Barrier" used to seal barriers...Barbara Boxer
       wants the military and national guard to control illegal
       immigration, so it would be poetic justice indeed if this
       program has her name on it
16.13.6. Organized Crime and Cryptoanarchy
  + How and Why
    + wherever money is to be made, some in the underworld will
       naturally take an interest
      - loan sharking, numbers games, etc.
    + they may get involved in the setup of underground banks,
       using CA protocols
      - shell games, anonymity
    - such Mafia involvement in an underground monetary system
       could really spread the techniques
    + but then both sides may be lobbying with the Mafia
      - the CA advocates make a deal with the devil
      - and the government wants the Mob to help eradicate the
         methods
  + Specific Programs
    + False Identities
      - in the computerized world of the 90s, even the Mob (who
         usually avoid credit cards, social security numbers,
         etc.) will have to deal with how easily their movements
         can be traced
      + so the Mob will involve itself in false IDs
        - as mentioned by Koontz
    - Money Laundering, naturally
  + but some in the government see some major freelance
     opportunities in CA and begin to use it (this undermines
     the control of CA and actually spreads it, because the
     government is working at cross purposes)
    - analogous to the way the government's use of drug trade
       systems spread the techniques
16.13.7. "Digital Escrow" accounts for mutually suspicious parties,
   especially in illegal transactions
  - drug deals, information brokering, inside information, etc.
  + But why will the escrow entity be trusted?
    + reputations
      - their business is being a reliable escrow holder, not
         it destroying their reputation for a bribe or a threat
    + anonymity means the escrow company won't know who it's
       "burning," should it try to do so
      - they never know when they themselves are being tested
         by some service
    - and potential bribers will not know who to contact,
       although mail could be addressed to the escrow company
       easily enough
16.13.8. Private companies are often allies of the government with
   regards to black markets (or grey markets)
  - they see uncontrolled trade as undercutting their monopoly
     powers
  - a way to limit competition

16.14. Money Laundering and Tax Avoidance
16.14.1. Hopelessness of controlling money laundering
  + I see all this rise in moneylaundering as an incredibly
     hopeful trend, one that will mesh nicely with the use of
     cryptography
    - why should export of currency be limited?
    - what's wrong with tax evasion, anyway?
  - corrupting, affects all transactions
  - vast amounts of money flowing
  - 2000 banks in Russia, mostly money-laundering
  + people and countries are so starved for hard currency that
     most banks outside the U.S. will happily take this money
    - no natural resources in many of these countries
    - hopeless to control
  - being presented as "profits vs. principals," but I think
     this is grossly misguided
  + Jeffery Robinson, "The Landrymen," interviewed on CNN, 6-24-
     94
    - "closer to anarchy" (yeah!)
    - hopeless to control
    - dozens of new countries, starved for hard currency, have
       autonomy to set banking policies (and most European
       countries turn a blind eye toward most of the anti-
       laundering provisions)
16.14.2. Taxes and Crypto
  - besides avoidance, there are also issues of tax records,
     sales tax, receipts, etc.
  + this is another reason government may demand access to
     cyberspace:
    - to ensure compliance, a la a tamper-resistant cash
       register
    - to avoid under-the-table transactions
    - bribery, side payments, etc.
  - Note: It is unlikely that such access to records would stop
     all fraud or tax evasion. I'm just citing reasons for them
     to try to have access.
  - I have never claimed the tax system will collapse totally,
     or overnight, or without a fight. Things take time.
  + tax compliance rates dropping
    + the fabric has already unraveled in many countries, where
       the official standard of living is below the _apparent_
       standard of living (e.g., Italy).
      - tax evasion a major thing
      - money runs across the border into Switzerland and
         Austria
    - Frissell's figures
    - media reports
  + Tax issues, and how strong crypto makes it harder and
     harder to enforce
    - hiding income, international markets, consultants,
       complexly structured transactions
16.14.3. Capital Flight
  - "The important issue for Cypherpunks is how we should
     respond to this seemingly inevitable increased mobility of
     capital.  Does it pose a threat to privacy?  If so, let's
     write code to thwart the threat.  Does it offer us any
     tools we can use to fight the efforts of nation-states to
     take away our privacy?  If so, let's write code to take
     advantage of those tools." [ Sandy Sandfort, Decline and
     Fall, 1994--06-19]
16.14.4. Money Laundering and Underground Banks
  + a vast amount of money is becoming available under the
     table: from skimming, from tax avoidance, and from illegal
     activities of all kinds
    - can be viewed as part of the internationalization of all
       enterprises: for example, the Pakistani worker who might
       have put his few rupees into some local bank now deposits
       it with the BCCI in Karachi, gaining a higher yield and
       also increasing the "multiplier" (as these rupees get
       lent out many times)
    - is what happened in the U.S. many years ago
    - this will accelerate as governments try to get more taxes
       from their most sophisticated and technical taxpayers,
       i.e., clever ways to hide income will be sought
  + BCCI, Money-Laundering, Front Banks, CIA, Organized Crime
    + Money Laundering
      - New York City is the main clearinghouse, Federal
         Reserve of New York oversees this
      - Fedwire system
      - trillions of dollars pass through this system, daily
      + How money laundering can work (a maze of techniques)
        - a million dollars to be laundered
        - agent wires it, perhaps along with other funds, to
           Panama or to some other country
        - bank in Panama can issue it to anyone who presents
           the proper letter
        - various ways for it to move to Europe, be issued as
           bearer stock, etc.
        - 1968, offshore mutual funds, Bernie Kornfield
    + CIA often prefers banks with Mob connections
      - because Mob banks already have the necessary security
         and anonymity
      - and are willing to work with the Company in ways that
         conventional banks may not be
      + links go back to OSS and Mafia in Italy and Sicily, and
         to heroin trade in SE Asia
        - Naval Intelligence struck a deal in WW2 with Mafia,
           wherby Meyer Lansky would protect the docks against
           strikes (presumably in exchange for a "cut"), if
           Lucky Luciano would be released at the end of the war
           (he was)
        - Operation Underworld: Mafia assisted Allied troops in
           Sicily
        - "the Corse"
        + Luciano helped in 1947 to reopen Marseilles when
           Communist strikers had shut it down
          - continuing the pattern of cooperation begun during
             the war
          - thus establishing the French Connection!
        - Nugan Hand Bank
      + BCCI and Bank of America favored by CIA
        - Russbacher says B of A a favored cover
        + we will almost certainly discover that BCCI was the
           main bank used, with the ties to Bank of America
           offices in Vienna
          + Bank of America has admitted to having had early
             ties with BCCI in the early 1970s, but claims to
             have severed those ties
            - however, Russbacher says that CIA used B of A as
               their preferred bank in Europe, especially since
               it had ties to companies like IBM that were used
               as covers for their covert ops
        - Vienna was a favored money-laundering center for CIA,
           especially using Bank of America
    + a swirl of paper fronts, hiding the flows from regulators
       and investors
      - "nominees" used to hide true owners and true activities
      - various nations have banking secrecy laws, creating the
         "veil" that cannot be pierced
    + CIA knew about all of the flights to South America (and
       probably elsewhere, too)
      - admitted Thomas Polgar, a senior ex-CIA official, in
         testimony  on 9-19-91
      - this indicates that CIA knew about the arms deals, the
         drug deals, and the various other schemes and scams
    + Earlier CIA-Bank Scandals (Nugan Hand and Castle Bank)
      + Nugan Hand Bank, Australia
        + Frank Nugan, Sydney, Australia, died in 1980
          + apparent suicide, but clearly rigged
            - Mercedes, rifle with no fingerprints, position
               all wrong
            - evidence that he'd had a change of heart-was
               praying daily, a la Charles Colson-and was
               thinking about getting out of the business
        + set up Nugan Hand Bank in 1973
          - private banking services, tax-free deposits in
             Caymans
          + used by CIA agents, both for Agency operations and
             for their own private slush/retirement funds
            - several CIA types on the payroll (listed their
               addresses as same as Air America)
            - William Colby on Board, and was their lawyer
          + links to organized crime, e.g., Santo Trafficante,
             Jr.
            - Florida, heroin, links to JFK assassination
            - trafficante was known as "the Cobra" and handled
               many transactions for the CIA
        + money-laundering for Asian drug dealers
          + Golden Triangle: N-H even had branches in GT
            - and branch in  Chiang Mai, in Thailand
        - links to arms dealers, like Edwin P. Wilson
        + U.S. authorites refused to cooperate with
           investigations
          - and when info was released, it was blacked out with
             a "B-1" note, implying national security
             implications
          + investigations by Australian Federal Bureau of
             Narcotics were thwarted-agents transferred and
             Bureau disbanded shortly thereafter
            - similar to "Don't fuck with us" message sent to
               FBI and DEA by CIA
        + N-H Bank had close working relation with Australian
           Security Intelligence Organization (ASIO)
          - NSA tapped phone conversations (speculative) of
             Nugan that indicated ASIO collusion with N-H Bank
             in the drug trade
        + Pine Gap facility, near Alice Springs (NSA, NRO)
          - P.M. Gough Whitlam's criticism of Pine Gap led to
             CIA-ASIO plot to destroy the Whitlam gov't.
          - November 1975 fall instigated with wiretaps and
             forgeries
        + Nugan Hand Bank was also involved with "Task Force
           157," a Naval Intelligence covert operation, given
           the cover name "Pierce Morgan" (a good name?)
          - reported to Henry Kissinger
          - recall minor point that Navy is often the preferred
             service for the ruling elite (the real preppies)
        + and George Bush's son, George W. Bush, was involved
           with Nugan Hand:
          - linked to William Quasha, who handled N-H deals in
             Phillipines
          + owners of Harken Energy Corp. a Texas-based company
             that bought G.W. Bush's oil company "Spectrum 7" in
             1986
            - later got offshore drilling rights to Bahrain's
               oil-with G.W. Bush on the Board of Directors
            - could this be another link to Gulf Crisis?
      + Castle Bank, Bahamas, Paul E. Helliwell
        + OSS (China). CIA
          - Mitch WerBell, White Russian specialist in
             assassination, silencers, worked for him in China
        - Howard Hunt worked for him
        - after WW2, set up Sea Supply Inc., CIA front in Miami
        + linked to Resorts International
          - law firm of Helliwell, Melrose and DeWolf
          - lent money to Bahamian P.M. Lynden Pindling in
             exchange for extension of gambling license
        + Robert Vesco, Bebe Rebozo, and Howard Hughes
          - in contrast to the "Eastern Establishment," these
             were Nixon's insiders
          - links with ex-CIA agent Robert Maheu (who worked
             for Hughes); onvolved withTrafficante, CIA plot to
             kill Castro, and possible links to JFK
             assassination
          - Vesco active in drug trade
        + also involved in purchase of land for Walt Disney
           World
          - 27,000 acres near Orlando
        - Castle Bank was a CIA conduit
      + Operation Tradewinds, IRS probe of bank money flows
        - late 60s
        - investigation of "brass plate" companies in Caymans,
           Bahamas
        + Plot Scenario: Operation Tradewinds uncovered many
           UltraBlack operations, forcing them to retrench and
           dig in deeper, sacrificing several hundred million
          - circa 1977 (Castle Bank shut down)
      + World Finance Corporation (WFC)
        + started in 1971 in Coral Gables
          - first known as Republic National Corporation
          - Walter Surrey, ex-OSS, like Helliwell of Castle
             Bank, helped incorporate it
        + Business
          - exploited cash flows in Florida
          - dealt with CIA, Vesco, Santo Trafficante, Jr.
          - also got loan deposits from Arabs
          - links to Narodny Bank, the Soviet bank that also
             pay agents
          + a related company was Dominion Mortgage Company,
             located at same address as WFC
            - linked to narcotics flow into Las Vegas
            - and to Trafficante, Jr.
            - suitcases of cash laundered from Las Vegas to
               Miami
          - Jefferson Savings and Loan Association, Texas
        + Guilermo Hern‡ndez Cartaya, ex-Havana banker, Cuban
           exile, was chief figure
          - veteran of Bay of Pigs (likely CIA contacts)
        - investigated by R. Jerome Sanford, Miami assistant
           U.S. attorney
        - Dade County Organized Crime Bureau also involved in
           the 1978 investigation
      - Rewald and his banking deals
      - BCCI was a successor to this bank
    + CIA and DEA Links to Drug Trade
      - former agents and drug traffickers were frequently
         recruited by DEA and CIA to run their own drug
         operation, sometimes with political motivations
      - Carlos Hern‡ndez recruited by BNDD (Bureau of Narcotics
         and Dangerous drugs, predecessor to DEA) to form a
         death squad to assassinate other drug traffickers
      + possible links of the drug dealers to
         UltraBlack/Witness Security Program
        - agents in Florida, the stock broker killing in 1987
        - Seal was betrayed by the DEA and CIA, allowed to be
           killed by the Columbians
    + Afghan Rebels, Arms to Iran (and Iraq), CIA, Pakistan
      - there was a banking and arms-running network centered
         in Karachi, home of BCCI, for the various arms deals
         involving  Afghan rebels
      - Karachi, Islamabad, other cities
    + Influence Peddling, Agents
      - a la the many senior lawyers hired by BCCI (Clark
         Clifford, Frank Manckiewicz [spelling?]
      + illustrates again the basic corruptability of a
         centralized command economy, where regulators and
         lawmakers are often in the pockets of corrupt
         enterprises
        - clearly some scandals and losses will occur in free
           markets, but at least the free markets will not be
           backed up with government coercion
    + Why CIA is Involved in So Many Shady Deals?
      + ideal cover for covert operations
        - outside audit channels
        - links to underworld
      + agents providing for their own retirements, their own
         private deals, and feathering their own nests
        - freedom from interferance
        - greed
      + deals like that of Noriega, in which CIA-supported
         dictators and agents provided for their own lavish
         lifestyles\
        - and the BCCI-Noriega links are believed to have
           contributed to the CIA's unwillingness to question
           the activities of the BCCI (actually, the Justice
           Department)
    + Role of Banks in Iraq and Gulf War, Iraq-Gate, Scandals
      - Export Import Bank (Ex-Im), CCC
      - implicated in the arming of Iraq
      - Banco Lavorzo Nazionale [spelling?]
      + CIA was using BNL to arrange $5B in transfers, to arm
         Iraq, to ensure equality with Iran
        - because BNL wouldn't ask where it came from
        - federally guaranteed loans used to finance covert ops
        + the privatizing of covert ops by the CIA and NSA
          - deniability
          - they subcontracted the law-breaking
          - the darker side of capitalism did the real work
          - but the crooks learned quickly just how much they
             could steal...probably 75% of stolen money
          - insurance fraud...planes allowed to be stolen, then
             shipped to Contras, with Ollie North arguing that
             nobody was really hurt by this whole process
      + ironically, wealthy Kuwaitis were active in financing
         "instant banks" for money laundering and arms
         transactions, e.g., several in Channel Islands
        - Ahmad Al Babtain Group of Companies, Ltd., a
           Netherlands Antilles corporation
      - Inslaw case fits in with this picture
    + Federal Reserve and SEC Lack the Power to "Peirce the
       Veil" on Foreign Banks
      - as the Morgenthau case in Manhattan develops
      - a well-known issue
    + But should we be so surprised?
      - haven't banks always funded wars and arms merchants?
      - and haven't some of them failed?
      - look at the Rothschilds
      - what is surprising is that so many people knew what it
         was doing, what its business was, and that it was even
         nicknamed "Banks of Crooks and Criminals International"
    + Using software agents for money laundering and other
       illegal acts
      + these agents act as semi-autonomous programs that are a
         few steps beyond simple algortihms
        - it is not at all clear that these agents could do
           very much to run portfolio, because nothing really
           works
      - real use could be as "digital cutouts": transferring
         wealth to other agents (also controlled from afar, like
         marionettes)
      - advantage is that they can be programmed to perform
         operations that are perhaps illegal, but without
         traceability
    + Information brokers as money launderers (the two are
       closely related)
      - the rise of AMIX-style information markets and Sterling-
         style "data havens" will provide new avenues for money
         laundering and asset-hiding
      + information is intrinsically hard to value, hard to put
         a price tag on (it varies according to the needs of the
         buyers)
        - meaning that transnational flows of inforamation
           cannot be accurately valued (assigned a cash value)
        - is closely related to the idea of  informal
           consulting and the nontaxable nature of it
  - cardboard boxes filled with cash, taped and strapped, but
     still bursting open
  - gym bags carrying relatively tiny amounts of the skim: a
     mere hundred thousand in $100s
  + L.A. becoming a focus for much of this cash
    - nearness to Mexico, large immigrant communities
    - freeways and easy access
    + hundreds of airstrips, dozens of harbors
      - though East Coast seems to have even more, so this
         doesn't seem like a compelling reason
      - Ventura County and Santa Barbara
16.14.5. Private Currencies, Denationalization of Money
  - Lysander Spooner advocated these private currencies
  - and "denationalization of money" is a hot topic
  + is effect, alternatives to normal currency already exist
    - coupons, frequent flier coupons, etc.
    + telephone cards and coupons (widely used in Asia and
       parts of Europe)
      - ironically, U.S. had mostly opted for credit cards,
         which are fully traceable and offer minimal privacy,
         while other nations have embraced the anonymity of
         their kind of cards...and this seems to be carrying
         over to the toll booth systems being planned
    - barter networks
    - chop marks (in Asia)
    + "reputations" and favors
      - if Al gives Bob some advice, is this taxable? (do
         lawyers who talk amongst themselves report the
         transactions/ od course not, and yet this is
         effectively either a barter transaction or an outright
         gift)
    + sophisticated financial alternatives to the dollar
      - various instruments
      - futures, forward contracts, etc.
    - "information" (more than just favors)
    + art works and similar physical items
      - not a liquid market, but for high rollers, an easy way
         to transfer hundreds of millions of dollars (even with
         the discounted values of a stolen item, and not all the
         items will be stolen...many people will be very careful
         to never travel with stolen art)
      - diamonds, gems have long been a form of transportable
         wealth
      + art works need not be declared at most (?) borders
        - this may change with time
16.14.6. Tax Evasion Schemes
  - unreported income, e.g., banks like the BCCI obviously did
     not report what they or their customers were doing to the
     various tax authorities (or anyone else)
  - deferred income, via the kind of trust funds discussed here
     (wherein payment is deferred and some kind of trust is used
     to pay smaller amounts per year)
  + Asset-Hiding, Illegal Payments, Bribes, and Tax Evasion
     Funds Can Be Protected in a "Retirement Fund"
    + e.g., a politician or information thief-perhaps an Intel
       employee who sells something for $1M-can buy shares in a
       crypto-fund that then ensures he is hired by a succession
       of consulting firms for yearly consulting...or even just
       placed on a "retainer" of, say, $100K a year
      + IRS may come to have doubts about such services, but
         unless the government steps in and demands detailed
         inspection of actual work done-and even then I think
         this would be impossible and/or illegal-such
         arrangements would seem to be foolproof
        + why can't government demand proof of work done?
          - who judges the value of an employee?
          - of advice given, of reports generated, or of the
             value of having a consultant "on retainer"?
          - such interference would devastate many vested
             interests
      + tax and other advantages of these "crypto annuities"
        - tax only paid on the yearly income, not on the lump
           sum
        - authorities are not alerted to the sudden receipt of
           a lump sum (an ex-intelligence official who receives
           a payement of $1 M will come under suspicion, exactly
           as would a politician)
        - and a lump sum payment might well arouse suspicions
           and be considered evidence of some criminal activity
        + the original lump sum is protected from confiscation
           by governments, by consideration in alimony or
           bankruptcy cases, etc.
          - such "consulting annuities" may be purchased just
             so as to insulate earnings from alimony,
             bankruptcy, etc.
          - as usual, I'm not defending these steps as moral or
             as good for the business climate of the world, just
             as inevitable consequences of many current trends
             and technical developments
    + the "shell game" is used to protect the funds
      - with periodic withdrawals or transfers
    - note that this whole scheme can pretty much be done by
       attorneys and agents today, though they may be subpoenaed
       or otherwise encouraged to blab
    + it may not even be illegal for a consultant to take his
       fee over a period of many years
      + the IRS may claim the "discounted present value" as a
         lump sum, but other folks already do things like this
        - royalty streams (and nobody claims an author must
           agree with the IRS to some estimated value of this
           stream)
        - percentages of the gross (and the like)
        - engineers and other professionals are often kept on
           payrolls not so much for their instantaneous
           achievements as for their past and projected
           achievements-are we to treat future accomplishments
           in a lump sum way?
      + IRS and others may try to inspect the terms of the
         employment or consulting agreement, but these seems too
         invasive and cumbersome
        + it makes the government a third party in all
           negotiations, requiring agents to be present in all
           talks or at least to read and understand all
           paperwork
          - and even then, there could be claims that the
             government didn't follow the deals
        - not enough time or manpower to handle all these
           things
        - and the invasion of privacy is extreme!
        + Scenario: the Fincen-type agencies may deal with the
           growing threat of CA-type systems (and encryption in
           general) by involving the government in ostensibly
           private deals
          - analogous to the sales tax and bookkeeping
             arrangements (where gov't. is a third party to all
             transactions)
          + or EEOC, race and sex discimination cases
            - will transcripts and recordings of all job
               interviews come to be required?
            - "laying track"
          - OSHA, pollution, etc.
          + software copying laws (more to the point):
             government seems to have the power to enter a
             business to see if illegal copies are in use; this
             may first require a warrant
            + how long before various kinds of software are
               banned?
              - with the argument being that some kinds of
                 software are analogous to lockpicks and other
                 banned burglar tools
              - "used to facillitate the illegal copying of
                 protected software"
            + the threat of encryption for national security as
               well as for the money-laundering and illegal
               payments possibilities may cause the government
               to place restrictions on the use of crypto
               software for anything except approved uses
               (external e-mail, etc.)
              - and even these uses can of course be subverted
    - and crypto techniques are not actually necessary: lawyers
       and other discreet agents will suffice
    + furthermore, corporations have a fair amount of lattitude
       in setting retirement policies and benefits, and so the
       methods I've described to shelter current income may
       become more widespread
      + though there may be some proviso that if benefits
         exceeed some percentage of yearly income, factoring in
         years on the job, that these benefits are taxed in some
         punative way
        - e.g.., a corporation that pays $100K a year to a
           critical technical person for a year of work and then
           pays him $60K a year for the next ten years could
           reasonably be believed to have set up a system to
           help him avoid taxes on a large lump sum payment
    + Asset-hiding, to avoid seizure in bankruptcies, lawsuits
      + e.g., funds placed in accounts which are secret, or in
         systems/schemes over which the asset-hider has control
         of some kind (voting, consulting, etc.)
        - this is obscure: what I'm thinking of is some kind of
           deal in which Albert is hired by Bob as an "advisor"
           on financial matters: but Bob's money comes from
           Albert and so the quid pro quo is that Bob will take
           Albert's advice....hence the effective laundering and
           protection
    + May also be used to create "multi-tier" currency systems,
       e.g., where reported transactions are some fraction of
       actuals
      - suppose we agree to deal at some artificially low
         value: electricians and plumbers may barter with each
         other at a reported $5 an hour, while using underground
         accounts to actually trade at more realistic levels
      + government (IRS) has laws about "fair value"-but how
         could these laws be enforced for such intangibles as
         software?
        - if I sell a software program for $5000, can the
           government declare this to be over or underpriced?
        - likewise, if a plumber charges $5 an hour, can the
           government, suspecting tax evasion, force him to
           charge more?
      - once again, the nature of taxation in our increasingly
         many-dimensioned economy seems to necessitate major
         invasions of privacy
16.14.7. "Denationalization of Money"
  - as with the old SF standby of "credits"
  + cf. the books on denationalization of money, and the idea
     of competing currencies
    - digital cash can be denominated in these various
       currencies, so it makes the idea of competing currencies
       more practical
    - to some extent, it already exists
  + the hard money advocates (gold bugs) are losing their
     faith, as they see money moving around and never really
     landing in any "hard" form
    - of course, it is essential that governments and groups
       not have the ability to print more money
  - international networks will probably denominate
     transactions in whatever currencies are the most stable and
     least inflationary (or least unpredictably inflationary)

16.15. Intellectual Property
16.15.1. Concepts of property will have to change
  - intellectual property; enforcement is becoming problematic
  - when thieves cannot be caught
16.15.2. Intellectual property debate
  - include my comment about airwaves
  + work on payment for items...Brad Cox, Peter Sprague, etc.
    - Superdistribution, metered usage
  - propertarian
  - many issues

16.16. Markets for Contract Killings, Extortion, etc.
16.16.1. Note: This is a sufficiently important topic that it deserves
   its own heading. There's material on this scattered around
   this document, material I'll collect together when I get a
   chance.
16.16.2. This topic came up several times on then Extropians mailing
   list, where David Friedman (author of "The Machinery of
   Freedom" and son of Nobel Prize winner Milton Friedman) and
   Robin Hanson debated this with me.
16.16.3. Doug Cutrell summarized the concerns of many when he wrote:
  - "...the availability of truly secure anonymity, strong
     encryption, and untraceable digital cash could allow
     contract killing to be an openly conducted business.  For
     example, an anonymous news post announces a public key
     which is to be used to encode a contract kill order, along
     with a digital cash payment.  The person placing the
     contract need only anonymously place the encrypted message
     in alt.test.  Perhaps it is even possible to make it
     impossible to tell that the message was encrypted with the
     contract killer's public key (the killer would have to
     attempt decryption of all similarly encoded messages on
     alt.test, but that might be quite feasible).  Thus it could
     be completely risk free for anyone to place a contract on
     anyone else." [Doug Cutrell, 1994-09-09]
16.16.4. Abhorrent markets
  - contract killings
  - can collect money anonymously to have someone
     whacked...nearly anyone who is controversial can generate
     enough "contributions"
  - kidnapping, extortion
16.16.5. Dealing with Such Things:
  + never link physical ID with pseudonyms! (they won't kill
     you if they don't know who you are)
    - and even if one pseudonym is linked, make sure your
       financial records are not linkable
  - trust no one
  - increased physical security...make the effort of killing
     much more potentially dangerous
  - flooding attacks..tell extortionists to "get in line"
     behind all the other extortionists
  + announce to world that one does not pay extortionists...set
     up protocol to ensure this
    - yes, some will die as a result of this
  - console yourself with the fact that though some may die,
     fewer are dying as a result of state-sponsored wars and
     terrorism (historically a bigger killer than contract
     killings!)

16.17. Persistent Institutions
16.17.1. Strong crypto makes possible the creation of institutions
   which can persist for very long periods of time, perhaps for
   centuries.
  - such institutions already exist: churches (Catholics of
     several orders), universities, etc.
16.17.2. all of these "persistent" services (digital banks, escrow
   services, reputation servers, etc.) require much better
   protections against service outages, seizures by governments,
   natural disasters, and even financial collapse than do most
   existing computer services-an opportunity for offshore escrow-
   like services
  - to maintain a distributed database, with unconditional
     privacy, etc.
  + again, it is imperative that escrow companies require all
     material placed in it to be encrypted
    - to protect them against lawsuits and claims by
       authorities (that they stole information, that they
       censored material, that they are an espionage conduit,
       etc.)
16.17.3. Escrow Services
  + "Digital Escrow" accounts for mutually suspicious parties,
     especially in illegal transactions
    - drug deals, information brokering, inside information,
       etc.
    + But why will the escrow entity be trusted?
      + reputations
        - their business is being a reliable escrow holder, not
           it destroying their reputation for a bribe or a
           threat
      + anonymity means the escrow company won't know who it's
         "burning," should it try to do so
        - they never know when they themselves are being tested
           by some service
      - and potential bribers will not know who to contact,
         although mail could be addressed to the escrow company
         easily enough
  - like bonding agencies
  - key is that these entities stand to gain very little by
     stealing from their customers, and much to lose (hinges on
     ratio of any single transaction to size of total market)
  - useful for black markets and illegal transactions (a
     reliable third party that both sides can trust, albeit not
     completely)
16.17.4. Reputation-Based Systems
  + Credit Rating Services that are Immune from Meddling and
     Lawsuits
    + with digital pseudonyms, true credit rating data bases
       can be developed
      - with none of the "5 year expirations" (I mean, who are
         you to tell me I must not hold it against a person that
         records show he's declares Chapter 7 every 5 years or
         so?...such information is information, and cannot be
         declared illegal, despite the policy issues that are
         involved)
      + this could probably be done today, using offshore data
         banks, but then there might develop injunctions against
         use by Stateside companies
        - how could this be enforced? stings? entrapment?
        + it may be that credit-granting entities will be
           forced to use rigid formulas for their decisions,
           with a complete audit trail available to the
           applicant
          - if any "discretion" or judgment is allowed, then
             these extralegal or offshore inputs can be used
          - related to "redlining" and other informal
             signalling mechanisms
          - remember that Prop. 103 attempted to bypass normal
             laws of economics
    + AMIX-like services will offer multiple approaches here
      + ranging from conventional credit data bases, albeit
         with lower costs of entry (e.g., a private citizen
         could launch a "bankruptcy filings" data base, using
         public records, with no expiration-they're just
         reporting the truth, e.g., that Joe Blow filed for
         personal bankruptcy in 1987
        - this gets into some of the strange ideas involving
           mandatory rewriting of the truth, as when "credit
           records are expunged" (expunged from what? from my
           personal data bases? from records that were public
           and that I am now selling access to?)
        + there may be arguments that the "public records" are
           copyrighted or otherwise owned by someone and hence
           cannot be sold
          - telephone book case (however, the Supremes held
             that the "creative act" was the specific
             arrangement)
        - one ploy may be a Habitat-like system, where some of
           the records are "historical"
      - to offshore data bases
  + Book Reviews, Music Reviews
    - sometimes with pseudonyms to protect the authors from
       retaliation or even lawsuits
  + "What should I buy?" services, a la Consumer Reports
    - again, protection from lawsuits
16.17.5. Crypto Banks and the "Shell Game" as a Central Metaphor
  + Central metaphor: the Shell Game
    - description of conventional shell game (and some
       allusions to con artists on a street corner-the hand is
       quicker than the eye)
    + like entering a room filled with safe deposit boxes, with
       no surveillance and no way to monitor activity in the
       boxes....and user can buy new boxes anonymously,
       transferring contents amongst the boxes
      - only shutting down the entire system and forcing all
         the boxes open would do anything-and this would "pool"
         all of the contents (unless a law was passed saying
         people could "declare" the contents before some
         day....)
    + the shell game system can be "tested"-by testing
       services, by suspicious individuals, whatever-at very low
       cost by dividing some sum amongst many accounts and
       verifying that the money is still there (by retrieving or
       cashing them in)
      - and remember that the accounts are anonymous and are
         indistinguishable, so that the money cannot be seized
         without repercussions
    + this is of course the way banks and similar reputation-
       based institutions have always (or mostly) worked
      - people trusted the banks not to steal their money by
         verifying over some period of time that their money was
         not vanishing
      - and by relying upon some common sense ideas of what the
         bank's basic business was (the notion that a bank
         exists to continue in business and will make more money
         over some long run period by being trustworthy than it
         would make in a one-shot ripoff)
  + Numbered accounts
    - recall that Switzerland has bowed to international
       pressure and is now limiting (or eliminating) numbered
       accounts (though other countries are still allowing some
       form of such accounts, especially Lichtenstein and
       Luxembourg)
    + with crypto numbers, even more security
      - "you lose your number, tough"
    - but the money must exist in some form at some time?
    + options for the physical form of the money
      + accounts are shares in a fund that is publicly invested
        - shares act as "votes" for the distribution of
           proceeds
        - dividends are paid to the account (and sent wherever)
        - an abstract, unformed idea: multiple tiers of money,
           like unequal voting rights of stock...
      + could even be physical deposits
        - perhaps even manipulated by automatic handling
           systems (though this is very insecure)
  - the Bennett-Ross proposal for Global Data Services is
     essentially the early form of this
16.17.6. cryonicists will seek "crypto-trusts" to protect their assets
  + again, the "crypto" part is not really necessary, given
     trustworthy lawyers and similar systems
    - but the crypto part-digital money-further automates the
       system, allowing smaller and more secure transactions
       (overhead is lower, allowing more dispersions and
       diffusion)
    - and eliminates the human link
    - thus protecting better against subpoenas, threats, etc.
  + and to help fund "persistent institutions" that will fund
     research and protect them in suspension
    - they may also place their funds in "politically correct"
       longterm funds-which may or may not exert a postive
       ifluence in the direction they wish, what with the law of
       unintended consequences and all
       opl
  + many avenues for laundering money for persistent
     institutions
    + dummy corporations (or even real corporations)
      - with longterm consulting arrangements
      - "shell game" voting
  + as people begin to believe that they may just possibly be
     revived at some future time, they will begin to worry about
     protecting their current assets
    + recollections of "Why Call Them Back from Heaven?"
      - worries about financial stability, about confiscation
         of wealth, etc.
    - no longer will ersatz forms of immortality-endowments fo
       museums, universities, etc.-be as acceptable...people
       will want the real thing
  + Investments that may outlive current institutions
    - purchases of art works (a la Bill Gates, who is in fact a
       possibel model for this kind of behavior)
    - rights to famous works, with provision for the copyright
       expirations, etc. (which is why physical possession is
       preferable)
    - shell games, of course (networks of reputation-based
       accounts)
  - Jim Bennett reports that Saul Kent is setting up such
     things in Lichtenstein for Alcor (which is what I suggested
     to Keith Henson several years ago)

16.18. Organized Crime: Triads, Yakuza, Mafia, etc.
16.18.1. "The New Underworld Order"
  + Claire Sterling's "Thieve's World"
    - (Sterling is well-known for her conservative views on
       political matters, having written the  controversial "The
       Terror Connection," which basically dismissed the role of
       the CIA and other U.S. agencies in promoting terrorism.
       "Thieve's World" continues the alarmist stance, but has
       some juicy details anyway.)
    - she argues for more law enforcement
    + but it was the corrupt police states of Nazi Germany,
       Sovet Russia, etc., that gave so many opportunities for
       modern corruption
      - and the CIA-etc. drug trade, Cold War excuses, and
         national security state waivers
      + in the FSU, the Russian Mafia is the chief beneficiary
         of privatization...only they had the cash and the
         connections to make the purchases (by threatening non-
         Mob bidders, by killing them, etc.)
        - as someone put in, the world's first complete
           criminal state
16.18.2. "Is the criminal world interested in crypto? Could they be
   early adopters of these advanced techniques?"
  - early use: BBS/Compuserve messages, digital flash paper,
     codes
  - money-laundering, anstalts, banks
  - Triads, chop marks
  - Even though this use seem inevitable, we should probably be
     careful here. Both because the clientele for our advice may
     be violent, and ditto for law enforcement. The conspiracy
     and RICO laws may be enough to get anyone who advises such
     folks into major trouble. (Of course, advice and consulting
     may happen throught the very same untraceable technology!)
16.18.3. crypto provides some schemes for more secure drug
   distribution
  - cells, dead drops, secure transfers to foreign accounts
  - communication via pools, or remailers
  - too much cash is usually the problem...
  - "follow the money" (FinCEN)
  - no moral qualms...nearly all drugs are less dangerous than
     alcohol is...that drug was just too popular to outlaw
  - this drug scenario is consistent with the Triad/Mob
     scenario

16.19. Privately Produced Law, Polycentric Law, Anarcho-Capitalism
16.19.1. "my house, my rules"
16.19.2. a la David Friedman
16.19.3. markets for laws, Law Merchant
  - corporations, other organizations have their own local
     legal rules
  - Extropians had much debate on this, and various competing
     legal codes (as an experiment...not very sucessful, for
     various reasons)
  - "Snow Crash"
16.19.4. the Cypherpunks group is itself a good example:
  - a few local rules (local to the group)
  - a few constraints by the host machine environment (toad,
     soda)
  + but is the list run on "United States law"?
    - with members in dozens of countries?
  - only when the external laws are involved (if one of us
     threatened another, and even then this is iffy) could the
     external laws....
  - benign neglect, by necessity
16.19.5. I have absolutely no faith in the law when it comes to
   cyberspatial matters (other matters, too).
  - especially vis-a-vis things like remote access to files, a
     la the AA BBS case
  - "the law is an ass"
  - patch one area, another breaks
  - What then? Technology. Remailers, encryption
16.19.6. Contracts and Cryptography
  + "How can contracts be enforced in crypto anarchy
     situations?"
    - A key question, and one which causes many people to
       question whether crypto anarchy can work at all.
    + First, think of how many situations are _already_
       essentially outside the scope of the law...and yet in
       which something akin to "contracts" are enforceable,
       albeit not via the legal process.
      - friends, relationships
      + personal preferences in food, books, movies, etc.
        - what "recourse" does one have in cases where a meal
           is unsatisfactory? Not going back to the restaurant
           is usually the best recourse (this is also a hint
           about the importance of "future expectation of
           business" as a means of dealing with such things).
    - In these cases, the law is not directly involved. In
       fact, the law is not involved in _most_ human (and
       nonhuman!) interactions.
    + The Main Approaches:
      + Reputations.
        - reputations are important, are not lightly to be
           regarded
      - Repeat Business.
      - Escrow Services.
  + The "right of contract" (and the duty to adhere to them, to
     not try to change the contract after the facts) is a
     crucial building block.
    - Imagine a society in which contracts are valid. This
       allows those willing to sign contracts setting limits on
       malpractice to get cheaper health care, while those who
       won't sign such contracts are free to sue--but will of
       course have to pay more for health care. Nothing is free,
       and frivolous malpractice lawsuits have increased
       operating costs. (Recall the "psychic" who alleged that
       her psychic powers were lost after a CAT scan. A jury
       awarded her millions of dollars. Cf. Peter Huber's books
       on liability laws.)
    - Now imagine a society in which it is never clear if a
       contract is valid, or whether courts will overturn or
       amend a contract. This distorts the above analysis, and
       so hospitals, for example, have to build in safety
       margins and cushions.
  + Crypto can help by creating escrow or bonding accounts held
     by third parties--untraceable to the other parties--which
     act as bonding agents for completion of contracts.
    - Such arrangements may not be allowed. For example, a
       hospital which attempted to deal with such a bonding
       agency, and which asked customers to also deal with them,
       could face sanctions.
  - "Secured credit cards" are a current example: a person pays
     a reserve amount greater than the card limits (maybe 110%).
     The reason for doing this is not to obtain "credit,"
     obviously, but to be able to order items over the phone, or
     to avoid carrying cash. (The benefit is thus in the
     _channel_ of commerce).
16.19.7. Ostracism, Banishment in Privately Produced Law
  + Voluntary and discretionary electronic communities also
     admit the easy possibility of banishment or ostracism
     (group-selected kill files). Of course, enforcement is
     generally difficult, e.g., there is nothing to stop
     individuals from continuing to communicate with the
     ostracized individual using secure methods.
    - I can imagine schemes in which software key escrow is
       used, but these seem overly complicated and intrusive.
    - The ability of individuals, and even subgroups, to thwart
       the ostracism is not at all a bad thing.
    -
  - "In an on-line world it would be much easier to enforce
     banishment or selective ostracism than in real life.
     Filtering agents could look for certificates from accepted
     enforcement agencies before letting messages through. Each
     user could have a set of agencies which were compatible
     with his principles, and another set of "outlaws".  You
     could even end up with the effect of multiple "logical
     subnets" of people who communicate with each other but not
     outside their subnet.  Some nets might respect intellectual
     property, others not, and so on." [Hal Finney, 1994-08-21]
16.19.8. Governments, Cyberspaces, PPLs
  - Debate periodically flares up on the List about this topic.
  - Can't be convered here in sufficient detail.
  - Friedman, Benson, Stephenson's "Snow Crash," etc.
16.19.9. No recourse in the courts with crypto-mediated systems
  - insulated from the courts
  - PPLs are essential
  - reputations, escrow, mediation (crypto-mediated mediation?)
16.19.10. Fraud
  - not exactly rare in the non-crypto world!
  - new flavors of cons will likely arise
  - anonymous escrow accounts, debate with Hal Finney on this
     issue, etc.
16.19.11. PPLs, polycentric law

16.20. Libertaria in Cyberspace
16.20.1. what it is
16.20.2. parallels to Oceania, Galt's Gulch
16.20.3. Privacy in communications alters the nature of connectivity
  - virtual communities, invisible to outsiders
  - truly a crypto cabal
  - this is what frightens the lawmakers the most...people can
     opt out of the mainstream governmental system, at least
     partly (and probably increasingly)

16.21. Cyberspace, private spaces, enforcement of rules, and technology
16.21.1. Consider the "law" based approach
  - a discussion group that wants no men involved ("a protected
     space for womyn")
  - so they demand the civil law system enforce their rules
  - practical example: sysadmins yank accounts when
     "inappropriate posts" are made
  - the C&S case of spamming is an example
  - Note: The Net as currently constituted is fraught with
     confusion about who owns what, about what are public and
     what are private resources, and about what things are
     allowed. If Joe Blow sends Suzy Creamcheese an "unwanted"
     letter, is this "abuse" or "harassement"? Is it stealing
     Suzy's resources? (In my opinion, of course not, but I
     agree that things are confusing.)
16.21.2. The technological approach:
  - spaces created by crypto...unbreachable walls
  + example: a mailing list with controls on membership
    - could require nomination and vouching for by others
    - presentation of some credential (signed by someone), e.g.
       of femaleness
  - pay as you go stops spamming
16.21.3. This is a concrete example of how crypto acts as a kind of
   building material
  - and why government limitations on crypto hurt those who
     wish to protect their own spaces
  - a private mailing list is a private space, inaccessible to
     those outside
  - "There are good engineering approaches which can force data
     to behave itself.  Many of them involve cryptography.  Our
     government's restrictions on crypto limit our ability to
     build reliable computer systems.  We need strong crypto for
     basic engineering reasons." [Kent Borg, "Arguing Crypto:
     The Engineering Approach," 1994-06-29]
16.21.4. Virtual Communities-the Use of Virtual Networks to Avoid
   Government
  - that is, alternatives to creating new countries (like the
     Minerva project)
  - the Assassin cult/sect in the mountains of Syria, Iraq,
     Afghanistan, etc. had a network of couriers in the mountain
     fastnessess
  - pirate communities, networks of trading posts and watering
     holes, exempt-if only for a few years-from the laws of the
     imperial powers
16.21.5. These private spaces will, as technology makes them more
   "livable" (I don't mean in a full sense, so don't send me
   notes about how "you can't eat cyberspace"), become full-
   functioned "spaces" that are outside the reach of
   governments. A new frontier, untouchable by outside, coercive
   governments.
  - Vinge's "True Names" made real
16.21.6. "Can things really develop in this "cyberspace" that so many
   of us talk about?"
  - "You can't eat cyberspace!' is the usual point made. I
     argue, however, that abstract worlds have always been with
     us, in the forms of commerce, reputations, friends, etc.
     And this will continue.
  - Some people have objected to the sometimes over-
     enthusiastic claims that economies and socities will
     flourish in computer-mediated cyberspaces. The short form
     of the objection is: "You can't eat cyberspace." Meaning,
     that profits and gains made in cyberspace must be converted
     to real world profits and gains.
  - In "Snow Crash," this was made out to be difficult...Hiro
     Protagonist was vastly wealthy in the Multiverse, but lived
     in a cargo container at LAX in the "real world." A fine
     novel, but this idea is screwy.
  + There are many ways to transfer wealth into the "real"
     world:
    + all the various money-laundering schemes
      - money in offshore accounts, accessible for vacations,
         visits, etc.
      - phony purchase orders
      - my favorite: Cyberspace, Inc. hires one as a
         "consultant" (IRS cannot and does not demand proof of
         work being done, the nature of the work, one's
         qualifications to perform the work, etc....In fact,
         many consultants are hired "on retainer," merely to be
         available should a need arise.)
    - information-selling
    - investments
    -
16.21.7. Protocols for this are far from complete
  - money, identity, walls, structures
  - a lot of basic work is needed (though people will pursue it
     locally, not after the work is done...so solutions will
     likely be emergent)

16.22. Data Havens
16.22.1. "What are data havens?"
  + Places where data can be hidden or protected against legal
     action.
    - Sterling, "Islands in the Net," 1988
  + Medical experiments, legal advice, pornography, weapons
    - reputations, lists of doctors, lawyers, rent deadbeats,
       credit records, private eyes
  - What to do about the mounting pressure to ban certain kinds
     of research?
  - One of the powerful uses of strong crypto is the creation
     of journals, web sites, mailing lists, etc., that are
     "untraceable." These are sometimes called "data havens,"
     though that term, as used by Bruce Sterling in "Islands in
     the Net" (1988), tends to suggest specific places like the
     Cayman Islands that corporations might use to store data. I
     prefer the emphasis on "cypherspace."
  - "It is worth noting that private "data havens" of all sorts
     abound, especially for financial matters, and most are not
     subject to governmental regulation....Some banks have
     research departments that are older and morecomprehensive
     than credit reporting agencies.  Favored customers can use
     them for evaluation of private deals....Large law firms
     maintain data banks that approach those of banks, and they
     grow with each case, through additions of private
     investigators paid for by successive clients....Security
     professionals, like Wackenhut and Kroll, also market the
     fruits of substantial data collections....To these add
     those of insurance, bonding, investment, financial firms
     and the like which help make or break business deals."
     [John Young, 1994-09-07]
16.22.2. "Can there be laws about what can be done with data?"
  - Normative laws ("they shouldn't keep such records and hence
     we'll outlaw them") won't work in an era of strong crypto
     and privacy. In fact, some of us support data havens
     precisely to have records of, say, terminal diseases so
     we'll not lend money to Joe-who-has-AIDS. It may not be
     "fair" to Joe, but it's my money. (Same idea as in using
     offshore or cryptospatial data havens to bypass the
     nonsense in the "Fair Credit Reporting Act" that outlaws
     the keeping of certain kinds of facts about credit
     applicants, such as that they declared bankruptcy 10 years
     ago or that they left a string of bad debts in Germany in
     the 1970s, etc.)
16.22.3. Underground Networks, Bootleg Research, and Information
   Smuggling
  + The Sharing of Forbidden Knowledge
    - even if the knowledge is not actually forbidden, many
       people relish the idea of trafficking in the forbidden
    + Some modern examples
      + drugs and marijuana cultivation
        - drugs for life extension, AIDS treatments
        - illegal drugs for recreational use
      + bootleg medical research, AIDS and cancer treatments,
         etc.
        - for example, self-help user groups that advise on
           treatments, alternatives, etc.
      + lockpicking and similar security circumvention
         techniques
        - recall that possession of lockpicks may be illegal
        - what about manuals? (note that most catalogs have a
           disclaimer: "These materials are for educational
           purposes only, ...")
      - defense-related issues: limitations on debate on
         national security matters may result in "anonymous
         forums"
      + BTW, recent work on crab shells and other hard shells
         has produced even stronger armor!
        - this might be some of the genetic research that is
           highly classified and is sold on the anonymous nets
    + Alchemists and the search for immortality
      + theory that the "Grandfather of all cults" (my term)
         started around 4500 B.C.
        - in both Egypt and Babylonia/Sumeria
        + ancestor of Gnostics, Sufis, Illuminati, etc.
          - The Sufi mystic Gurdjieff claimed he was a member
             of a mystical cult formed in Babylon about 4500
             B.C.
          - spider venom?
        + Speculation: a group or cult oriented toward life
           extension, toward the search for immortality-perhaps
           a link to The Epic of Gilgamesh.
          + The Gilgamesh legend
            - Gilgamesh, Akkadian language stone tablets in
               Nineveh
            - made a journey to find Utnapishtim, survivor of
               Babylonian flood and possessor of secret of
               immortality (a plant that would renew youth)
            - but Gilgamesh lost the plant to a serpent
          + Egyptians
            - obviously the Egyptians had a major interest in
               life extension and/or immortality
            + Osiris, God of Resurrection and Eternal Life
              - also the Dark Companion of Serius (believed to
                 be a neutron star?)
            - they devoted huge fraction of wealth to pyramids,
               embalming, etc. (myrhh or frankincense from
               desert city in modern Oman, discovered with
               shuttle imaging radar)
            + "pyramid power": role on Great Seal, as sign of
               Illuminati, and of theories about cosmic energy,
               geometrical shapes, etc.
              - and recall work on numerological significance
                 of Great Pyramid dimensions
              -
          + Early Christianity
            - focus on resurrection of Jesus Christ
          + Quest for immortality is a major character
             motivation or theme
            + arguably for all people: via children,
               achievements, lasting actions, or even "a good
               life"
              - "Living a good life is no substitute for living
                 forever"
            - but some seek it explicitly
            - "Million alive today will never die." (echoes of
               past religious cults....Jehovah's Witnesses?)
      - banned by the Church (the Inquisition)
      + research, such as it was, was kept alive by secret
         orders that communicated secretly and in code and that
         were very selective about membership
        - classes of membership to protect against discovery
           (the modern spy cell system)
        - red herrings designed to divert attention away
      + all of this fits the structure of such groups as the
         Masons, Freemason, Illuminati, Rosicrucians, and other
         mystical groups
        - with members like John Dee, court astrologer to Queen
           Elizabeth
        + a genius writer-scientist like Goethe was probably a
           member of this group
          - Faust was his message of the struggle
      - with the Age of Rationalism, the mystical, mumbo-jumbo
         aspects of alchemical research were seen to be passŽ,
         and groups like Crowleys O.T.O.  became purely mystical
         showmanship
      + but the need for secrecy was now in the financial
         arena, with vast resources, corporate R & D labs, and
         banks needed
        - hence the role of the Morgans, Rothschilds, etc. in
           these conspiracies
      + and modern computer networks will provide the next
         step, the next system of research
        - funded anonymously
        - anonymous systems mean that researchers can publish
           results in controversial areas (recall that
           cryobiologists dare not mention cryonics, lest they
           be expelled from American Cryobiology xxx)
  + Bootleg Medical Research (and Cryonics)
    + Cryonics Research and Anti-aging Treatments
      + Use of Nazi Data
        - hypothermia experiments at Dachau
      + Anti-aging drugs and treatments
        - fountain of youth, etc.
        - many FDA restrictions, of course
        - Mexico
        + Switzerland
          - foetal calf cells?
          - blood changing or recycling?
      + Illegal Experiments
        - reports that hyperbaric oxygen may help revival of
           patients from neat-death in freezing accidents
    + Black Markets in Drugs, Medical Treatments
      + RU-486, bans on it
        - anti-abortion foes
        - easy to synthesize
        - NOW has indicated plans to distribute this drug
           themselves, to create networks (thus creating de
           facto allies of the libertarian-oriented users)
      + Organ Banks
        + establishing a profit motive for organ donors
          - may be the only way to generate enough donations,
             even from the dead
          - some plans are being made for such motives,
             especially to motivate the families of dying
             patients
          - ethical issues
        + what about harvesting from the still-living?
          - libertarians would say: OK, if informed consent was
             given
        - the rich can go to overseas clinics
      + AIDS patients uniting via bulletin boards to share
         treatment ideas, self-help, etc.
        - with buying trips to Mexico and elsewhere
      - authorities will try to halt such BBSs (on what
         grounds, if no money is changing hands?)
    + Doctors may participate in underground research networks
       to protect their own reputations and professional status
      - to evade AMA or other professional organizations and
         their restrictive codes of ethics
      + or lawsuits and bad publicity
        - some groups, the "Guardian Angels" of the future,
           seek to expose those who they think are committing
           crimes: abortionists (even though legal), etc.
      - "politically incorrect" research, such as vitamin
         therapy, longevity research, cryonics
    -  breast implant surgery may be forced into black markets
       (and perhaps doctors who later discover evidence of such
       operations may be forced to report such operations)
  + Back Issues of Tests and Libraries of Term Papers
    - already extant, but imagine with an AMIX-like frontend?
  + Different kinds of networks will emerge, not all of them
     equally accessible
    + the equivalent of the arms and drug networks-one does not
       gain entree merely by asking around a bit
      - credibility, reputation, "making your bones"
      - these networks are not open to the casual person
  + Some Networks May Be For the Support of Overseas
     Researchers
    + who face restrictions on their research
      - e.g., countries that ban birth control may forbid
         researchers from communication with other researchers
      + suppose U.S. researchers are threatened with
         sanctions-loss of their licenses, censure, even
         prosecution-if they participate in RU-486 experiments?
        - recall the AIDS drug bootleg trials in SF, c. 1990
    - or to bypass export restrictions
    - scenario: several anonymous bulletin boards are set
       up-and then closed down by the authorities-to facillitate
       anonymous hookups (much like "anonymous FTP")
  + Groups faced with debilitating lawsuits will "go
     underground"
    - Act Up! and Earth First! have no identifiable central
       office that can be sued, shut down, etc.
    - and Operation Rescue has done the same thing
16.22.4. Illegal Data
  - credit histories that violate some current law about
     records
  - bootleg medical research
  - stolen data (e.g., from competitors....a GDS system could
     allow remote queries of a database, almost "oracular,"
     without the stolen data being in a U.S. jurisdiction)
  - customers in the U.K or Sweden that are forbidden to
     compile data bases on individuals may choose to store the
     data offshore and then access it discreetly (another reason
     encryption and ZKIPS must be offered)
16.22.5. "the Switzerland of data"
  - Brussells supposedly raises fewer eyebrows than
     Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Switzerland, etc.
  - Cayman Islands, other small nations see possibilities
16.22.6. Information markets may have to move offshore, due to
   licensing and other restrictions
  - just as stock brokers and insurance brokers are licensed,
     the government may insist that information resellers be
     licensed (pass exams, be subject to audits and regulations)

16.23. Undermining Governments--Collapse of the State
16.23.1. "Is it legal to advocate the overthrow of governments or the
   breaking of laws?"
  - Although many Cypherpunks are not radicals, many others of
     us are, and we often advocate "collapse of governments" and
     other such things as money laundering schemes, tax evasion,
     new methods for espionage, information markets, data
     havens, etc. This rasises obvious concerns about legality.
  - First off, I have to speak mainly of U.S. issues...the laws
     of Russia or Japan or whatever may be completely different.
     Sorry for the U.S.-centric focus of this FAQ, but that's
     the way it is. The Net started here, and still is
     dominantly here, and the laws of the U.S. are being
     propagated around the world as part of the New World Order
     and the collapse of the other superpower.
  - Is it legal to advocate the replacement of a government? In
     the U.S., it's the basic political process (though cynics
     might argue that both parties represent the same governing
     philosophy). Advocating the *violent overthrow* of the U.S.
     government is apparently illegal, though I lack a cite on
     this.
  + Is it legal to advocate illegal acts in general? Certainly
     much of free speech is precisely this: arguing for drug
     use, for boycotts, etc.
    + The EFF gopher site has this on "Advocating Lawbreaking,
       Brandenburg v. Ohio. ":
      - "In the 1969 case of Brandenburg v. Ohio, the Supreme
         Court struck down the conviction of a Ku Klux Klan
         member under a criminal syndicalism law and established
         a new standard: Speech may not be suppressed or
         punished unless it is intended to produce 'imminent
         lawless action' and it is 'likely to produce such
         action.' Otherwise, the First Amendment protects even
         speech that advocates violence. The Brandenburg test is
         the law today. "
16.23.2. Espionage and Subversion of Governments Will be
   Revolutionized by Strong Crypto
  - (I think they see what we see, too, and this is a
     motivation for the attempts to limit the use of strong
     crypto. Besides some of the more conventional reasons.)
  + Digital dead drops will revolutionize espionage
    + spies and their controllers can communicate securely,
       relatively quickly, without fear of being watched, their
       drops compromised, etc.
      - no more nooks of trees, no more chalk marks on
         mailboxes to signal a drop to be made
    + this must be freaking out the intelligence community!
      - more insights into why the opposition to crypto is so
         strong
  + Cell-Based Systems and Conventional Protection Systems
    + Cells are a standard way to limit the damage of exposure
      - the standard is the 3-person cell so common in the
         early days of Soviet espionage in the U.S.
      - but computer systems may allow new kinds of cells, with
         more complicated protocols and more security
    + Keeping files for protection is another standard
       protection method
      + and with strong crypto, these files can be kept
         encrypted and in locations not apparent (e.g., posted
         on bulletin boards or other such places, with only the
         key needed at a later time to open them)
        - a la the "binary files" idea, wherein encrypted files
           are widely available for some time before the key is
           distributed (thus making it very hard for governments
           to halt the distribution of the raw files)
16.23.3. "Xth Column" (X = encrypted)
  - The possible need to use strong cryptography as a tool to
     fight the state.
  + helping to undermine the state by using whistleblowers and
     anonymous information markets to leak information
    - the 63,451 people given false identities in the WitSec
       program...leak their names, watch them be zapped by
       vengeful enemies, and watch the government squirm
    - auction off the details of the 1967 Inspector General's
       report on CIA assassinations
16.23.4. use of clandestine, cell-based systems may allow a small
   group to use "termite" methods to undermine a society, to
   destroy a state that has become too repressive (sounds like
   the U.S. to me)
  - encrypted systems, anonymous pools, etc., allow truly
     secure cell-based systems (this is, by the way, one of the
     concerns many countries have about "allowing" cryptography
     to be used...and they're right abou the danger!)
  - subversion of fascist or socialist governments, undermining
     the so-called democratic governments
16.23.5. "Why won't government simply ban  such encryption methods?"
  + This has always been the Number One Issue!
    - raised by Stiegler, Drexler, Salin, and several others
       (and in fact raised by some as an objection to my even
       discussing these issues, namely, that action may then be
       taken to head off the world I describe)
  + Types of Bans on Encryption and Secrecy
    - Ban on Private Use of Encryption
    - Ban on Store-and-Forward Nodes
    - Ban on Tokens and ZKIPS Authentication
    - Requirement for public disclosure of all transactions
    + Recent news (3-6-92, same day as Michaelangelo and
       Lawnmower Man) that government is proposing a surcharge
       on telcos and long distance services to pay for new
       equipment needed to tap phones!
      - S.266 and related bills
      - this was argued in terms of stopping drug dealers and
         other criminals
      - but how does the government intend to deal with the
         various forms fo end-user encryption or "confusion"
         (the confusion that will come from compression,
         packetizing, simple file encryption, etc.)
  + Types of Arguments Against Such Bans
    - The "Constitutional Rights" Arguments
    + The "It's Too Late" Arguments
      - PCs are already widely scattered, running dozens of
         compression and encryption programs...it is far too
         late to insist on "in the clear" broadcasts, whatever
         those may be (is program code distinguishable from
         encrypted messages? No.)
      - encrypted faxes, modem scramblers (albeit with some
         restrictions)
      - wireless LANs, packets, radio, IR, compressed text and
         images, etc....all will defeat any efforts short of
         police state intervention (which may still happen)
    + The "Feud Within the NSA" Arguments
      - COMSEC vs. PROD
    + Will affect the privacy rights of corporations
      - and there is much evidence that corporations are in
         fact being spied upon, by foreign governments, by the
         NSA, etc.
  + They Will Try to Ban Such Encryption Techniques
    + Stings (perhaps using viruses and logic bombs)
      - or "barium," to trace the code
    + Legal liability for companies that allow employees to use
       such methods
      - perhaps even in their own time, via the assumption that
         employees who use illegal software methods in their own
         time are perhaps couriers or agents for their
         corporations (a tenuous point)
16.23.6. "How will the masses be converted?"
  - Probably they won't. Things will just happen, just as the
     masses were not converted on issues of world financial
     markets, derivative instruments, and a lot of similar
     things.
  - Crypto anarchy is largely a personal approach of
     withdrawal, of avoidance. Mass consensus is not needed
     (unless the police state option is tried).
  - Don't think in terms of selling crypto anarchy to Joe
     Average. Just use it.
16.23.7. As things seem to be getting worse, vis-a-vis the creation of
   a police state in the U.S.--it may be a good thing that
   anonymous assassination markets will be  possible. It may
   help to level the playing field, as the Feds have had their
   hit teams for many years (along with their safe houses,
   forged credentials, accommodation addresses, cut-outs, and
   other accouterments of the intelligence state).
  - (I won't get into conspiracies here, but the following
     terms may trigger some memories: Gehlen Org, Wackenhut,
     McKee Team, Danny Casolaro, Cabazon Indians, Gander crash,
     Iraq arms deals, Pan Am 103, Bridegrooms of Death, French
     Connection, Fascist Third Position, Phoenix Program, Bebe
     Rebozo, Marex, Otto Skorzeny, Nixon, P-2, Klaus Barbie,
     etc.)
  - Plenty of evidence of misbehavior on a massive scales by
     the intelligence agencies, the police forces, and states in
     general. Absolute power has corrupted absolutely.
  - I'm certainly not advocating the killing of Congressrodents
     and other bureaucrats, just noting that this cloud may have
     a silver lining.

16.24. Escrow Agents and Reputations
16.24.1. Escrow Agents as a way to deal with contract renegging
  - On-line clearing has the possible danger implicit in all
     trades that Alice will hand over the money, Bob will verify
     that it has cleared into hisaccount (in older terms, Bob
     would await word that his Swiss bank account has just been
     credited), and then Bob will fail to complete his end of
     the bargain. If the transaction is truly anonymous, over
     computer lines, then of course Bob just hangs up his modem
     and the connection is broken. This situation is as old as
     time, and has always involved protcols in which trust,
     repeat business, etc., are factors. Or escrow agents.
  - Long before the "key escrow" of Clipper, true escrow was
     planned. Escrow as in escrow agents. Or bonding agents.
  - Alice and Bob want to conduct a transaction. Neither trusts
     the other;
     indeed, they are unknown to each other. In steps "Esther's
     Escrow Service." She is _also utraceable_, but has
     established a digitally-signed presence and a good
     reputation for fairness. Her business is in being an escrow
     agent, like a bonding agency, not in "burning" either
     party. (The math of this is interesting: as long as the
     profits to be gained from any small set of transactions is
     less than her "reputation capital," it is in her interest
     to forego the profits from burning and be honest. It is
     also possible to arrange that Esther cannot profit from
     burning either Alice or Bob or both of them, e.g., by
     suitably encrypting the escrowed stuff.)
  - Alice can put her part of the transaction into escrow with
     Esther, Bob can do the same, and then Esther can release
     the items to the parties when conditions are met, when both
     parties agree, when adjudication of some sort occurs, etc.
     (There a dozen issues here, of course, about how disputes
     are settled, about how parties satisfy themselves that
     Esther has the items she says she has, etc.)
16.24.2. Use of escrow services as a substute for government
  + as in underworld deals, international deals, etc.
    - "Machinery of Freedom" (Friedman), "The Enterprise of
       Law" (Benson)
  - "It is important to note in any case that the use of third-
     party escrow as a substitute for Government regulation was
     a feature of the Northern European semi-anarchies of
     Iceland and Ireland that have informed modern libertarian
     thought." [Duncan Frissell, 1994-08-30]
16.24.3. Several people have raised the issue of someone in an
   anonymous transaction simply taking the money and not
   performing the service (or the flip side). This is where
   _intermediaries_ come into the picture, just as in the real
   worl (bonds, escrow agents, etc.).
16.24.4. Alice and Bob wish to conduct an anonymous transaction; each
   is unknown to the other (no physical knowledge, no pseudonym
   reputation knowledge). These "mutually suspicious agents," in
   1960s- and 70s-era computer science lingo, must arrange
   methods to conduct business while not trusting the other.
16.24.5. Various cryptographic protocols have been developed for such
   things as "bit commitment" (useful in playing poker over the
   phone, for example). I don't know of progress made at the
   granularity of anonymous transactions, though. (Though the
   cryptographic protocol building blocks at lower levels--such
   as bit commitment and blobs--will presumably be used
   eventually at higher levels, in markets.)
16.24.6. I believe there is evidence we can shorten the cycle by
   borrowing noncryptographic protocols (heresy to purists!) and
   adapting them. Reputations, for example. And escrow agents (a
   form of reputation, in that the "value" of a bonding entity
   or escrow agent lies in reputation capital).
16.24.7. if a single escrow agent is suspected of being untrustworthy
   (in a reputation capital sense), then can use _multiple_
   escrows
  - with various protocols, caveat emptor
  - n-out-of-m voting schemes, where n escrow agents out of m
     are required to complete a transaction
  - hard to compromise them all, especially if they have no
     idea whether they are being "legitimately bribed" or merely
     pinged by a reputation-rating service
  - Hunch: the work of Chaum, Bos, and the Pfaltzmanns on DC-
     nets may be direcly applicable here...issues of collusion,
     sets of colluders, detection of collusion, etc.

16.25. Predictions vs. Implications
16.25.1. "How do we know that crypto anarchy will 'work,' that the
   right institutions will emerge, that wrongs will be righted,
   etc.?"
  - We don't know. Few things are certain. Only time will tell.
     These are emergent situations, where evolution will
     determine the outcome. As in other areas, the forms of
     solutions will take time to evolve.
  - (The Founders could not have predicted the form corporate
     law would take, as but one example.)
16.25.2. My thinking on crypto anarchy is not so much _prediction_ as
   examination of trends and the implications of certain things.
   Just as steel girders mean certain things for the design of
   buildings, so too does unbreakable crypto mean certain things
   for the design of social and economic systems.
16.25.3. Several technologies are involved:
  - Unbreakable crypto
  - Untraceable communication
  - Unforgeable signatures
16.25.4. (Note: Yes, it's sometimes dangerous to say "unbreakable,"
   "untraceable," and "unforgeable." Purists eschew such terms.
   All crypto is economics, even information-theoretically
   secure crypto (e.g., bribe someone to give you the key, break
   in and steal it, etc.). And computationally-secure crypto--
   such as RSA, IDEA, etc.--can in *principle* be brute-forced.
   In reality,  the costs may well be exhorbitantly
   high...perhaps more energy than is available in the entire
   universe would be needed. Essentially, these things are about
   as unbreakable, untraceable, and unforgeable as one can
   imagine.)
16.25.5. "Strong building materials" implies certain things. Highways,
   bridges, jet engines, etc. Likewise for strong crypto, though
   the exact form of the things that get built is still unknown.
   But pretty clearly some amazing new structures will be built
   this way.
16.25.6. Cyberspace, walls, bricks and mortar...
16.25.7. "Will strong crypto have the main effect of securing current
   freedoms, or will it create new freedoms and new situations?"
  - There's a camp that believe mainly that strong crypto will
     ensure that current freedoms are preserved, but that this
     will not change things materially, Communications can be
     private, diaries can be secured, computer security will be
     enhanced, etc.
  - Another camp--of which I am a vocal spokesman--believes
     that qualitatively different types of transactions will be
     made possible. In addition, of course, to the securing of
     liberties that the first camp things is the main effect.
  + These effects are specultative, but probably include:
    - increased hiding of assets through untraceable banking
       systems
    - markets in illegal services
    - increased espionage
    - data havens
16.25.8. "Will all crypto-anarchic transactions be anonymous?"
  - No, various parties will negotiate different arrangements.
     All a matter of economics, of enforcement of terms, etc.
     Some will, some won't. The key thing is that the decision
     to reveal identity will be just another mutually negotiated
     matter. (Think of spending cash in a store. The store owner
     may _want_ to know who his customers are, but he'll still
     take cash and remain ignorant in most cases. Unless a
     government steps in and distorts the market by requiring
     approvals for purchases and records of identities--think of
     guns here.)
  - For example, the local Mob may not lend me money if I am
     anonymous to them, but they have a "hook" in me if they
     know who I am. (Aspects of anonymity may still be used,
     such as systems that leave no paper or computer trail
     pointing to them or to me, to avoid stings.)
  - "Enforcement" in underground markets, for which the
     conventional legal remedies are impossible, is often by
     means of physical force: breaking legs and even killing
     welshers.
  - (Personally, I have no problems with this. The Mob cannot
     turn to the local police, so it has to enforce deals its
     own way. If you can't pay, don't play.)

16.26. How Crypto Anarchy Will Be Fought
16.26.1. The Direct Attack: Restrictions on Encryption
  + "Why won't government simply ban  such encryption methods?"
    + This has always been the Number One Issue!
      - raised by Stiegler, Drexler, Salin, and several others
         (and in fact raised by some as an objection to my even
         discussing these issues, namely, that action may then
         be taken to head off the world I describe)
    + Types of Bans on Encryption and Secrecy
      - Ban on Private Use of Encryption
      - Ban on Store-and-Forward Nodes
      - Ban on Tokens and ZKIPS Authentication
      - Requirement for public disclosure of all transactions
      + Recent news (3-6-92, same day as Michaelangelo and
         Lawnmower Man) that government is proposing a surcharge
         on telcos and long distance services to pay for new
         equipment needed to tap phones!
        - S.266 and related bills
        - this was argued in terms of stopping drug dealers and
           other criminals
        - but how does the government intend to deal with the
           various forms fo end-user encryption or "confusion"
           (the confusion that will come from compression,
           packetizing, simple file encryption, etc.)
    + Types of Arguments Against Such Bans
      - The "Constitutional Rights" Arguments
      + The "It's Too Late" Arguments
        - PCs are already widely scattered, running dozens of
           compression and encryption programs...it is far too
           late to insist on "in the clear" broadcasts, whatever
           those may be (is program code distinguishable from
           encrypted messages? No.)
        - encrypted faxes, modem scramblers (albeit with some
           restrictions)
        - wireless LANs, packets, radio, IR, compressed text
           and images, etc....all will defeat any efforts short
           of police state intervention (which may still happen)
      + The "Feud Within the NSA" Arguments
        - COMSEC vs. PROD
      + Will affect the privacy rights of corporations
        - and there is much evidence that corporations are in
           fact being spied upon, by foreign governments, by the
           NSA, etc.
    + They Will Try to Ban Such Encryption Techniques
      + Stings (perhaps using viruses and logic bombs)
        - or "barium," to trace the code
      + Legal liability for companies that allow employees to
         use such methods
        - perhaps even in their own time, via the assumption
           that employees who use illegal software methods in
           their own time are perhaps couriers or agents for
           their corporations (a tenuous point)
  - restrictions on: use of codes and ciphers
  + there have long been certain restrictions on the use of
     encryption
    - encryption over radio waves is illegal (unless the key is
       provided to the government, as with Morse code)
    + in war time, many restrictions (by all governments)
      - those who encrypt are ipso facto guilty and are shot
         summarily, in many places
    - even today, use of encryption near a military base or
       within a defense contractor could violate laws
  + S.266 and similar bills to mandate "trapdoors"
    + except that this will be difficult to police and even to
       detect
      - so many ways to hide messages
      - so much ordinary compression, checksumming, etc.
  + Key Registration Trail Balloon
    - cite Denning's proposal, and my own postings
16.26.2. Another Direct Attack: Elimination of Cash
  + the idea being that elimination of cash, with credit cards
     replacing cash, will reduce black markets
    - "one person, one ID" (goal of many international
       standards organizations)
  - this elimination of cash may ultimately be tied in to the
     key registration ideas...government becomes a third party
     in all transactions
  + a favorite of conspiracy theorists
    - in extreme form: the number of the Beast tattooed on us
       (credit numbers, etc.)
    - currency exchanges (rumors on the Nets about the imminent
       recall of banknotes, ostensibly to flush out ill-gotten
       gains and make counterfeiting easier)
    + but also something governments like to do at times, sort
       of to remind us who's really in charge
      - Germany, a couple of times
      - France, in the late 1950s
      - various other devaluations and currency reforms
  + Partial steps have already been made
    - cash transactions greater than some value-$10,000 at this
       time, though "suspicious" sub-$10K transactions must be
       reported-are banned
    + large denomination bills have been withdrawn from
       circulation
      - used in drug deals, the argument goes
    - Massachussetts has demanded that banks turn over all
       account records, SS numbers, balances, etc.
  + "If what you're doing is legal, why do you need cash for
     it?"
    - part of the old American dichotomy: privacy versus "What
       have you got to hide?"
  + But why the outlawing of cash won't work
    + if a need exists, black markets will arise
      - i.e., the normal tradeoff between risk and reward:
         there may be some "discounts" on the value, but cah
         will still circulate
    + too many other channels exist: securities, secrets, goods
      + from trading in gold or silver, neither of which are
         outlawed any longer, to trading in secrets, how can the
         government stop this?
        - art being used to transfer money across international
           borders (avoids Customs)
        - "consideration" given, a la the scam to hide income
      + total surveillance?
        - it doesn't even work in Russia
        - on the other hand, Russia lacks the "point of sale"
           infrastructure to enforce a cashless system
16.26.3. Another Direct Attack: Government Control of Encryption,
   Networks,  and Net Access
  - a la the old Bell System monopoly, which limited what could
     be hooked up to a phone line
  + the government may take control of the networks in several
     ways:
    + FCC-type restrictions, though it is hard to see how a
       private network, on private property, could be restricted
      - as it is not using part of the "public spectrum"
      - but it is hard to build a very interesting network that
         stays on private property....and as soon as it crosses
         public property, BINGO!
    + "National Data Highway" could be so heavily subsidized
       that alternatives will languish (for a while)
      - the Al Gore proposals for a federally funded system
         (and his wife, Tipper, is of course a leader of the
         censorship wing)
      - and then the government can claim the right and duty to
         set the "traffic" laws: protocols, types of encryption
         allowed, etc.
    - key patents, a la RSA (if in fact gov't.  is a silent
       partner in RSA Data Security)
16.26.4. An Indirect Attack: Insisting that all  economic transactions
   be "disclosed" (the "Full Disclosure Society" scenario)
  + this sounds Orwellian, but the obvious precedent is that
     businesses must keep records of all financial transactions
     (and even some other records, to see if they're colluding
     or manipulating something)
    - for income and sales tax reasons
    - and OSHA inspections, INS raids, etc.
    + there is currently no requirement that all transactions
       be fully documented with the identies of all parties,
       except in some cases like firearms purchases, but this
       could change
      - especially as electronic transactions become more
         common: the IRS may someday insist on such records,
         perhaps even insisting on escrowing of such records, or
         time-stamping
      + this will hurt small businesses, due to the entry cost
         and overhead of such systems, but big businesses will
         probably support it (after some grumbling)
        - big business always sees bureaucracy as one of their
           competitive advantages
    + and individuals have not been hassled by the IRS on minor
       personal transactions, though the web is tightening:
       1099s are often required (when payments exceed some
       amount, such as $500)
      - small scale barter transactions
  + but the nature of CA is that many transactions can be
     financial while appearing to be something else (like the
     transfer of music or images, or even the writing of
     letters)
    - which is why a cusp is coming: full disclosure is one
       route, protection of privacy is another
  + the government may cite the dangers of a "good old boy
     network" (literally) that promulgates racist, sexist, and
     ableist discrimination via computer networks
    - i.e., that the new networks are "under-representing
       people of color"
    - and how can quotas be enforced in an anonymous system?
  - proposals in California (7-92) that consultants file
     monthly tax statements, have tax witheld, etc.
  - a strategy for the IRS: require all computer network users
     to have a "taxpayer ID number" for all transactions, so
     that tax evasion can be checked
16.26.5. Attempts to discredit reputation-based systems by deceit,
   fraud, nonpayment, etc.
  - deliberate attacks on the reputation of services the
     government doesn't want to see
  - there may be government operations to sabotage  businesses,
     to undermine such efforts before they get started
  - analogous to "mail-bombing" an anonymous remailer
16.26.6. Licensing of software developers may be one method used to
   try to control the spread of anonymous systems and
   information markets
  - by requiring a "business license" attached to any and all
     chunks of code
  + implemented via digital signatures, a la the code signing
     protocols mentioned by Bob Baldwin as a means of reducing
     trapdoors, sabotage, and other modifications by spies,
     hackers, etc.
    - proposals to require all chunks of code to be signed,
       after the Sililcon Valley case in mid-80s, where
       spy/saboteur went to several s/w companies and meddled
       with code
  - "seals" from some group such as "Software Writers
     Laboratories," with formal specs required, source code
     provided to a trusted keeper, etc.
  + such licensing and inspection will also serve to lock-in
     the current players (Microsoft will love it) and make
     foreign competition in software more difficult
    - unless the foreign competition is "sanctioned," e.g.,
       Microsoft opens a code facility in India
16.26.7. RICO-like seizures of computers and bulletin board systems
  - sting operations and setups
  - Steve Jackson Games is obvious example
  - for illegal material (porno, drug advocacy, electronic
     money, etc.) flowing through their systems
  - even when sysop can prove he did not know illegal acts were
     being committed on his system (precedents are the yachts
     seized because a roach was found)
  + these seizures can occur even when a trial is never held
    - e.g., the "administrative seizure" of cars in Portland in
       prostitution cases
    - and the seizures are on civil penalties, where the
       standards of proof are much lower
  + in some cases a mere FBI investigation is enough to get
     employees fired, renters kicked out, IRS audits started
    + reports that a woman in Georgia who posted some "ULs"
       (unlisted numbers?) was fired by her company after the
       FBI got involved, told by her landlord that her lease was
       not being extended, and so forth
      - "We don't truck with no spies"
    - the IRS audit would not ostensibly be for harassment, but
       for "probable cause" (or whatever term they use) that tax
       avoidance, under-reporting, even money-laundering might
       be involved
16.26.8. Outlawing of Digital Pseudonyms and Credentialling
  + may echoe the misguided controversy over Caller ID
    - misguided because the free market solution is clear: let
       those who wish to hide their numbers-rape and battering
       support numbers, police, detectives, or even just
       citizens requesting services or whatever-do so
    - and let those who refuse to deal with these anonymous
       callers also do so (a simple enough programming of
       answering machines and telephones)
  - for example, to prevent minors and felons from using the
     systems, "true names" may be required, with heavy fines and
     forfeitures of equipment and assets for anybody that fails
     to comply (or is caught in stings and setups)
  + minors may get screened out of parts of cyberspace by
     mandatory "age credentialing" ("carding")
    - this could be a major threat to such free and open
       systems, as with the various flaps over minors logging on
       to the Internet and seeing X-rated images (however poorly
       rendered) or reading salacious material in alt.sex
    - there may be some government mood to insist that only
       "true names" be used, to facillitate such age screening
       (Fiat-Shamir passports, papers, number of the Beast?)
  + the government may argue that digital pseudonyms are
     presumptively considered to be part of a conspiracy, a
     criminal enterprise, tax evasion, etc.
    - the old "what have you got to hide" theory
    - closely related to the issue of whether false IDs can be
       used even when no crimes are being committed (that is,
       can Joe Average represent himself by other than his True
       Name?)
  - civil libertarians may fight this ban, arguing that
     Americans are not required to present "papers" to
     authorities unless under direct suspicion for a crime
     (never mind the loitering laws, which take the other view)
16.26.9. Anonymous systems may be restricted on the grounds that they
   constitute a public nuisance
  - or that they promote crime, espionage, etc.
  + especially after a few well-publicized abuses
    - possibly instigated by the government?
  - operators may have to post bonds that effectively drive
     them out of business
16.26.10. Corporations may be effectively forbidden to hire consultants
   or subcontractors as individuals
  + the practical issue: the welter of tax and benefit laws
     make individuals unable to cope with the mountains of forms
     that have to be filed
    - thus effectively pricing individuals out of this market
  + the tax law side: recall the change in status of
     consultants a few years back...this may be extended further
    - a strategy for the IRS: require all computer network
       users to have a "taxpayer ID number" for all
       transactions, so that tax evasion can be checked
    - not clear how this differs from the point above, but I
       feel certain more such pressures will be applied (after
       all, most corporations tend to see independent
       contractors as more of a negative than a positive)
  - this may be an agenda of the already established companies:
     they see consultants and free lancers as thieves and
     knaves, stealing their secrets and disseminating the crown
     jewels (to punningly mix some metaphors)
  - and since the networks discussed here facilitate the use of
     consultants, more grounds to limit them
16.26.11. There may be calls for U.N. control of the world banking
   system in the wake of the BCCI and similar scandals
  - to "peirce the veil" on transnationals
  - calls for an end to banking secrecy
  - talk about denying access to the money centers of New York
     (but will this push the business offshore, in parallel to
     the Eurodollar market?)
  + motivations and methods
    - recall the UNESCO attempt a few years back to credential
       reporters, ostensibly to prevent chaos and "unfair"
       reporting...well, the BCCI and nuclear arms deals
       surfacing may reinvigorate the efforts of
       "credentiallers"
    + the USSR and other countries entering the world community
       may sense an opportunity to get in on the formation of
       "boards of directors" of these kinds of banks and
       corporations and so may push the idea in the U.N.
      - sort of like a World Bank or IMF with even more power
         to step in and take control of other banks, and with
         the East Bloc and USSR having seats!
16.26.12. "National security"
  - if the situation gets serious enough, a la a full-blown
     crypto anarchy system, mightn't the government take the
     step of declaring a kind of national emergency?
  - provisions exist: "401 Emergency" and FEMA plans
  - of course, the USSR tried to intitiate emergency measures
     and failed
  - recall that a major goal of crypto anarchy is that the
     systems described here will be so widely deployed as to be
     essential or critical to the overall economy...any attempt
     to "pull the plug" will also kill the economy
16.26.13. Can authorities force the disclosure of a key?
  + on the "Yes" side:
    + is same, some say,  as forcing combination to a safe
       containing information or stolen goods
      - but some say-and a court may have ruled on this-that
         the safe can always be cut open and so the issue is
         mostly moot
      - while forcing key disclosure is compelled testimony
    - and one can always claim to have forgotten the key
    - i.e., what happens when a suspect simply clams up?
    - but authorities can routinely demand cooperation in
       investigations, can seize records, etc.
  + on the "No" side:
    - can't force a suspect to talk, whether about where he hid
       the loot or where his kidnap victim is hidden
    - practically speaking, someone under indictment cannot be
       forced to reveal Swiss bank accounts....this would seem
       to be directly analogous to a cryptographic key
    - thus, the key to open an account would seem to be the
       same thing
    - a memorized key cannot be forced, says someone with EFF
       or CPSR
  - on balance, it seems clear that the disclosure of
     cryptographic keys cannot be forced (though the practical
     penalty for nondisclosure could be severe)
  - but this has not really been tested, so far as I know
  - and many people say that such cooperation can be
     demanded...

16.27. How Crypto Anarchy Advocates Will Fight Back
16.27.1. Bypassing restrictions on commercial encryption packages by
   not making them "commercial"
  - public domain
  - freely distributed
  - after all, the basic algorithms are simple and don't really
     deserve patent protection: money will not be made by the
     originators of the code, but by the actual providers of
     services (for transmission and storage of packets)
16.27.2. Noise and signals are often indistinguishable
  - as with the LSB audio signal approach...unless the
     government outlaws live recordings or dubs on digital
     systems...
16.27.3. Timed-release files (using encryption) will be used to hide
   files, to ensure that governments cannot remove material they
   don't like
  - easier said than done
16.27.4. Legal approaches will also be taken: fundamental
   constitutional issues
  - privacy, free speech, free association
16.27.5. The Master Plan to Fight Restrictions on Encryption
  + "Genie out of the bottle" strategy: deploy crypto widely
    - intertwined with religions, games, whistleblower groups,
       and other uses that cannot easily just be shut down
    - scattered in amongst many other activities
  - Media attention: get media to report on value of
     encryption, privacy, etc.
  + Diffusion, confusion, and refusion
    - Diffuse the use by scattering it around
    - Confuse the issue by fake religions, games, other uses
    - Refuse to cooperate with the government
  - Free speech arguments: calling the discussions free speech
     and forcing the government to prove that the free speech is
     actually an economic transaction
  + links with religions, corporations, etc.
    - private meetings protected
    - voting systems

16.28. Things that May Hide the Existence of Crypto Anarchy
16.28.1. first and foremost, the incredible bandwidth, the bits
   sloshing around the world's networks...tapes being exchanged,
   PCs calling other PCs, a variety of data and compression
   formats, ISDN, wireless transmission, etc.
16.28.2. in the coming years, network traffic will jump a thousand-
   fold, what with digital fax, cellular phones and computers,
   ISDN, fiber optics, and higher-speed modems
  - and these links will be of all kinds: local, private,
     corporate, business, commercial, bootleg (unrecorded),
     cellular radio, etc.
16.28.3. corporations and small groups will have their own private
   LANs and networks, with massive bandwidth, and with little
   prospects that the government can police them-there can be no
   law requiring that internal communications be readable by the
   government!
  - and the revelations that Ultra Black has been used to read
     messages and use the information will be further proof to
     corporations that they need to adopt very strong security
     measures
  + and "partnerships" can be scattered across the country, and
     even internationally, and have great lattitude in setting
     up their own communication and encryption systems
    - recall Cargill case
    - and also remember that the government may crack down on
       these systems
16.28.4. AMIX-like services, new services, virtual reality (for games,
   entertainment, or just as a place of doing business) etc.
  + many users will encrypt their links to VR servers, with a
     decryption agent at the other end, so that their activities
     (characters, fantasies, purchases, etc.) cannot be
     monitored and logged
    + this will further increase the bandwidth of encrypted
       data and will complicate further the work of the NSA and
       similar agencies
      - attempts to force "in the clear" links will be doomed
         by the welter of PC standards, compression utilities,
         cellular modems, and the like...there will be no
         "cleartext" that can be mandated
16.28.5. steganography
  + in general, impossible to know that a message contains
     other encypted messages
    - except in stings and setups, which may be ruled illegal
  + the LSB method, and variants
    + LSB of DAT, DCC, MD, etc., or even sound bites (chunks of
       sampled sounds traded on bulletin boards)
      - especially of live or analog-dubbed copies (the noise
         floor of a typical consumer-grade mike is much higher
         than the LSB of DAT)
    + of images, Adobe Photoshop images, artwork, etc.
      + imagine an "Online Art Gallery" that is used to store
         messages, or a "Photo Gallery" that participants post
         their best photos to, offering them for sale
        - Sturges case
        - LSB method
    + gets into some theoretical nitpicking about the true
       nature of noise, especially if the entire LSB channel is
       uncharacteristic of "real noise"
      - but by reducing the bandwidth somewhat, the noise
         profile can be made essentially undistinguishable from
         real noise
      - and a 2 GB DAT produces 130 MB of LSB, which is a lot
         of margin!
    + what could the government do?
      - stings and setups to catch and scare off potential
         users
      - an attempt to limit the wide use of digital
         data-hopeless!
      + a requirement for government-approved "dithering"?
        - this would be an enforcement nightmare
        + and would only cause the system to be moved into
           higher bits
          - and with enough error correction, even audible
             dithering of the signal would not wipe out the
             encrypted signal
    + variants: text justification, word selection
      - bandwidth tends to be low
      - but used in Three Days of the Condor
  + virtual reality art may further enable private
     communications
    - think of what can be encrypted into such digital images!
    - and user has total privacy and is able to manipulate the
       images and databases locally
16.28.6. in the sense that these other things, such as the governments
   own networks of safe houses, false identities, and bootleg
   payoffs, will tend to hide any other such systems that emerge
  + because investigators may think they've stumbled onto yet
     another intelligence operation, or sting, or whatever
    - this routinely cripples undercover investigations
    - scenario: criminals even float rumors that another agency
       is doing an operation....?
16.28.7. Government Operations that Resemble Cryptoanarchy will
   Confuse the Issues
  - various confidential networks already exist, operated by
     State, DoD, the services, etc.
  + Witness Protection Program (or Witness Relocation Program)
    - false IDs, papers, transcripts
    - even money given to them (and the amounts seem to be
       downplayed in the press and on t.v., with a sudden spate
       of shows about how poorly they do in the middle of middle
       America-sounds like a planted story to me)
    - cooperation with certain companies and schools to assist
       in this aspect
  + Payoffs of informants, unofficial agents
    - like agents in place inside defense contractors
    - vast amount of tips from freelancers, foreign citizens,
       etc.
    - operators of safe houses (like Mrs. Furbershaw)
  + Networks of CIA-funded banks, for various purposes
    - a la the Nugan-Hand Bank, BCCI, etc.
    - First American, Bank of Atlanta, Centrust Savings, etc.
    - these banks and S&Ls act as conduits for controversial or
       secret operations, for temporary parking of funds, for
       the banking of profits, and even for the private
       retirement funds of agents (a winked-at practice)
  + Confidential networks over computer lines
    - e.g., encrypted teleconferencing of Jasons, PFIAB, etc.
    + these will increase, for many reasons
      - concerns over terrorism
      - demands on time will limit travel (especially for
         groups of non-fulltime committee members)
  - these suspected government operations will deter
     investigation
16.28.8. Encrypted Traffic Will Increase Dramatically
  - of all kinds
  - mail, images, proposals, faxes, etc.
  - acceptance of a P-K mail system will make wide use of
     encryption nearly automatic (though some fraction, perhaps
     the majority, will not even bother)
  + there may even be legal reasons for encryption to increase:
    - requirements that employee records be protected, that
       medical records be protected, etc.
    - "prudent man" rules about the theft of information (could
       mean that files are to be encrypted except when being
       worked on)
    - digital signatures
    - echoes of the COMSEC vs. SIGINT (or PROD) debate, where
       COMSEC wants to see more encryption (to protect American
       industry against Soviet and commercial espionage)
  + Selling of "Anonymous Mailers"?
    - using RSA
    + avoiding RSA and the P-K patent morass
      - could sell packets of one-time pads
      + no effective guarantee of security, but adequate for
         many simple purposes
        + especially if buyers swap them with others
          - but how to ensure that copies are not kept?
      - idea is to enable a kind of "Democracy Wall"
    + prepaid "coins," purchased anonymously
      - as with the Japanese phone cards
      - or the various toll booth electronic tokens being
         developed
16.28.9. Games, Religions, Legal Consultation, and Other "Covers" for
   the Introduction and Proliferation of Crypto Anarchy
  - won't be clear what is real encryption and what is game-
     playing
  - imagine a game called "Cryptoanarchy"!
  + Comment on these "Covers"
    - some of these will be quite legitimate, others will be
       deliberately set up as covers for the spread of CA
       methods
    - perhaps subsidized just to increase traffic (and
       encrypted traffic is already expected to increase for a
       variety of reasons)
    - people will have various reasons for wanting anonymity
  + Games
    + "Habitat"-style games and systems
      - with "handles" that are much more secure than at
         present (recall Chip's comments)
      + behaviors that are closely akin to real-world illegal
         behaviors:
        - a thieves area
        - an espionage game
        - a "democracy wall" in which anything can be posted
           anonymously, and read by all
    + MUDs (Multi-user Domains, Multi-User Dungeons)
      - lots of interest here
      - topic of discussion at a special Cypherpunks meeting,
         early 1994.
    + interactive role-playing games will provide cover for the
       spread of systems: pseudonyms will have much more
       protection than they now have
      - though various methods may exist to "tag" a transaction
         (a la barium), especially when lots of bandwidth is
         involved, for analysis (e.g., "Dark Dante" is
         identified by attaching specific bits to stream)
      + Dealing with Barium Tracers
        - code is allowed to simmer in an offsite machine for
           some time (and with twiddling of system clock)
        - mutations added
    + Shared Worlds
      - authors, artists, game-players, etc. may add to these
         worlds
      - hypertext links, reputation-based systems
    + hypothesize a "True Names" game on the nets, based
       _explicitly_ on Vinge's work
      - perhaps from an outfit like Steve Jackson Games, maker
         of similar role-playing games
      - with variable-resolution graphics (a la Habitat)
      - virtual reality capabilities
    + a game like "Habitat" can be used as a virtual Labyrinth,
       further confusing the line between reality and fantasy
      - and this could provide a lot of bandwidth for cover
      - the Smalltalk "Cryptoids" idea is related to this...it
         looks like a simulation or a game, but can be used by
         "outsiders"
  + Religions
    + a nearly ironclad system of liberties, though _some_
       limits exist
      - e.g., a church that uses its organization to transport
         drugs or run a gambling operation would be shut down
         quickly (recall the drug church?)
      - and calls for tax-break limitations (which Bill of
         Rights says nothing about)
    - still, it will be _very_ difficult for the U.S.
       government to interfere with the communications of a
       "religion."
    + "ConfessionNet"
      + a hypothetical anonymous system that allows confessions
         to be heard, with all of the privileges of privacy that
         normal confessions have
        - successors to 900 numbers?
      + virtually ironclad protections against government
         interference
        - "Congress shall make no law..."
      + but governments may try to restrict who can do this, a
         la the restrictions in the 70s and 80s on "instant
         Reverends"
        - Kirby J. Hensley's Univeral Life Church
        - various IRS restrictions, effectively establishing
           two classes of religions: those grandfathered in and
           given tax breaks and the like, and those that were
           deemed invalid in some way
    + Scenario: A Scientology-like cult using CA as its chief
       communications system?
      - levels of initiation same as a cell system
      - "clearing"
      - New Age garbage: Ascended Masters, cells, money flowing
         back and forth
      - blackballing
  + Digital Personals
    - the "personals" section of newspapers currently requires
       the newspaper to provide the anonymity (until the parties
       mutually agree to meet)
    - what about on AMIX or similar services?
    - a fully digital system could allow self-arranging systems
    + here's how it could work:
      - Alice wants to meet a man. She writes up a typical ad,
         "SWF seeks SWM for fun and walks on the beach..."
      - Alice encloses her specially-selected public key, which
         is effectively her only name. This is probably a one-
         time deal, unlinkable to her in any way.
      - She encrypts the entire package and sends it through a
         remailing chain (or DC-Net) for eventual posting in a
         public place.
      - Everyone can download the relevant area (messages can
         be sorted by type, or organized in interest groups),
         with nobody else knowing which messages they're
         reading.
      - Bob reads her message and decides to repond. He
         digitizes a photo of himself and includes some other
         info, but not his real name. He also picks a public key
         for Alice to communicate with him.
      - Bob encrypts all of this with the public key of Alice
         (though remember that he has no way of knowing who she
         really is).
      - Bob sends this message through a remailing chain and it
         gets posted as an encrypted message addressed to the
         public key of Alice. Again, some organization can
         reduce the total bandwidth (e.g., an area for
         "Replies").
      - Alice scans the replies and downloads a group of
         messages that includes the one she can see-and only she
         can see!-is addressed to her.
      - This has established a two-way communication path
         between Alice and Bob without either of them knowing
         who the other one is or where they live. (The business
         about the photos is of course not conducive to
         anonymity, but is consistent with the "Personals"
         mode.)
      - If Alice and Bob wish to meet in person it is then easy
         for them to communicate real phone numbers and the
         like.
    + Why is this interesting?
      - it establishes a role for anonymous systems
      - it could increase the bandwidth of such messages
  + Legal Services (Legitimate, i.e., not even the bootleg
     stuff)
    + protected by attorney-client privileges, but various Bar
       Associations may place limits on the use of networks
      - but if viewed the way phones are, seems unlikely that
         Bars could do much to limit the use of computer
         networks
    - and suppose a Nolo Press-type publishing venture started
       up on the Nets? (publishing self-help info under
       pseudonyms)
    - or the scam to avoid taxes by incorporating as a
       corporation or nonprofit?
  + Voting Systems
    - with and without anonymity
    + Board of Directors-type voting
      - with credentials, passwords, and (maybe) anonymity
         (under certain conditions)
    + Blackballing and Memberships
      - generally anonymous
      - blackballing may be illegal these days (concerns about
         racism, sexism, etc.)
      - cf. Salomaa for discussion of indistinguishability of
         blackballing from majority voting
    + Consumer Ratings and Evaluations
      - e.g., there may be "guaranteed anonymous" evalution
         systems for software and other high-tech items (Joe
         Bluecollar won't mess with computers and complicated
         voting systems)
    + Politically Active Groups May Have Anonymous Voting
      - to vote on group policies, procedures, leadership
      - or on boycott lists (recall the idea of the PC-Card
         that doesn't allow politically incorrect purchases)
      + this may be to protect themselves from lawsuits (SLAPP)
         and government harassment
        - they fear government infiltrators will get the names
           of voters and how they voted
    + Official Elections
      - though this is unlikely for the barely-literate
         majority
      - the inevitable fraud cases will get wide exposure and
         scare people and politicians off even more
      - unlikely in next decade
    + Journal Refereeing
      - some journals, such as Journal of Cryptology,
         appropriately enough, are already using paper-based
         versions of this
      + Xanadu-like systems may be early adopters
        - there are of course reasons for just the opposite:
           enhanced used of reputations
        - but in some cases anonymity may be preferred
  + Groupware
    - anonymous comment systems (picture a digital blackboard
       with anonymous remarks showing up)
    - these systems are promoted to encourage the quiet to have
       an equal voice
    - but they also provide another path to anonymous and/or
       reputation-based systems
  + Psychological Consultations
    - will require the licensing of counselors, of course
       (under U.S. laws)
    - what if people call offshore counselors?
    + and various limitations on privacy of records exist
      - Tarisoff [spelling?]
      - subpoenas
      - record-keeping required
    + may be used by various "politically correct" groups
      - battered women
      - abused children
      - perhaps in conjunction with the RU-486-type issues,
         some common ground can be established (a new kind of
         Underground Railroad)
  + Advice on Medicine (a la AIDS, RU 486)
    - anonymity needed to protect against lawsuits and seizure
    - NOW and other feminist groups could use crypto anarchy
       methods to reduce the risks to their organizations
  + Anonymous Tip Lines, Whistleblower Services
    + for example, a newspaper might set up a reward system,
       using the crypto equivalent of the "torn paper" key
      - where informant holds onto the torn off "key"
    - even something like the James Randi/Yuri Geller case
       reveals that "anonymous critics" may become more common
    + corporate and defense contractor whistleblowers may seek
       protection through crypto methods
      - a "Deep Throat" who uses bulletin boards to communicate
         with DS?
    + this presumes much wider use of computers and modems by
       "average" people...and I doubt "Prodigy"-type systems
       will support these activities!
      - but there may be cheap systems based on video game
         machines, a la the proposed Nintendo computers
    - environmentalists set up these whistleblower lines, for
       people to report illegal logging, spraying, etc.
  + Online, "Instant" Corporations
    + shell companies, duly incorporated in Delaware or
       wherever (perhaps even foreign sites) are "sold" to
       participants who wish to create a corporate cover for
       their activities
      - so that AMIX-like fees are part of the "internal
         accounting"
  + Anonymous collaborative writing and criticism
    - similar to anonymous voting
16.28.10. Compressed traffic will similarly increase
  - and many compression algortithms will offer some form of
     encryption as a freebie
  - and will be difficult to decypher, based just on sheer
     volume
  - files will have to at least be decompressed before key word
     searches can be done (though there may be shortcuts)

16.29. The Coming Phase Change
16.29.1. "We'd better hope that strong cypto, cheap telecoms and free
   markets can provide the organizing basis for a workable
   society because it is clear that coercion as an organizing
   principle ain't what it used to be."    [Duncan Frissell, in
   his sig, 4-13-94]
16.29.2. "What is the "inevitability" argument?"
  - Often made by me (Tim May), Duncan Frissell, Sandy
     Sandfort, and Perry Metzger (with some twists). And Hal
     Finney takes issue with certain aspects and contributes
     incisive critiques.
  + Reasons:
    - borders becoming more transparent to data flow
    - encryption is not detectable/stoppable
    - derivative financial instruments, money sloshing across
       borders
    - transnationalism
    - cash machines, wire transfers
    - "permanent tourists"
  - Borders are becoming utterly transparent to massive data
     flows. The rapid export of crypto is but an ironic example
     of this. Mosaid, ftp, gopher, lynx...all cross borders
     fluidly and nearly untraceably. It is probably too late to
     stop these systems, short of "pulling the plug" on the Net,
     and this pulling the plug is simply too expensive to
     consider. (If the Feds ever really figure out the long-
     range implications of this stuff, they may try it...but
     probably not.)
16.29.3. "What is the "crypto phase change"?"
  - I'm normally skeptical of claims that a "singularity" is
     coming (nanotechnology being the usual place this is
     claimed, a la Vinge), but "phase changes" are more
     plausible. The effect of cheap printing was one such phase
     change, altering the connectivity of society and the
     dispersion of knowledge in a way that can best be described
     as a phase change. The effects of strong crypto, and the
     related ideas of digital cash, anonymous markets, etc., are
     likely to be similar.
  - transition
  - tipping factors, disgust by populace, runaway taxation
  + "leverage effect"
    - what Kelly called "the fax effect"
    - crypto use spreads, made more popular by common use
  - can nucleate in a small group...doesn't need mass
     acceptance
16.29.4. "Can crypto anarchy be stopped?"
  + A goal is to get crypto widely enough deployed that it
     cannot then be stopped
    - to the point of no return, where the cost of withdrawing
       or banning a technology is simply too high (not always a
       guaranteee)
  - The only recourse is a police state in which homes and
     businesses are randomly entered and searched, in which
     cryptography is outlawed and vigorously prosecuted, in
     which wiretaps, video surveillance, and other forms of
     surveillance are used aggressively, and in which perhaps
     the very possession of computers and modems is restricted.
  - Anything short of these police state tactics will allow the
     development of the ideas discussed here. To some extent.
     But enough to trigger the transition to a mostly crypto
     anarchic situation.
  - (This doesn't mean everyone, or even most, will use crypto
     anarchy.)
16.29.5. Need not be a universal or even popular trend
  - even if restricted to a minority, can be very influential
  - George Soros, Quantum fund, central banks, Spain, Britain,
     Germany
  - and a minority trend can affect others
16.29.6. "National borders are just speedbumps on the digital
   superhighway."
16.29.7. "Does crypto anarchy have to be a mass movement to succeed?"
  - Given that only a tiny fraction is now aware of the
     implications....
  + Precedents for "vanguard" movements
    + high finance in general is an elite thing
      - Eurodollars, interest rate swaps, etc....not exactly
         Joe Average...and yet of incredible importance (George
         Soros has affected European central bank policy)
    - smuggling is in general not a mass thing
    - etc.
  + Thus, the users of crypto anarchic tools and instruments
     can have an effect out of proportion to their numbers
    - others will start to use
    - resentment by the "suckers" will build
    - the services themselves--the data havens, the credit
       registries, the espionage markets--will of course have a
       real effect
16.29.8. Strong crypto does not mean the end to law enforcement
  - "...cryptography is not by any means a magic shield for
     criminals.  It eliminates, perhaps, one avenue by which
     crimes might be discovered.  However, it is most certainly
     not the case that someone who places an open anonymous
     contract for a murder in an open forum is doing so "risk
     free".  There are *plenty* of ways she might be found out.
     Likewise, big secret societies that nefariously undermine
     the free world via cryptography are as vulnerable as ever
     to the motivations of their own members to expose the
     groups in a double-cross." [Mike McNally, 1994-09-09]

16.30. Loose Ends
16.30.1. governments may try to ban the use of encryption in any
   broadcast system, no matter how low the power, because of a
   realization that all of them can be used for crypto anarchy
   and espionage
  - a losing battle, of course, what with wireless LANs of
     several flavors, cellular modems, the ability to hide
     information, and just the huge increase in bandwidth
16.30.2. "tontines"
  - Eric Hughes wrote up some stuff on this in 1992 [try to get
     it]
  - Italian pseudo-insurance arrangements
  - "digital tontines"?
16.30.3. Even in market anarchies, there are times when a top-down,
   enforced set of behaviors is desirable. However, instead of
   being enforced by threat of violence, the market itself
   enforces a standard.
  - For example, the Macintosh OS, with standardized commands
     that program developers are "encouraged" to use. Deviations
     are obviously allowed, but the market tends to punish such
     deviations. (This has been useful in avoiding modal
     software, where the same keystroke sequence might save a
     file in one program and erase it in another. Sadly, the
     complexity of modern software has outpaced the Mac OS
     system, so that Command-Option Y often does different
     things in different programs.)
  - Market standards are a noncoercive counter to total chaos.
16.30.4. Of course, nothing stops people from hiring financial
   advisors, lawyers, and even "Protectors" to shield them from
   the predations of others. Widows and orphans could choose
   conservative conservators, while young turks could choose to
   go it alone.
16.30.5. on who can tolerate crypto anarchy
  - Not much different here from how things have been in the
     past. Caveat emptor. Look out for Number One. Beware of
     snake oil.
16.30.6. Local enforcement of rules rather than global rules
  + e.g., flooding of Usenet with advertising and chain letters
    + two main approaches
      - ban such things, or set quotas, global acceptable use
         policies, etc. (or use tort law to prosecute & collect
         damages)
      - local carrriers decide what they will and will not
         carry, and how much they'll charge
    - it's the old rationing vs. market pricing argument
16.30.7. Locality is a powerful concept
  - self-responsibility
  - who better to make decisions than those affected?
  - tighter feedback loops
  - avoids large-scale governments
  + Nonlocally-arranged systems often result in calls to stop
     "hogging" of resources, and general rancor and envy
    + water consumption is the best example: anybody seen
       "wasting" water, regardless of their conservations
       elsewhere or there priorities, is chastised and rebuked.
       Sometimes the water police are called.
      - the costs involved (perhaps a few pennies worth of
         water, to wash a car or water some roses) are often
         trivial...meanwhile, billions of acre-feet of water are
         sold far below cost to farmers who grow monsoon crops
         like rice in the California desert
      - this hypocrisy is high on my list of reasons why free
         markets are morally preferable to rationing-based
         systems

17. The Future

17.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

17.2. SUMMARY: The Future
17.2.1. Main Points
  - where things are probably going
17.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
17.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
17.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments

17.3. Progress Needed
17.3.1. "Why have most of the things Cypherpunks talk about *not*
   happened?"
  + Except for remailers and basic crypto, few of the main
     ideas talked about for so long have actually seen any kind
     of realization. There are many reasons:
   A. Difficult to achieve. Both Karl Kleinpaste and Eric
       Hughes implemented simple first-generation remailers in a
       matter of _days_, but "digital cash" and "aptical
       foddering," for example, are not quite so
       straightforward. (I am of course not taking anything away
       from Kleinpaste, Hughes, Helsingius, Finney, etc., just
       noting that redirecting mail messages--and even
       implementing PGP and things like delay, batching, etc.,
       into remailers--is a lot easier conceptually than DC-Nets
       and the like.
   B. Protocols are confusing, tough to implement. Only a tiny
       fraction of the "crypto primitives" discussed at Crypto
       Conferences, or in the various crypto books, have been
       realized as runnable code. Building blocks like "bit
       commitment" have not even--to my knowledge--been
       adequately realized as reusable code. (Certainly various
       groups, such as Chaum's, have cobbled-together things
       like bit commitment....I just don't think there's a
       consensus as to the form, and this has limited the
       ability of nonspecialists to use these "objects.")
   C. Semantic confusion as well. While it's fairly clear what
       "encrypting" or "remailing" means, just what is a
       "digital bank"? Or a "reputation server"?
   D. Interoperablity is problematic. Many platforms, many
       operating systems, many languages. Again, remailers and
       encryption work because there is a de facto lowest common
       denominator for them: the simple text block, used in e-
       mail, editors, input and output from programs, etc. That
       is, we all mostly know exactly what an ASCII text block
       is, and crypto programs are expected to know how to
       access and manipulate such blocks. This largely explains
       the success of PGP across many platforms--text blocks are
       the basic element. Ditto for Cypherpunks remialers, which
       operate on the text blocks found in most mail systems.
       The situation becomes much murkier for things like
       digital money, which are not standalone objects and are
       often multi-party protocols involving time delays,
       offline processing, etc.
   E. Lack of an economic motive. We on this list are not being
       paid to develop anything, are not assisted by anyone, and
       don't have the financial backing of corporations to
       assist us. Since much of today's "software development"
       is actually _deal-making_ and _standards negotiation_, we
       are left out of lots of things.

17.4. Future Directions
17.4.1. "What are some future directions?"
17.4.2. The Future of the List
  + "What can be done about these situations?"
    - That is, given that the Cypherpunks list often contains
       sensitive material (see above), and given that the
       current membership list can be accessed by..... what can
       be done?
    - Move central server to non-U.S. locale
    - Or to "cyberspace" (distributed network, with no central
       server...like FidoNet)
    - subscribers can use pseudonyms, cutouts, remailers
17.4.3. What if encryption is outlawed?
  - can uuencode (and similar), to at least slow down the
     filter programs a bit (this is barely security through
     obscurity, but....)
  - underground movements?
  - will Cypherpunks be rounded up?
17.4.4. "Should Cypherpunks be more organized, more like the CPSR,
   EFF, and EPIC?"
  - Those groups largely are lobbying groups, with a staff in
     Washington supported by the membership donations of
     thousands or tens of thousands of dues-paying members. They
     perform a valuable service, of course.
  - But that is not our model, nor can it plausibly be. We were
     formed as an ad hoc group to explore crypto, were dubbed
     "Cypherpunks," and have since acted as a techno-grasssroots
     anarchy. No staff, no dues, no elections, no official rules
     and regulations, and no leadership beyond what is provided
     by the power of speech (and a slight amount of "final say"
     provided by the list maintainer Eric Hughes and the machine
     owner, John Gilmore, with support from Hugh Daniel).
  - If folks want a lobbying group, with lawyers in Washington,
     they should join the EFF and/or CPSR.
  - And we fill a niche they don't try to fill.
17.4.5. Difficult to Set Directions
  - an anarchy...no centralized control
  - emergent interests
  - everyone has some axe to grind, some temporary set of
     priorities
  - little economic motivation (and most have other jobs)
17.4.6. The Heart and Soul of Cypherpunks?
  + Competing Goals:
    + Personal Privacy
      - PGP, integration with mailers
      - education
    + Reducing the Power of Institutions
      - whistelblowers group
      -
    - Crypto Anarchy
  + Common Purposes
    + Spreading strong crypto tools and knowledge
      - PGP
    + Fighting government restrictions and regulations
      - Clipper/Skipjack fight was a unifying experience
    + Exploring new directions in cryptology
      - digital mixes, digital cash, voting
17.4.7. Possible Directions
  + Crypto Tools...make them ubiquitous "enough" so that the
     genie cannot be put back in the bottle
    - can worry about the politics later (socialists vs.
       anarchocapitalists, etc.) (Although socialists would do
       well to carefully think about the implications of
       untraceable communications, digital cash, and world-wide
       networks of consultants and workers--and what this does
       to tax collection and social spending programs--before
       they work with the libertarians and anarchocapitalists to
       bring on the Crypto Millenium.)
  + Education
    - educating the masses about crypto
    - public forums
    - this was picked by the Cambridge/MIT group as their
       special interest
  + Lobbying
    - talking to Congressional aides and committee staffers,
       attending hearings, submitting briefs on proposed
       legislation
    - coordinating with EFF, CPSR, ACLU, etc.
    - this was picked by the Washington group as their special
       interest, which is compellingly appropriate (Calif. group
       is simply too far away)
  - Legal Challenges
  + mixture of legal and illegal
    - use legal tools, and illegal tools
    - fallback positions
    - enlist illegal users as customers...help it spread in
       these channels (shown to be almost uncontrollable)
17.4.8. Goals (as I see them)
  + Get strong crypto deployed in such a way as to be
     unstoppable, unrecallable
    - "fire and forget" crypto
    - genie out of the bottle
    - Note that this does _not_ necessarily that crypto be
       _widely_ deployed, though that's generally a good idea.
       It may mean seeding key sites outside the U.S. with
       strong crypto tools, with remailers, and with the other
       acouterments.
  + Monkeywrench threats to crypto freedom.
    - economic sabotage of those who use statist contracts to
       thwart freedom (e.g., parts of AT&T)
    + direct sabotage
      - someday, viruses, HERF, etc.
17.4.9. A Vision of the Future
  - encrypted, secure, untraceable communications
  - hundreds of remailers, in many countries
  - interwoven with ordinary traffic, ensuring that any attempt
     to quash crypto would also have a dramatic effect on
     business
  - data havens, credit, renters, etc.
  - information markets
  - ability to fight wars is hindered
  - U.S. is frantic, as its grip on the world loosens...Pax
     Americana dies
17.4.10. Key concepts are the way to handle the complexity of crypto
  - The morass of protocols, systems, and results is best
     analyzed, I think, by not losing sight of the basic
     "primitives," the things about identity, security,
     authentication, etc. that make crypto systems work the way
     they do.
  + Axiom systems, with theorems and lemmas derivable from the
     axioms
    - with alternate axioms giving the equivalent of "non-
       Euclidean geometries" (in a sense, removing the physical
       identity postulate and replacing it with the "the key is
       the identity" postulate gives a new landscape of
       interactions, implications, and structures).
  - (Markets, local references, voluntary transactions, etc.)
  - (ecologies, predators, defenders, etc.)
  - (game theory, economics, etc..)

17.5. Net of the Future
17.5.1. "What role, if any, will MUDs, MOOs, and Virtual Realities
   play?"
  - "True Names," "Snow Crash," "Shockwave Rider"
  - Habitat, online services
  + the interaction is far beyond just the canonical "text
     messages" that systems like Digital Telephony are designed
     to cope with
    - where is the nexus of the message?
    - what about conferences scattered around the world, in
       multiple jurisdictions?
  - crypto = glue, mortar, building blocks
  - "rooms" = private places; issues of access control
  - Unless cops are put into these various "rooms," via a
     technology we can barely imagine today (agents?), it will
     be essentially impossible to control what happens in these
     rooms and places. Too many degrees of freedom, too many
     avenues for exchange.
  - cyberspaces, MUDs, virtual communities, private law,
     untouchable by physical governments
17.5.2. keyword-based
  - can be spoofed by including dictionaries
17.5.3. dig sig based (reputation-based)
17.5.4. pools and anonymous areas may be explicitly supported
17.5.5. better newsreaders, screens, filters
17.5.6. Switches
  - "switching fabrics"
  - ATM
  - Intel's flexible mesh interconnects, iWARP, etc.
  - all of these will make for an exponential increase in
     degrees of freedom for remailer networks (labyrinths). On-
     chip remailing is esentially what is needed for Chaum's
     mixes. ATM quanta (packets) are the next likely target for
     remailers.
17.5.7. "What limits on the Net are being proposed?"
  - NII
  + Holding carriers liable for content
    - e.g., suing Compuserve or Netcom
    - often done with bulletin boards
  - "We have to do something!"
  + Newspapers are complaining about the Four Horsemen of the
     Infocalypse:
    - terrorists, pedophiles, drug dealers, and money
       launderers
    + The "L.A. Times" opines:
      - "Designers of the new Information Age were inspired by
         noble dreams of free-flowing data as a global
         liberating force, a true democratizing agent.  Sadly,
         the crooks and creeps have also climbed aboard.  The
         time has come for much tighter computer security.
         After all, banks learned to put locks on their vaults."
         ["L.A. Times," editorial, 1994-07-13]

17.6. The Effects of Strong Crypto on Society
17.6.1. "What will be the effects of strong crypto, ultimately, on
   the social fabric?"
  - It's hard to know for sure.
  + These effects seem likely:
    - Starvation of government tax revenues, with concommitant
       effects on welfare, spending, etc.
    - increases in espioage
    - trust issues
17.6.2. The revelations of surveillance and monitoring of citizens
   and corporations will serve to increase the use of
   encryption, at first by people with something to hide, and
   then by others. Cypherpunks are already helping by spreading
   the word of these situations.
  - a snowballing effect
  - and various government agencies will themselves use
     encryption to protect their files and their privacy
17.6.3. People making individual moral choices
  - people will make their own choices as to what to reveal,
     what they think will help world peace, or the future, or
     the dolphins, or whatever
  - and this will be a liquid market, not just souls shouting
     in the desert
  - of course, not everything will be revealed, but the "mosaic
     effect" ensures that mostly the truth will emerge
  - every government's worst fear, that it's subjects will
     decide for themselves what is secret, what is not, what can
     be told to foreigners, etc.

17.7. New Software Tools and Programming Frameworks
17.7.1. Needed software
  - Drop-in crypto modules are a needed development. As V.
     Bontchev says, "it would be nice if disk encryption
     software allowed the user to plug in their own modules.
     This way everybody could use whatever they trust - MDC/SHA,
     MDC/MD5, DES, IDEA, whatever." [V.B., sci.crypt, 1994-07-
     01]
  + Robustness
    - Security and robustness are often at odds
    - Files that are wiped at the first hint of intrusion
       (digital flash paper), remailer sites that go down at the
       first signs of trouble, and file transmission systems
       that split files into multiple pieces--any one of which
       can be lost, thus destroying the whole transmission--are
       not exactly models of robustness.
    - Error correction usually works by decreasing entropy
       through redundancy, which is bad for crypto.
    - The military uses elaborate (and expensive) systems to
       ensure that systems do not go down, keys are not lost,
       etc. Most casual users of crypto are unwilling to take
       these steps.
    - And so keys are lost, passphrases are forgotten (or are
       written down on Post-It Notes and taped to terminals),
       and remailers are taken down when operators go on
       vacation. All very flaky and non-robust.
    - Look at how flaky mail delivery is!
    + A challenge is to create systems which are:
      - robust
      - not too complicated and labor-intensive to use
      - where redundancy does not compromise security
  + Crypto workbench
    - An overused term, perhaps, but one that captures the
       metaphor of a large set of tools, templates, programming
       aids, etc.
    + QKS and "Agents Construction Kit" (under development)
      - along with Dylan, DylanAgents, Telescript, and probably
         several other attempts to develop agent toolkits
    - Henry Strickland is using "tcl" (sort of a scripting
       language, like "perl") as a basis.
  + Software crisis
    - tools, languages, frameworks, environments, objects,
       class libraries, methods, agents, correctness,
       robustness, evolution, prototyping
    + Connections between the software crisis and cryptography
      - complex systems, complicated protocols
      - price of being "wrong" can be very high, whether it's
         an airport that can't open on time (Denver) or a
         digital bank that has its assets drained in seconds
      - agents, objects are hoped to be the "silver bullets"
    + The need for better software methodologies
      - "silver bullets"
      - failures, errors, flaws, methods
      - provably correct designs? (a la Viper)
      - It is often said that much better methodologies are
         needed for _real time programming_, due to the time-
         criticality and (probably) the difficulty of doing
         realistic testing. But surely the same should be said
         of _financial programming_, a la the banking and
         digicash schemes that interest us so much.
      - "the one aspect of software that most makes it the
         flaky industry it is is that it is unusual for
         practitioners to study the work of others.  Programmers
         don't read great programs.  Designers don't study
         outstanding designs. The consequences ... no, just look
         for yourself. [Cameron Laird, comp.software-eng, 1994-
         08-30]
    + Large Software Constructs
      - The software crisis becomes particularly acute when
         large systems are built, such as--to apply this to
         Cypherpunks issues--when digital money systems and
         economies are built.
17.7.2. Object-oriented tools
  + While tres trendy, some very real gains are being reported;
     more than just a buzzword, especially when combined with
     other tools:
    - frameworks, toolkits
    + dynamic languages
      - greater flexibility than with static, strongly-typed
         langueages (but also less safety, usually)
  - OpenStep, Visual Age, Visual Basic, Dylan, Telescript (more
     agent-oriented), Lisp, Smalltalk, etc
17.7.3. Protocol Ecologies
  - Behavioral simulations of agents, digital money, spoofing,
     etc.
  - the world in which Alice and Bob and their crypto friends
     live
  - defense, attack, spoofing, impersonation, theft
  - elements that are cryptographically strong (like D-H key
     exchanges), but combined in complex ways that almost have
     to be simulated to find weaknesses
  - "middle-out" instead of "top-down" (conventional, formal)
     or "bottom-up" (emergent, A-LIFE)
  - like Eurisko (Lenat), except oriented toward the domain of
     financial agents
17.7.4. Use of autonomous agents (slaves?)
  - "An advanced telecommunications environment offers a number
     of ways to protect yourself against the problems involved
     in dealing with anonymous entities in a situation in which
     there is no monopoly Government.....When one's PBX finds
     that one's call is not going through via a particular long
     distance carrier, it automatically switches to another one.
     It is easy to imagine one's intelligent agents testing
     various sorts of transaction completions and switching
     vendors when one fails. Professional checkers can supply
     information on vendor status for a fee. After all, we don't
     care if a company we are dealing with changes if its
     service is unaffected."  [Duncan Frissell, 1994-08-30]
17.7.5. Tools
  + "Languages within languages" is a standard way to go to
     implement abstractions
    - "Intermediate Design Languages" (IDLs)
    - abstract concepts: such as "engines" and "futures"
    - Lisp and Scheme have been favored languages for this
    - other languages as well: Smalltalk, Dylan
  + For crypto, this seems to be the case: abstractions
     represented as classes or objects
    - with programming then the selective subclassing
    - and sometimes gener
  + "type checking" of crypto objects is needed
    - to ensure compliance with protocols, with forms expected,
       etc.
    - check messages for form, removal of sigs, etc. (analogous
       to checking a letter before mailing for proper
       addressing, for stamp, sealing, etc.)
    - much of the nonrobustness of mail and crypto comes from
       the problems with exception handling--things that a human
       involved might be able to resolve, in conventional mail
       systems
    - "dead letter department"?
    - Note: In the "Crypto Anarchy Game" we played in
       September, 1992, many sealed messages were discarded for
       being in the wrong form, lacking the remailer fee that
       the remailer required, etc. Granted, human beings make
       fairly poor maintainers of complex constraints....a lot
       of people just kept forgetting to do what was needed. A
       great time was had by all.
17.7.6. "What programming framework features are needed?"
  - What follows are definitely my opnions, even more my own
     opinions than most of what I've written. Many people will
     disagree.
  + Needed:
    - Flexibility over speed
    - Rapid prototyping, to add new features
    - Evolutionary approaches
    - Robustness (provably correct would be nice, but...)
17.7.7. Frameworks, Tools, Capabilities
  - Nearly all the cutting-edge work in operating systems, from
     "mutually suspicious cooperating processes" to "deadlock"
     to "persistence," show up in the crypto areas we are
     considering.
  + Software of the Net vs. Software to Access the Net
    - The Net--is current form adequate?
    - Software for Accessing the Net
  + OpenDoc and OLE
    - components working together, on top of various operating
       systems, on top of various hardware platforms
  + Persistent Object Stores
    - likely to be needed for the systems we envision
    - robust, so that one's "money" doesn't evaporate when a
       system is rebooted!
    - interesting issues here...
    - CORBA. OpenDoc, OLE II, SOM, DOE, Gemstone, etc.
  + Programming Frameworks
    - Dynamic languages may be very useful when details are
       fuzzy, when the ideas need exploration (this is not a
       call for nondeterminism, for random futzing around, but a
       recognition that the precise, strongly-typed approach of
       some languages may be less useful than a rich,
       exploratory environment. This fits with the "ecology"
       point of view.
    -
  + Connectivity
    - needs to be more robust, not flaky the way current e-mail
       is
    - handshakes, agents, robust connections
    - ATM, SONET, agents, etc....the "Net of the Future"

17.8. Complexity
17.8.1. The shifting sands of modern, complex systems
  - lots of cruft, detail...changing..related to the "software
     crisis"...the very flexibilty of modern software systems
     promotes the frequent changing of features and behaviors,
     thus playing hob with attempts of others to understand the
     structure...evolution in action
  - humans who use these systems forget how the commands work,
     where things are stored, how to unsubscribe from lists,
     etc. (This is just one reason the various sub-lists of our
     list have seldom gotten much traffic: people use what they
     are most used to using, and forget the rest.)
  - computer agents (scripts, programs) which use these systems
     often "break" when the underlying system changes. A good
     example of this are the remailer sites, and scripts to use
     them. As remailer sites go up and down, as keys change, as
     other things change, the scripts must change to keep pace.
  - This very document is another example. Scattered throughout
     are references to sites, programs, sources, etc. As time
     goes by, more and more of them will (inevitably) become
     obsolete. (My hope is that enough of the pointers will
     point to still-extant things so as to make the pointers
     remain useful. And I'll try to update/correct the bad
     pointers.)
17.8.2. "Out of Control"
  - Kevin Kelly's book
  - inability to have precise control, and how this is
     consistent with evolution, emergent properties, limits of
     formal models
  - crypto, degrees of freedom
  + imagine nets of the near future
    - ten-fold increase in sites, users, domains
    - ATM switching fabrics..granularity of transactions
       changes...convergence of computing and communications...
    + distributed computation ( which, by the way, surely needs
       crypto security!)
      - Joule, Digital Silk Road
    - agents, etc.
  + can't control the distribution of information
    + As with the Amateur Action BBS case, access can't be
       controlled.
      - "The existance of gateways and proxy servers means that
         there is no effective way to determine where any
         information you make accessible will eventually end up.
         Somebody in, say, Tennessee can easily get at an FTP
         site in California through a proxy in Switzerland.
         Even detailed information about what kind of
         information is considered contraband in every
         jurisdiction in the world won't help, unless every
         *gateway* in the world has it and uses it as well."
         [Stephen R. Savitzky, comp.org.eff.talk, 1994-08-08]
17.8.3. A fertile union of cryptology, game theory, economics, and
   ecology
  + crypto has long ignored economics, except peripherally, as
     an engineering issue (how long encryption takes, etc.)
    - in particular, areas of reputation, risk, etc. have not
       been treated as central idea...perhaps proper for
       mathematical algorithm work
    - but economics is clearly central to the systems being
       planned...digital cash, data havens, remailers, etc.
  + why cash works so well...locality of reference, immediate
     clearing of transactions, forces computations down to
     relevant units
    - reduces complaints, "he made me do it" arguments...that
       is, increases self-responsibility...caveat emptor
  + game theory
    + ripe for treatment of "Alice and Bob" sorts of
       situations, in which agents with different agendas are
       interacting and competing
      - "defecting" as in Prisoner's Dilemma
      - payoff matrices for various behaviors
  - evolutionary game theory
  - evolutionary learning, genetic algorithms/programmming
  - protocol ecologies

17.9. Crypto Standards
17.9.1. The importance of standards
  - a critical role
  + Part of standards is validation, test suites, etc.
    - validating the features and security of a remailer,
       through pings, tests, performance tests, reliability,
       etc.
    - thus imposing a negative hit on those who fail
    + There are many ways to do this standards testing
      - market reports (as with commercial chips, software)
      - "seals of approval" (especially convenient with digital
         sigs)

17.10. Crypto Research
17.10.1. Academic research continues to increase
17.10.2. "What's the future of crypto?"
  - Predicting the future is notoriously difficult. IBM didn't
     think many computers would ever be sold, Western Union
     passed on the chance to buy Bell's telephone patents. And
     so on. The future is always cloudy, the past is always
     clear and obvious.
  - We'll know in 30 years which of our cypherpunkish and
     cryptoanarchist predictions came to pass--and which didn't.
17.10.3. Ciphers are somewhat like knots...the right sequence of moves
   unties them, the wrong sequence only makes them more tangled.
   ("Knot theory" is becoming a hot topic in math and physics
   (work of Vaughn Jones, string theory, etc.) and I suspect
   there are some links between knot theory and crypto.)
17.10.4. Game theory, reputations, crypto -- a lot to be done here
  - a missing link, an area not covered in academic cryptology
     research
  - distributed trust models, collusion, cooperation,
     evolutionary game theory, ecologies, systems
17.10.5. More advanced areas, newer approaches
  + some have suggested quasigroups, Latin squares, finite
     automata, etc. Quasigroups are important in the IDEA
     cipher, and in some DES work. (I won't speculate furher
     about an area I no almost nothing about....I'd heard of
     semigroups, but not quasigroups.)
    - "The "Block Mixing Transform" technology which I have
       been promoting on sci.crypt for much of this spring and
       summer is a Latin square technology.  (This was part of
       my "Large Block DES" project, which eventually produced
       the "Fenced DES" cipher as a possible DES
       upgrade.)....Each of the equations in a Block Mixing
       Transform is the equation for a Latin square.  The
       multiple equations in such a transform together represent
       orthogonal Latin squares. [Terry Ritter, sci.crypt, 1994-
       08-15]
  + But what about for public key uses? Here's something Perry
     Metzger ran across:
    - ""Finte Automata, Latin arrays, and Cryptography" by Tao
       Renji, Institute of Software, Academia Sinica, Beijing.
       This (as yet unpublished) paper covers several
       fascinating topics, including some very fast public key
       methods -- unfortunately in too little detail. Hopefully
       a published version will appear soon..." [P.M.,
       sci.crypt, 1994-08-14]
17.10.6. Comments on crypto state of the art today vs. what is likely
   to be coming
  - Perry Metzger comments on today's practical difficulties:
     "...can the difference between "crypto can be transforming
     when the technology matures" and "crypto is mature now" be
     that unobvious?....One of the reasons I'm involved with the
     IETF IPSP effort is because the crypto stuff has to be
     transparent and ubiquitous before it is going to be truly
     useful -- in its current form its just junk. Hopefully,
     later versions of PGP will also interface well with the new
     standards being developed for an integrated secure message
     body type in MIME. (PGP also requires some sort of scalable
     and reverse mapable keyid system -- the current keyids are
     not going to allow key servers to scale in a distributed
     manner.) Yes, I've seen the shell scripts and the rest, and
     they really require too much effort for most people -- and
     at best, once you have things set up, you can now securely
     read some email at some sites. I know that for myself,
     given that I read a large fraction of my mail while working
     at clients, where I emphatically do not trust the hardware,
     every encrypted message means great inconvenience,
     regardless." [Perry Metzger, 1994-08-25]

17.11. Crypto Armageddon? Cryptageddon?
17.11.1. "Will there be a "Waco in cyberspace"?"
  - while some of us are very vocal here, and are probably
     known to the authorities, this is not generally the case.
     Many of the users of strong crypto will be discreet and
     will not give outward appearances of being code-using
     crypto anarchist cultists.
17.11.2. Attacks to come
  - "You'll see these folks attacking anonymous remailers,
     cryptography, psuedonymous accounts, and other tools  of
     coercion-free expression and information  interchange on
     the net, ironically often in the name of promoting
     "commerce".  You'll hear them rant and rave about
     "criminals" and "terrorists", as if they even had a good
     clue about the laws of the thousands  of jurisdictions
     criss-crossed by the Internet, and as if their own attempts
     to enable coercion bear no resemblance to the practice of
     terrorism.  The scary thing is, they  really think they
     have a good idea about what all those laws should be, and
     they're perfectly willing to shove it down our throats,
     regardless of the vast diversity of culture, intellectual,
     political, and legal opinion on the planet."
     [<an50@desert.hacktic.nl> (Nobody),  libtech-l@netcom.com,
     1994-06-08]
  + why I'm not sanguine about Feds
    - killing Randy Weaver's wife and son from a distance,
       after trumped-up weapons charges
    - burning alive the Koresh compound, on trumped-up charges
       of Satanism, child abuse, and wife-insulting
    - seizures of boats, cars, etc., on "suspicion" of
       involvement with drugs

17.12. "The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades"
17.12.1. Despite the occasionally gloomy predictions, things look
   pretty good.No guarantees, of course, but trends that are
   favorable. No reason for us to rest, though.
17.12.2. Duncan Frissell puts it this way:
  - "Trade is way up.  Wealth is way up.  International travel
     is way up. Migration is way up.  Resource prices are the
     lowest in human history.  Communications costs are way
     down.  Electronics costs are way down.  We are in a zero or
     negative inflation environment.  The quantity and quality
     of  goods and services offered on the markets is at an all-
     time high.  The percentage of the world's countries headed
     by dictators is the lowest it's ever been.

     "What all this means is that political philosophies that
     depend on force of arms to push people into line,  will
     increasingly fail to work.  Rich people with choices will,
     when  coerced, tend to change their investments and
     business affairs into a friendlier form or to move to a
     friendlier  environment.  Choice is real.  If choices
     exist, they will be made.  An ever higher proportion of the
     world's people will be "rich" in wealth and choice as the
     years go on.

     "Only a political philosophy that depends on the uncoerced
     cooperation of very  different people has a chance of
     functioning in  the future." [Duncan Frissell, 1994-09-09]

17.13. "Will cryptography really bring on the Millenium?"
17.13.1. Yes. And cats will move in with dogs,  Snapple will rain from
   the sky, and P will be shown unequal to NP.
17.13.2. Seriously, the implications of strong privacy, of
   cyberspatial economies, and of borders becoming transparent
   are enormous. The way governments do business is already
   changing, and this will change things even more dramatically.
   The precise form may be unpredictable, but certain end states
   are fairly easy to predict in broad brush strokes.
17.13.3. "How do we know the implications of crypto are what I've
   claimed?"
  - We can't know the future.
  - Printing, railroads, electrification
17.13.4. "When will it all happen? When will strong crypto really
   begin to have a major effect on the economy?"
  + Stages:
    - The Prehistoric Era. Prior to 1975. NSA and other
       intelligence agencies controlled most crypto work.
       Cryptography seen as a hobby. DES just starting to be
       deployed by banks and financial institutions.
    - The Research Era. 1975-1992. Intense interest in public
       key discovery, in various protocols. Start of several
       "Crypto" conferences. Work on digital money, DC-Nets,
       timestamping, etc.
    - The Activism Era. 1992--?? (probably 1998). PGP 2.0
       released. Cypherpunks formed. Clipper announced--meets
       firestorm of protest. EFF, CPSR, EPIC, other groups.
       "Wired" starts publication. Digital Telelphony, other
       bills. Several attempts to start crypto businesses are
       made...most founder.
    - The Transition Era. After about 1999. Businesses start.
       Digital cash needed for Net transactions. Networks and
       computers fast enough to allow more robust protocols. Tax
       havens flourish. "New Underworld Order" (credit to Claire
       Sterling) flourishes.
  - It is premature to expect that the current environment--
     technological and regulatory--will be beneficial to the
     type of strong crypto we favor. Too many pieces are
     missing. Several more advances are needed. A few more
     failures are also needed (gulp!) to show better how not to
     proceed.
17.13.5. "But will crypto anarchy actually happen?"
  - To a growing extent, it already is happening. Look at the
     so-called illegal markets, the flows of drug money around
     the world, the transfer of billions of dollars a day on
     mere "chop marks," and the thriving trade in banned items.
  - "Grey and black capitalism is already a major component of
     international cash flows....Once adequate user friendly
     software is available, the internet will accellerate this
     already existing trend....Crypto anarchy is merely the
     application of modern tools to assist covert capitalism."
     [James Donald, 1994-08-29]
  - There are arguments that a Great Crackdown is coming, that
     governments will shut down illegal markets, will stop
     strong crypto, will force underground economies
     aboveground. This is doubtful--it's been tried for the past
     several decades (or more). Prohibition merely made crime
     more organized; ditto for the War on (Some) Drugs.
17.13.6. "Has the point of no return been passed on strong crypto?"
  - Actually, I think that in the U.S. at least, the point was
     passed decades ago, possibly a century or more ago, and
     that any hope of controlling strong crypto and private
     communication evaporated long ago. Abuses by the FBI in
     wiretapping Americans, and reports of NSA monitoring of
     domestic communications notwithstanding, it is
     essentially.....

17.14. Loose Ends
17.14.1. firewalls, virtual perimeters, swIPe-type encrypted tunnels,
   an end to break-ins,
17.14.2. "What kind of encryption will be used with ATM?"
  - (ATM = Asynchronous Transfer Mode, not Automated Teller
     Machine)
  - some reports that NSA is developing standards for ATM
17.14.3. Shapes of things to come, maybe....(laws of other countries)
  + India has a fee schedule for BBS operators, e.g., they have
     to pay $50,000 a year to operate a bulletin board! (This
     sounds like the urban legend about the FCC planning a modem
     tax, but maybe it's true.)
    - "The Forum for Rights to Electronic Expression (FREE) has
       been formed in India as a body dedicated to extending
       fundamental rights to the electronic domain....FREE owes
       its creation to an attack on Indian datacom by the Indian
       government, in the form of exorbitant licence fees (a
       minimum Rs. 1.5 million = US$50,000 each year for a BBS,
       much higher for e-mail)." [amehta@doe.ernet.in (Dr. Arun
       Mehta), forwarded by Phil Agre, comp.org.cpsr.talk, 1994-
       08-31]
    - for more info: ftp.eff.org
       /pub/EFF/Policy/World/India/FREE
17.14.4. Cyberspace will need better protection
  - to ensure spoofing and counterfeiting is reduced (recall
     Habitat's problems with people figuring out the loopholes)

18. Loose Ends and Miscellaneous Topics

18.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

18.2. SUMMARY: Loose Ends and Miscellaneous Topics
18.2.1. Main Points
18.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
18.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
18.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - I hate to have a section like this, but there are just some
     things that don't seem to fit neatly elsewhere
  - hopefully you found this topics with your editor search
     tools

18.3. Quantum Cryptography
18.3.1. "What is quantum cryptography?"
  + Two main flavors:
    + secure channels exploiting the Uncertainty Principle
      + Brassard, Bennett, fiber optic lines, short distances,
         detects tapping
        + Quantum cryptography
          - bits can be exchanged-albeit at fairly low
             efficiencies-over a channel
          - with detection of taps, via the change of
             polarizations
          + Stephen Wiesner wrote a 1970 paper, half a decade
             before the P-K work, which outlined this-not
             published until much later
            - speculate that the NSA knew about this and
               quashed the publication
    + factoring of numbers using a strange Many World
       interpretation
      - Shor
      + hearkens to my spoof about Russians
        - I never knew I hit so close to the mark!
18.3.2. "What about _quantum cryptography_?"
  + Exploiting Uncertainty Principle to make untappable
     communication lines. (More precisely, tapped lines give
     indication of having been tapped.)
    - Bennett and Brassard
    - faint flashes of light in a fiber optic cable used;
       polarized photons
    - Alice and  Bob go through a protocol that involves them
       picking Linear or Circular Polarization (LP or CP); can't
       be simultaneously measured...
    -
  - Not likely to be important for a long time.
  - An additional tool, or crypto primitive building block.

18.4. Chaotic Cryptography
18.4.1. the oscillator scheme was broken at Crypto '94

18.5. Neural Nets and AI in Crypto
18.5.1. "What about neural nets and AI in crypto?"
  - Of limited use, at least in breaking modern ciphers. Marvin
     Minsky once said that if you don't understand how to solve
     a problem, adding randomness usually doesn't help.
  - The shape of  the solution space is very spiky, very poorly-
     suited to hill-climbing or divide-and-conquer methods
  + Neural nets are not likely to do well with modern ciphers
     (e.g., RSA, IDEA, DES, etc.), mainly because of the shape
     of the solution space.  Instead of the "rolling hills and
     valleys" that neural nets (and related methods, such as
     genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, etc.) do well in,
     the solution space for modern ciphers offers very little in
     the way of "learning" opportunities: you either have the
     solution (the key), or you don't.

     Think of a needle standing up from a flat plain...a NN or
     any other hill-climber could wander for years and never
     find it. Well-designed modern ciphers like RSA and IDEA
     appear to admit no analysis based on "nonrandom"
     properties. If anybody has found shortcuts to factoring the
     modulus in RSA, for example, they haven't let on.

     I suspect there are uses in peripheral aspects, such as
     guessing passwords (when people have not picked high-
     entropy passwords, but have instead used familiar names).
     Or in traffic analysis. Those who munch on lots of traffic
     may well be using neural nets, custom signal processing,
     etc. to "prepare" the captured traffic for further
     analysis. A safe bet, in fact.

     But the move in modern cryptology is definitely away from
     using anything with "structure" that can be learned. Put
     another way, neural nets and such work well in structured
     environments, where there's something to _learn), but not
     in the high-entropy, seemingly random world of encrypted
     data.
    + AI may be useful in other areas
      - protocol generation
      - SIGINT
18.5.2. Evolutionary or Genetic Programming
  - a la Holland, Koza
  - RNGs

18.6. Miscellaneous Advanced Crypto Ideas
18.6.1. "Why have provably "NP-complete" problems not found uses in
   crypto?"
  - One of the great Unresolved Mysteries! Or the Holy Grail,
     if you will.
  - The issue is why have provably hard (or NP-complete, to be
     more accurate) problems not been used? (Factoring is not
     known to NP-complete...experts can correct my phrasing here
     if I'm misstating things.)
  - It would be nice if a provably hard problem, such as the
     domino tiling problem, or 3SAT, or other such things out of
     Garey and Johnson's book on NP-Completeness could be used.
     This would increase confidence in ciphers still further.
18.6.2. "Can cellular automata, like Conway's "Game of Life," be used
   for cryptography?"
  - Stephen Wolfram proposed use of cellular automata for
     crytography some years back; his collection of essays on
     cellular automata contains at least one such mention. Many
     people suspected that 1D CAs were no stronger than linear
     feedback shift registers (LFSRs), and I recally hearing a
     couple of years ago that someone proved 1D CAs (and maybe
     all CAs?) are equivalent to LFSRs, which have been used in
     crypto for many years.
  - Wolfram's book is "Theory and Applications of Cellular
     Automata," 1986, World Scientific. Several papers on using
     CAs for random sequence generation. P. Bardell showed
     in1990 that CAs produce the outputs of LFSRs.) Wolfram also
     has a paper, "Cryptography with cellular automata," in
     Proc. CRYPTO 85.
  - Intuitively, the idea of a CA looks attractive for "one-way
     functions," for the reasons mentioned. But what's the
     "trapdoor" that gives the key holder a shortcut to reverse
     the process? (Public key crypto needs a trapdoor 1-way
     funtion that is easy to reverse if one has the right
     information).

18.7. Viruses and Crypto
18.7.1. "What's the connection between Cypherpunks and viruses?"
  - Like, dewd, it's so kool.
  - Beavis 'n Butthead use PGP (actually, Eric Hughes proposed
     at one point that we suggest a crypto tie-in to the
     writers)
  - There's only peripheral connection.
  - Viruses can be spread with anonymous remailers, but digital
     signatures can be used to safeguard software. Signed
     software, no mods allowed.
18.7.2. "What about the "encryption viruses," like KOH?"
  - (A little far afield, but the issue does come up.)
  - Somebody asked about this on sci.crypt and Vesselin
     Bontchev said:  "This topic has been debated to death in
     alt.security.pgp, when somebody posted KOH, without even a
     warning that it is a virus.....Both viruses indeed use the
     IDEA cipher - the same that is used both by SecureDevice
     and SecureDrive. However, the viruses pose some significant
     threats to the integrity of your data, exactly because of
     their viral replication means.....Also, if you aquire it by
     viral means, you do not get the doumentation and one
     utility, both of which are essential for the proper usage
     of the product - thus proving one more time that its viral
     capabilities are unnecessary and harmful. Also, the virus
     does not come in source, which means that it could have
     some hidden backdoors or simply security flaws, and you
     have no way to check this or to fix them. At last, in some
     cases the virus could destroy valuable information during
     its replication process."
  - "In short - don't use them. You will gain nothing over
     using
     stand-alone encryption programs, and you'll expose your
     data's
     integrity to significant risks. Those viruses are
     completely useless
     and even harmful; they have been created with the only
     reason to
     condone the illicit activities of the virus writers, by
     claiming that
     computer viruses can be "useful"." [Vesselin Bontchev,
     sci.crypt, 1994-08-31]
18.7.3. "What about viruses? Are there any ties to crypto and
   Cypherpunks themes?"
  - No direct link that any of us see clearly. Occasionally a
     virus fan sees the "punks" name and thinks we're involved
     in writing viruses. (Actually, a few folks on the list have
     virus expertise.)
  - Crypto may protect against viruses, by having code signed.
     And the reliance on self-responsibility and self-protection
     is in contrast to the legal approach, which tends not to
     work too well for virus protection (by the covert nature of
     many viruses).
18.7.4. "What interests do Cypherpunks have in viruses?"
  - Not much, though the topic comes up periodically.
  - Some overlap in the communities involved.
  - And there are some virus methods which use forms of
     encryption.
  - Also, digital signatures on code can be used to ensure that
     code has not been modified since being released by the
     original author.

18.8. Making Money in Crypto
18.8.1. "How can I make money in crypto?"
  - crypto experts are hired by software companies
  + start up companies
    - a tough road
    - not clear that even Phil Zimmermann has made money
    - and even RSADSI is facing a challenge (hasn't gone
       public, not a cash cow, etc.)
  - There may be an explosive growth--the phase change I often
     talk about--and many opportunities will emerge. But, having
     said this, I still don't see obvious opportunities right
     now. And starting a company based on hope and ideology,
     rather than supplying a real market or pushing real
     technology (market pull vs. technology push argument) seem
     misguided.

18.9. The Net
18.9.1. Limitations of the current net
  - interoperability
  + subsidized, not pay as you go
    - makes spamming inevitable, doesn't allocate resources to
       those who want them the most
    - this will require digicash in a better form than most
       users now have access to
  - sysadmins get worried
  - encryption sometimes banned
  - common carrier status not clear
  - general cruftiness of Net ("imminent death of Usenet
     predicted")

18.10. Duress Switches, Dead Man Switches
18.10.1. "What about "duress" codes for additional security?"
  - Where a harmless decrytion can be done, or an alarm sent.
  + Examples
    - sending alarm, like an under the counter alarm button
    - decrypting a bank card number for a lesser-value account
    - two sets of books (not strictly a "duress" code, unless
       you view the IRS as causing duress)
    - alarms to associates, as in cells
  - " Having a separate authentication mechanism that is used
     under duress is a very good idea that some existing systems
     already
     employ....  From a systems point of view, it is hard to
     figure out exactly how the system should respond when it
     recognizes a duress authentication....The safe inside the
     ATM machines used by BayBanks (Boston Mass) can be opened
     with two combinations.  One combination sends an alarm to
     the bank via a separate phone line (not the one used to
     perform the ATM transaction).  The alarm phone line is also
     connected to a conventional panic switch." [Bob Baldwin,
     Duress Passwords/PINs/Combinations, 1993-11-18]
18.10.2. Duress switches, dead man switches, etc.
  + "Digital flash paper," can be triggered to erase files,
     etc.
    - (BATF and DEA raiders may have sophisticated means of
       disabling computers)
  + Duress codes..."erase my files," ways of not giving esrowed
     information unless proper code is given, etc.
    + "Don't release if I am under indictment"
      - interesting issues about secret indictments, about
         publicity of such cases, access to court records by
         offshore computers, etc.
18.10.3. Personal security for disks, dead man switches
  + I have heard that some BBS operators install dead man
     switches near the doors to rooms containing their
     systems...entering the room without flipping the switch
     causes some action to be taken
    - erasing a disk, dumping a RAM disk (a dangerous way to
       store data, given power failures, soft errors, restarts,
       etc.)

18.11. Can Encryption be Detected?
18.11.1. "Can messages be scanned and checked for encryption?"
  - If the encryption produces _markers_ or other indications,
     then of course. "BEGIN PGP" is a pretty clear beacon. (Such
     markers assists in decryption by the recipient, but are not
     essential. "Stealth" versions of PGP and other encryption
     programs--such as S-Tools for DOS--don't have such
     markers.)
  - If the encryption produces "random-looking" stuff, then
     entropy measures and other statistical tests may or may not
     be able detect such messages reliably. Depends on what non-
     encrypted messages look like, and how the algorithm  works.
  + Steganography:
    - making messages look like normal ones
    - tucking th ebits in with other random-like bits, such as
       in the low-order bits of images or sound files
  - The practical concern depends on one's local political
     environment. In many countries, mere suspicion of using
     crypto could put one in real danger.

18.12. Personal Digital Assistants, Newtons, etc.
18.12.1. "Are there cryptographic uses for things like Newtons?"
  - Probably. Eventually. Digital wallets, portable key
     holders, local agents for access, etc.
  + Meanwhile, a few encryption programs exist. Here's one:
    - -> nCrypt, the strong cryptography application for
       Newton:
       -> ftp.sumex-aim.stanford.edu/info-mac/nwt/utils/n-crypt-
       lite.hqx

18.13. Physical Security
18.13.1. "Can fiber optical cables be tapped?"
  + Yes. Light can escape from the fiber in bends, and "near-
     field" tapping is theoretically possible, at least under
     lab conditions. Active measures for puncturing cable
     shields and tapping fibers are also possible.
    - "The Fed's want a cost effective F/O tap. My company was
       approached to develop such a system, can be done but not
       cheap like copper wire tapping." [
       domonkos@access.digex.net (andy domonkos),
       comp.org.eff.talk, 1994-06-29]
  - Los Alamos technology? 1990?

18.14. Attacking Governments
18.14.1. "termites" (rumors, psy-ops) that can undermine governments,
   followed by "torpedoes" (direct attack)
18.14.2. WASTE (War Against Strong, Tamper-resistant Encryption).

18.15. Cypherpunks List Issues
18.15.1. too much noise on the list?
  - "Of all the lists I'm subscribed to, this is the only one
     that I read
     *every* article in.  Even the "noise" articles.  Humans
     being what
     they are, the noise is needed to help decide the direction
     of the
     group.  Besides, for those of us who are just starting on
     our journey
     through crypto-underworld need the noise to help
     familiarize
     ourselves with how crypto works.  I've learned more from
     the informal
     ramblings than I've gathered out of all the formal and/or
     mathematical
     postings to date." [Patrick E. Hykkonen, 5-25-93]

18.16. Tamper-Resistant Modules
18.16.1. TRMs--claims that "Picbuster" processor can be locally
   overwritten with focussed or directed UV (OTP)
18.16.2. tamper-resistant modules have some downsides as well
  - cash registers for ensuring compliance with all relevant
     sales tax, value-added tax (VAT), and rationing rules; a
     tamper-resistant module cash register could be the
     enforcement mechanism for a national security state.
  - "observers"

18.17. Deeper Connections
18.17.1. In several places I've referred to "deep connections" between
   things like crypto, money, game theory, evolutionary
   ecologies, human motivations, and the nature of law. By this
   I mean that there are deeper, unifying principles. Principles
   involving locality, identity, and disclosure of knowledge. A
   good example: the deep fairness of "cut-and-choose" protocols-
   -I've seen mention of this in game theory tesxts, but not
   much discussion of other, similar protocols.
18.17.2. For example, below the level of number theory and algorithms
   in cryptology lies a level dealing with "identity," "proof,"
   "collusion," and other such core concepts, concepts that can
   almost be dealt with independent of the acual algorithms
   (though the concrete realization of public key methods took
   this out of the abstract realm of philosophy and made it
   important to analyze). And these abstract concepts are linked
   to other fields, such as economics, human psychology, law,
   and evolutionary game theory (the study of evolved strategies
   in multi-agent systems, e.g., human beings interacting and
   trading with each other).
18.17.3. I believe there are important questions about why things work
   the way they do at this level. To be concrete, why do threats
   of physical coercion create market distortions and what
   effects does this have? Or, what is the nature of emergent
   behavior in reputation-based systems? (The combinatiion of
   crypto and economics is a fertile area, barely touched upon
   by the academic cryptology community.) Why is locality is
   important, and what does this mean for digital cash? Why does
   regulation often produce _more_ crime?
18.17.4. Crypto and the related ideas of reputation, identity, and
   webs of trust has introduced a new angle into economic
   matters. I suspect there are a couple of Nobel Prizes in
   Economics for those who integrate these important concepts.

18.18. Loose End Loose Ends
18.18.1. What the core issues are...a tough thing to analyze
  - untraceablility as a basic construct has major implications
  + can often ask what the implications would be if, say:
    - invisibility existed
    - untraceability existed
  - By "tough to analyze" I mean that things are often
     coflated, mixed together. Is it the "reputations" that
     matter, or the "anonymity"? The "untraceability" or the
     "digital money"?
18.18.2. Price signalling in posts...for further information
  + When an article is posted, and there is more complete
     information available elsewhere by ftp, gopher, mosaic,
     etc., then how is this to to be signalled without actually
     advertising prominently?
    - why not a code, like the "Geek code" so many people put
       in their sigs? The code could be parsed by a reader and
       used to automatically fetch the information, pay for it,
       etc. (Agents that can be built in to newsreaders.)
18.18.3. "What should Cypherpunks support for "cable" or "set-top box"
   standards?
  - Caveats: My opinions, offered only to help frame the
     debate. And many of us reject the idea of government-
     mandated "standards," so my phrasing here is not meant to
     imply support of such standards.
  + Major alternatives:
    + Set-top box, with t.v. as core of access to "information
       superhighway."
      + Problems:
        - limited number of channels, even if "500 channels"
        - makes t.v. the focus, loses some other capabilities
        - few consumers will have television sets with the
           resolution capabilities that even current computer
           monitors have (there are reasons for this: size of
           monitors (related to viewing distance), NTSC
           constraints, age of televisions, etc.)
    + Switched-packet cable, as in ATM or even SONET
       (Synchronous Optical Network) access
      + Advantages:
        - Television is just one more switched-packet
           transmission, not using up the bandwidth
    + Radical Proposal: Complete deregulation
      + let cable suppliers--especially of optical fibers,
         which are small and unobtrusive--lay fibers to any home
         they can negotiate access to
        - e.g., by piggybacking on telephone lines, electrical
           cables, etc. (to remove the objection about unsightly
           new poles or cables being strung...should not be an
           issue with fiber optics)
      - let the market decide...let customers decide
  + In my view, government standards are a terrible idea here.
     Sure, NTSC was an effective standard, but it likely would
     have emerged without government involvement. Ditto for
     Ethernet and a zillion other standards. No need for
     government involvement.
    - Of course, when industry groups meet to discuss
       standards, one hopes that antitrust laws will not be
       invoked.
18.18.4. minor point: the importance of "But does it scale?" is often
   exaggerated
  - in many cases, it's much more important to simply get
     something deployed than it is to worry in advance about how
     it will break if too many people use it (e.g., MacDonald's
     worrying in 1955 about scalabilty of their business).
  - Remailer networks, for example, may not scale especially
     well in their current form...but who cares? Getting them
     used will allow further refinement.

19. Appendices

19.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

19.2. SUMMARY: Appendices
19.2.1. Main Points
19.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
19.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
19.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
  - This is still under construction
  - Disorganized!!!
  - URLs need to be checked

19.3. Appendix -- Sites, Addresses, URL/Web Sites, Etc.
19.3.1. be sure to get soda address straight!!!  [use clones]
  - I received mine from     soda.csua.berkeley.edu
     the menus are:            /pub/cypherpunks/pgp/pgp26

19.3.2. How to use this section
  + comment on URLs being only a snapshot...
    - use reply to Sherry Mayo here
19.3.3. General Crypto and Cypherpunks Sites
  - sci.crypt archive: anon ftp to ftp.wimsey.bc.ca:/pub/crypto
     [Mark Henderson]
  + ftp://soda.berkeley.edu/pub/cypherpunks/Home.html      [has
     probably been changed to soda.csua.edu site]
    - ftp://ftp.u.washington.edu/public/phantom/cpunk/README.ht
       ml
  - ftp://furmint.nectar.cs.cmu.edu/security/cypheressay/what-
     is-cypherpunk.html   [Vincent Cate, 1994-07-03]
  - ftp://wiretap.spies.com/Gov/World/usa.con
  - http://www.quadralay.com/www/Crypt/Crypt.html
  - http://cs.indiana.edu/ripem/dir.html
  - misc. article on crypto:
     http://www.quadralay.com/www/Crypt/Crypt.html
  - ftp.wimsey.bc.ca:/pub/crypto has REDOC III, Loki91, SHS and
     HAVAL (Mark Henderson, markh@vanbc.wimsey.com, 4-17-94,
     sci.crypt>
  + Some misc. ftp sites to check:
    - soda.berkeley.edu
    - ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de
    - ripem.msu.edu
    - garbo.uwasa.fi
    - wimsey.bc.ca
    - ghost.dsi.unimi.it
  - http://rsa.com
  - PC Expo disk package to ftp.wimsey.bc.ca [Arsen Ray
     Arachelian, 1994-07-05]
  + PC Expo disk
    - ftp.wimsey.bc.ca
       /pub/crypto/software/dist/US_or_Canada_only_XXXXXXXX/pcxp
       o/pcxpo.zip
  - "The FTP site ripem.msu.edu has a bunch of crypto stuff."
     [Mark Riordan, 1994-07-08]
  + URL for "Applied Cryptography"-related files
    - http://www.openmarket.com/info/cryptography/applied_crypt
       ography.html
19.3.4. PGP Information and Sites
  + http://www.mantis.co.uk/pgp/pgp.html
    - information on where to find PGP
  + pgpinfo@mantis.co.uk
    - send any mail to this site and receive a list back of PGP
       sites
  - PGP info: ftp.netcom.com, in /pub/gbe and in /pub/qwerty
  - more PGP:
     ftp:csn.org//mpj/I_will_not_export/crypto_???????/pgp
     <Michael Paul Johnson, mpj@csn.org, Colorado Catacombs, 4-8-
     94>
  - For non-U.S. sources of PGP: send blank mail to
     pgpinfo@mantis.co.uk
  + Sherry Mayo, a crypto researcher in Australia, is also
     making versions available:
    - "PGP2.6ui is available (I hope!) on my experimental WWW
       server, aim your browser at
       http://rschp2.anu.edu.au:8080/crypt.html   I am new to
       this WWW thing so let me know if you have any probs
       downloading. Available on the server is:
       PGP2.6ui source for unix machines
       Executable for the PC version of PGP 2.6ui
       Executable for MacPGP 2.3" [Sherry Mayo,
       talk.politics.crypto, 1994-09-06]
19.3.5. Key Servers
  + pgp-public-keys@demon.co.uk
    - HELP in the subject line for more information about how
       to use
  - pgp-public-keys@jpunix.com
  + pgp-public-keys@pgp.iastate.edu
    - ``help'' as the subject, to get a list of keyservers
       [Michael Graff  <explorer@iastate.edu>, alt.security.pgp,
       1994-07-04]
19.3.6. Remailer Sites
  - To show active remailers: finger remailer@soda.berkeley.edu
19.3.7. Mail-to-Usenet gateways:
  + group.name@paris.ics.uci.edu
    - group.name@cs.dal.ca
    - group.name@ug.cs.dal.ca
    - <compiled by Matthew J. Ghio, 4-18-94>
19.3.8. Government Information
  + California Legislative Information
    - "You are invited to browse the new edition of my list of
       Internet and direct dial sources of California government
       information at URL:
       www.cpsr.org/cpsr/states/california/cal_gov_info_FAQ.html
       " [Chris Mays, comp.org.cpsr.talk, 1994-07-01]

  + NSA Information
    - Can get on NSA/NCSC/NIST mailing list by sending to:
  - csrc.nist.gov:/pub/nistpubs
19.3.9. Clipper Info
  + http://www.mantis.co.uk/~mathew/
    - some good Clipper articles and testimony
19.3.10. Other
  + ftp://furmint.nectar.cs.cmu.edu/security/README.html#taxes
    - Vincent Cate
  - http://www.acns.nwu.edu/surfpunk/
  + Export Laws
    - "EFF Board member and Cygnus Support co-founder John
       Gilmore has set up a World Wide Web page on cryptography
       export issues, including information on how to apply for
       export clearance, exchages with Commerce Dept. on export
       licensing, legal documents on networking issues in
       relation to export of technology and crypto, and more.
       The URL is: http://www.cygnus.com/~gnu/export.html"
       [Stanton McCandlish, mech@eff.org, 1994-04-21]
  + Large integer math libraries
    - ripem.msu.edu <Mark Riordan, mrr@scss3.cl.msu.edu, 4-8-
       94, sci.crypt>
    - ftp:csn.org//mpj <Michael Paul Johnson, 4-8-94,
       sci.crypt>
  + Phrack
    - archived at ftp.netsys.com
  + Bruce Sterling's comments at CFP
    + Bruce Sterling's remarks delivered at the "Computers,
       Freedom and Privacy IV"
      - conference , Mar. 26 1994 in Chicago, are now online at
         EFF:
      - ftp://ftp.eff.org/pub/Publications/Bruce_Sterling/cfp_9
         4_sterling.speech
      - http://www.eff.org/pub/Publications/Bruce_Sterling/cfp_
         94_sterling.speech
      - gopher://gopher.eff.org/11/Publications/Bruce_Sterling/
         cfp_94_sterling.speech
      - gopher.eff.org, 1/Publications/Bruce_Sterling,
         cfp_94_sterling.speech
    - (source: Stanton McCandlish * mech@eff.org, 3-31-94)
19.3.11. Crypto papers
  -  ftp.cs.uow.edu.au
             pub/papers
  - (quantum, other, Siberry, etc.)
19.3.12. CPSR URL
  - CPSR URL:  http://www.cpsr.org/home

19.4. Appendix -- Glossary
19.4.1. **Comments**
  - Release Note: I regret that I haven't had time to add many
     new entries here. There are a lot of specialized terms, and
     I probably could have doubled the number of entries here.
  - Much more work is needed here. In fact, I debated at one
     point making the FAQ instead into a kind of "Encycopedia
     Cypherpunkia," with a mix of short and long articles on
     each of hundreds of topics. Such an organization would
     suffer the disadvantages found in nearly all
     lexicographically-organized works: confusion of the
     concepts.
  - Many of the these entries were compiled for a long handout
     at the first Cypherpunks meeting, September, 1992. Errors
     are obviously present. I'll try to keep correcting them
     when I can.
  - Schneier's "Applied Cryptography" is of course an excellent
     place to browse for terms, special uses, etc.
19.4.2. agoric systems -- open, free market systems in which
   voluntary transactions are central.
19.4.3. Alice and Bob -- crypographic protocols are often made
   clearer by considering parties A and B, or Alice and Bob,
   performing some protocol. Eve the eavesdropper, Paul the
   prover, and Vic the verifier are other common stand-in names.
19.4.4. ANDOS -- all or nothing disclosure of secrets.
19.4.5. anonymous credential -- a credential which asserts some right
   or privelege or fact without revealing the identity of the
   holder.  This is unlike CA driver's licenses.
19.4.6. assymmetric cipher -- same as public key cryptosystem.
19.4.7. authentication -- the process of verifying an identity or
   credential, to ensure you are who you said you were.
19.4.8. biometric security -- a type of authentication using
   fingerprints, retinal scans, palm prints, or other
   physical/biological signatures of an individual.
19.4.9. bit commitment -- e.g., tossing a coin and then committing to
   the value without being able to change the outcome. The blob
   is a cryptographic primitive for this.
19.4.10. BlackNet -- an experimental scheme devised by T. May to
   underscore the nature of anonymous information markets. "Any
   and all" secrets can be offered for sale via anonymous
   mailers and message pools. The experiment was leaked via
   remailer to the Cypherpunks list (not by May) and thence to
   several dozen Usenet groups by Detweiler. The authorities are
   said to be investigating it.
19.4.11. blinding, blinded signatures -- A signature that the signer
   does not remember having made.  A blind signature is always a
   cooperative protocol and the receiver of the signature
   provides the signer with the blinding information.
19.4.12. blob -- the crypto equivalent of a locked box. A
   cryptographic primitive for bit commitment, with the
   properties that a blobs can represent a 0 or a 1, that others
   cannot tell be looking whether it's a 0 or a 1, that the
   creator of the blob can "open" the blob to reveal the
   contents, and that no blob can be both a 1 and a 0. An
   example of this is a flipped coin covered by a hand.
19.4.13. BnD --
19.4.14. Capstone --
19.4.15. channel -- the path over which messages are transmitted.
   Channels may be secure or insecure, and may have
   eavesdroppers (or enemies, or disrupters, etc.) who alter
   messages, insert and delete messages, etc. Cryptography is
   the means by which communications over insecure channels are
   protected.
19.4.16. chosen plaintext attack -- an attack where the cryptanalyst
   gets to choose the plaintext to be enciphered, e.g., when
   possession of an enciphering machine or algorithm is in the
   possession of the cryptanalyst.
19.4.17. cipher -- a secret form of writing, using substitution or
   transposition of characters or symbols. (From Arabic "sifr,"
   meaning "nothing.")
19.4.18. ciphertext -- the plaintext after it has been encrypted.
19.4.19. Clipper -- the infamous Clipper chip
19.4.20. code -- a restricted cryptosystem where words or letters of a
   message are replaced by other words chosen from a codebook.
   Not part of modern cryptology, but still useful.
19.4.21. coin flippping -- an important crypto primitive, or protocol,
   in which the equivalent of flipping a fair coin is possible.
   Implemented with blobs.
19.4.22. collusion -- wherein several participants cooperate to deduce
   the identity of a sender or receiver, or to break a cipher.
   Most cryptosystems are sensitive to some forms of collusion.
   Much of the work on implementing DC Nets, for example,
   involves ensuring that colluders cannot isolate message
   senders and thereby trace origins and destinations of mail.
19.4.23. COMINT --
19.4.24. computationally secure -- where a cipher cannot be broken
   with available computer resources, but in theory can be
   broken with enough computer resources. Contrast with
   unconditionally  secure.
19.4.25. countermeasure -- something you do to thwart an attacker
19.4.26. credential -- facts or assertions about some entity. For
   example, credit ratings, passports, reputations, tax status,
   insurance records, etc.  Under the current system, these
   credentials are increasingly being cross-linked. Blind
   signatures may be used to create anonymous credentials.
19.4.27. credential clearinghouse  -- banks, credit agencies,
   insurance companies, police departments, etc., that correlate
   records and decide the status of records.
19.4.28. cryptanalysis -- methods for attacking and breaking ciphers
   and related cryptographic systems. Ciphers may be broken,
   traffic may be analyzed, and passwords may be cracked.
   Computers are of course essential.
19.4.29. crypto anarchy -- the economic and political system after the
   deployment of encryption, untraceable e-mail, digital
   pseudonyms, cryptographic voting, and digital cash. A pun on
   "crypto," meaning "hidden," and as when Gore Vidal called
   William F. Buckley a "crypto fascist."
19.4.30. cryptography -- another name for cryptology.
19.4.31. cryptology -- the science and study of writing, sending,
   receiving, and deciphering secret messages. Includes
   authentication, digital signatures, the hiding of messages
   (steganography), cryptanalysis, and several other fields.
19.4.32. cyberspace  -- the electronic domain, the Nets, and computer-
   generated spaces. Some say it is the "consensual reality"
   described in "Neuromancer." Others say it is the phone
   system. Others have work to do.
19.4.33. DC protocol, or DC-Net -- the dining cryptographers protocol.
   DC-Nets use multiple participants communicating with the DC
   protocol.
19.4.34. DES -- the Data Encryption Standard, proposed in 1977 by the
   National Bureau of Standards (now NIST), with assistance from
   the National Security Agency. Based on the "Lucifer" cipher
   developed by Horst Feistel at IBM, DES is a secret key
   cryptosystem that cycles 64-bit blocks of data through
   multiple permutations with a 56-bit key controlling the
   routing. "Diffusion" and "confusion" are combined to form a
   cipher that has not yet been cryptanalyzed (see "DES,
   Security of"). DES is in use for interbank transfers, as a
   cipher inside of several RSA-based systems, and is available
   for PCs.
19.4.35. DES, Security of  -- many have speculated that the NSA placed
   a trapdoor (or backdoor) in DES to allow it to read DES-
   encrypted messages. This has not been proved. It is known
   that the original Lucifer algorithm used a 128-bit key and
   that this key length was shortened to 64 bits (56 bits plus 8
   parity bits), ths making exhaustive search much easier (so
   far as is known, brute-force search has not been done, though
   it should be feasible today). Shamir and Bihan have used a
   technique called "differential cryptanalysis" to reduce the
   exhaustive search needed for chosen plaintext attacks (but
   with no import for ordinary DES).
19.4.36. differential cryptanalysis -- the Shamir-Biham technique for
   cryptanalyzing DES. With a chosen plaintext attack, they've
   reduced the number of DES keys that must be tried from about
   2^56 to about 2^47 or less. Note, however, that rarely can an
   attacker mount a chosen plaintext attack on DES systems.
19.4.37. digital cash, digital money -- Protocols for transferring
   value, monetary or otherwise, electronically.  Digital cash
   usually refers to systems that are anonymous. Digital money
   systems can be used to implement any quantity that is
   conserved, such as points, mass, dollars, etc.  There are
   many variations of  digital money systems, ranging from VISA
   numbers to blinded signed digital coins.  A topic too large
   for a single glossary entry.
19.4.38. digital pseudonym -- basically, a "crypto identity." A way
   for individuals to set up accounts with various organizations
   without revealing more information than they wish. Users may
   have several digital pseudonyms, some used only once, some
   used over the course of many years. Ideally, the pseudonyms
   can be linked only at the will of the holder. In the simplest
   form, a public key can serve as a digital pseudonym and need
   not be linked to a physical identity.
19.4.39. digital signature --  Analogous to a written signature on a
   document. A modification to a message that only the signer
   can make but that everyone can recognize.  Can  be used
   legally to contract at a distance.
19.4.40. digital timestamping -- one function of a digital notary
   public, in which some message (a song, screenplay, lab
   notebook, contract, etc.) is stamped with a time that cannot
   (easily) be forged.
19.4.41. dining cryptographers protocol (aka DC protocol, DC nets) --
   the untraceable message sending system invented by David
   Chaum. Named after the "dining philosophers" problem in
   computer science, participants form circuits and pass
   messages in such a way that the origin cannot be deduced,
   barring collusion. At the simplest level, two participants
   share a key between them. One of them sends some actual
   message by bitwise exclusive-ORing the message with the key,
   while the other one just sends the key itself. The actual
   message from this pair of participants is obtained by XORing
   the two outputs. However, since nobody but the pair knows the
   original key, the actual message cannot be traced to either
   one of the participants.
19.4.42. discrete logarithm problem -- given integers a, n, and x,
   find some integer m such that a^m mod n = x, if m exists.
   Modular exponentiation, the a^m mod n part, is
   straightforward (and special purpose chips are available),
   but the inverse problem is believed to be very hard, in
   general.  Thus it is conjectured that modular exponentiation
   is a one-way function.
19.4.43. DSS, Digital Signature Standard -- the latest NIST (National
   Institute of Standards and Technology, successor to NBS)
   standard for digital signatures. Based on the El Gamal
   cipher, some consider it weak and poor substitute for RSA-
   based signature schemes.
19.4.44. eavesdropping, or passive wiretapping -- intercepting
   messages without detection. Radio waves may be intercepted,
   phone lines may be tapped, and computers may have RF
   emissions detected. Even fiber optic lines can be tapped.
19.4.45. Escrowed Encryption Standard (EES) -- current name for the
   key escrow system known variously as Clipper, Capstone,
   Skipjack, etc.
19.4.46. factoring -- Some large numbers are difficult to factor. It
   is conjectured that there are no feasible--i.e."easy," less
   than exponential in size of number-- factoring methods. It is
   also an open problem whether RSA may be broken more easily
   than by factoring the modulus (e.g., the public key might
   reveal information which simplifies the problem).
   Interestingly, though factoring is believed to be "hard", it
   is not known to be in the class of NP-hard problems.
   Professor Janek invented a factoring device, but he is
   believed to be fictional.
19.4.47. HUMINT --
19.4.48. information-theoretic security -- "unbreakable" security, in
   which no amount of cryptanalysis can break a cipher or
   system. One time pads are an example (providing the pads are
   not lost nor stolen nor used more than once, of course). Same
   as unconditionally secure.
19.4.49. key -- a piece of information needed to encipher or decipher
   a message. Keys may be stolen, bought, lost, etc., just as
   with physical keys.
19.4.50. key exchange, or key distribution -- the process of sharing a
   key with some other party, in the case of symmetric ciphers,
   or of distributing a  public key in an asymmetric cipher. A
   major issue is that the keys be exchanged reliably and
   without compromise. Diffie and Hellman devised one such
   scheme, based on the discrete logarithm problem.
19.4.51. known-plaintext attack -- a cryptanalysis of a cipher where
   plaintext-ciphertext pairs are known. This attack searches
   for an unknown key. Contrast with the chosen plaintext
   attack, where the cryptanalyst can also choose the plaintext
   to be enciphered.
19.4.52. listening posts -- the NSA and other intelligence agencies
   maintain sites for the interception of radio, telephone, and
   satellite communications. And so on. Many sites have been
   identified (cf.  Bamford), and many more sites are suspected.
19.4.53. mail, untraceable  -- a system for sending and receiving mail
   without traceability or observability. Receiving mail
   anonymously can be done with broadcast of the mail in
   encrypted form.  Only the intended recipient (whose identity,
   or true name, may be unknown to the sender) may able to
   decipher the message. Sending mail anonymously apparently
   requires mixes or use of the dining cryptographers (DC)
   protocol.
19.4.54. Message Pool
19.4.55. minimum disclosure proofs  -- another name for zero knowledge
   proofs, favored by Chaum.
19.4.56. mixes -- David Chaum's term for a box which performs the
   function of mixing, or decorrelating, incoming and outgoing
   electronic mail messages. The box also strips off the outer
   envelope (i.e., decrypts with its private key) and remails
   the message to the address on the inner envelope. Tamper-
   resistant modules may be used to prevent cheating and forced
   disclosure of the mapping between incoming and outgoing mail.
   A sequence of many remailings effectively makes tracing
   sending and receiving impossible. Contrast this with the
   software version, the DC protocol. The "remailers" developed
   by Cypherpunks are an approximation of a Chaumian mix.
19.4.57. modular exponentiation  -- raising an integer to the power of
   another integer, modulo some integer. For integers a, n, and
   m, a^m mod n. For example, 5^3 mod 100 = 25. Modular
   exponentiation can be done fairly quickly with a sequence of
   bit shifts and adds, and special purpose chips have been
   designed. See also discrete logarithm.
19.4.58. National Security Agency (NSA)  -- the largest intelligence
   agency, responsible for making and breaking ciphers, for
   intercepting communications, and for ensuring the security of
   U.S. computers. Headquartered in Fort Meade, Maryland, with
   many listening posts around the world.  The NSA funds
   cryptographic research and advises other agencies about
   cryptographic matters. The NSA once obviously had the world's
   leading cryptologists, but this may no longer be the case.
19.4.59. negative credential -- a credential that you possess that you
   don't want any one else to know, for example, a bankruptcy
   filing.  A formal version of a negative reputation.
19.4.60. NP-complete -- a large class of difficult problems.  "NP"
   stands for nondeterministic polynomial time, a class of
   problems thought in general not to have feasible algorithms
   for their solution.  A problem is "complete"  if  any other
   NP problem may be reduced to that problem.   Many important
   combinatorial and algebraic problems are NP-complete: the
   travelling salesman problem, the Hamiltonian cycle problem,
   the graph isomorphism problem, the word problem, and on and
   on.
19.4.61. oblivious transfer -- a cryptographic primitive that involves
   the probablistic transmission of bits. The sender does not
   know if the bits were received.
19.4.62. one-time pad -- a string of randomly-selected bits or symbols
   which is combined with a plaintext message to produce the
   ciphertext. This combination may be shifting letters some
   amount, bitwise exclusive-ORed, etc.). The recipient, who
   also has a copy of the one time pad, can easily recover the
   plaintext. Provided the pad is only used once and then
   destroyed, and is not available to an eavesdropper, the
   system is perfectly secure, i.e., it is information-
   theoretically secure. Key distribution (the pad)  is
   obviously a practical concern, but consider CD-ROM's.
19.4.63. one-way function -- a function which is easy to compute in
   one direction but hard to find any inverse for, e.g. modular
   exponentiation, where the inverse problem is known as the
   discrete logarithm problem. Compare the special case of trap
   door one-way functions.  An example of  a one-way operation
   is multiplication: it is  easy to multiply two prime numbers
   of 100 digits to produce a 200-digit number, but  hard to
   factor that 200-digit number.
19.4.64. P ?=? NP  -- Certainly the most  important unsolved problem
   in complexity theory. If P = NP, then cryptography as we know
   it today does not exist.  If P = NP,  all NP problems are
   "easy."
19.4.65. padding -- sending extra messages to confuse eavesdroppers
   and to defeat traffic analysis.   Also adding random bits to
   a message to be enciphered.
19.4.66. PGP
19.4.67. plaintext -- also called cleartext, the text that is to be
   enciphered.
19.4.68. Pool
19.4.69. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)  -- Phillip Zimmerman's
   implementation of RSA, recently upgraded to version 2.0, with
   more robust components and several new features. RSA Data
   Security has threatened PZ so he no longer works on it.
   Version 2.0 was written by a consortium of non-U.S. hackers.
19.4.70. prime numbers -- integers with no factors other than
   themselves and 1. The number of primes is unbounded.  About
   1% of the 100 decimal digit numbers are prime.  Since there
   are about 10^70 particles in the universe, there are about
   10^23  100 digit primes for each and every particle in the
   universe!
19.4.71. probabalistic encryption  -- a scheme by Goldwasser, Micali,
   and Blum that allows multiple ciphertexts for the same
   plaintext, i.e., any given plaintext may have many
   ciphertexts if the ciphering is repeated. This protects
   against certain types of known ciphertext attacks on RSA.
19.4.72. proofs of identity -- proving who you are, either your true
   name, or your digital identity. Generally, possession of the
   right key is sufficient proof (guard your key!). Some work
   has been done on "is-a-person" credentialling agencies, using
   the so-called Fiat-Shamir protocol...think of this as a way
   to issue unforgeable digital passports. Physical proof of
   identity may be done with biometric security methods. Zero
   knowledge proofs of identity reveal nothing beyond the fact
   that the identity is as claimed. This has obvious uses for
   computer access, passwords, etc.
19.4.73. protocol -- a formal procedure for solving some problem.
   Modern cryptology is mostly about the study of protocols for
   many problems, such as coin-flipping, bit commitment (blobs),
   zero knowledge proofs, dining cryptographers, and so on.
19.4.74. public key -- the key distributed publicly to potential
   message-senders. It may be published in a phonebook-like
   directory or otherwise sent. A major concern is the validity
   of this public key to guard against spoofing or
   impersonation.
19.4.75. public key cryptosystem -- the modern breakthrough in
   cryptology, designed by Diffie and Hellman, with
   contributions from several others. Uses trap door one-way
   functions so that encryption may be done by anyone with
   access to the "public key" but decryption may be done only by
   the holder of the "private key." Encompasses public key
   encryption, digital signatures, digital cash, and many other
   protocols and applications.
19.4.76. public key encryption -- the use of modern cryptologic
   methods to provided message security and authentication. The
   RSA algorithm is the most widely used form of public key
   encryption, although other systems exist. A public key may be
   freely published, e.g., in phonebook-like directories, while
   the corresponding private key is closely guarded.
19.4.77. public key patents  -- M.I.T. and Stanford, due to the work
   of Rivest, Shamir, Adleman, Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle,
   formed Public Key Partners to license the various public key,
   digital signature, and RSA patents. These patents, granted in
   the early 1980s, expire in the between 1998 and 2002. PKP has
   licensed RSA Data Security Inc., of Redwood City, CA, which
   handles the sales, etc.
19.4.78. quantum cryptography -- a system based on quantum-mechanical
   principles. Eavesdroppers alter the quantum state of the
   system and so are detected. Developed by Brassard and
   Bennett, only small laboratory demonstrations have been made.
19.4.79. remailers -- software versions of Chaum's "mixes," for the
   sending of untraceable mail. Various features are needed to
   do this: randomized order of resending, encryption at each
   stage (picked in advance by the sender, knowing the chain of
   remailers), padding of message sizes. The first remailer was
   written by E. Hughes in perl, and about a dozen or so are
   active now, with varying feature sets.
19.4.80. reputations -- the trail of positive and negative
   associations and judgments that some entity accrues. Credit
   ratings, academic credentials, and trustworthiness are all
   examples. A digital pseudonym will accrue these reputation
   credentials based on actions, opinions of others, etc. In
   crypto anarchy, reputations and agoric systems will be of
   paramount importance. There are many fascinating issues of
   how reputation-based systems work, how credentials can be
   bought and sold, and so forth.
19.4.81. RSA -- the main public key encryption algorithm, developed by
   Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Kenneth Adleman. It exploits the
   difficulty of factoring large numbers to create a private key
   and public key. First invented in 1978, it remains the core
   of modern public key systems. It is usually much slower than
   DES, but special-purpose modular exponentiation chips will
   likely speed it up. A popular scheme for speed is to use RSA
   to transmit session keys and then a high-speed cipher like
   DES for the actual message text.
  - Description -- Let p and q be large primes, typically with
     more than 100 digits. Let n = pq and find some e such that
     e is relatively prime to (p - 1)(q - 1). The set of numbers
     p, q, and e is the private key for RSA. The set of numbers
     n and e forms the public key (recall that knowing n is not
     sufficient to easily find p and q...the factoring problem).
     A message M is encrypted by computing M^e mod n. The owner
     of the private key can decrypt the encrypted message by
     exploiting number theory results, as follows. An integer d
     is computed such that ed =1 (mod (p - 1)(q - 1)). Euler
     proved a theorem that M^(ed) = M mod n and so M^(ed) mod n
     = M. This means that in some sense the integers e and d are
     "inverses" of each other. [If this is unclear, please see
     one of the many texts and articles on public key
     encryption.]
19.4.82. secret key cryptosystem -- A system which uses the same key
   to encrypt and decrypt traffic at each end of a communication
   link.  Also called a symmetric or one-key system.  Contrast
   with public key cryptosystem.
19.4.83. SIGINT --
19.4.84. smart cards -- a computer chip embedded in credit card.  They
   can hold cash, credentials, cryptographic keys, etc. Usually
   these are built with some degree of tamper-resistance. Smart
   cards may perform part of a crypto transaction, or all of it.
   Performing part of it may mean checking the computations of a
   more powerful computer, e.g., one in an ATM.
19.4.85. spoofing, or masquerading -- posing as another user. Used for
   stealing passwords, modifying files, and  stealing cash.
   Digital signatures and other authentication methods are
   useful to prevent this. Public keys must be validated and
   protected to ensure that others don't subsititute their own
   public keys which users may then unwittingly use.
19.4.86. steganography -- a part of cryptology dealing with hiding
   messages and obscuring who is sending and receiving messages.
   Message traffic is often padded to reduce the signals that
   would otherwise come from a sudden beginning of messages.
   "Covered writing."
19.4.87. symmetric cipher -- same as private key cryptosystem.
19.4.88. tamper-responding modules, tamper-resistant modules (TRMs) --
   sealed boxes or modules which are hard to open, requiring
   extensive probing and usually leaving ample evidence that the
   tampering has occurred. Various protective techniques are
   used, such as special metal or oxide layers on chips, armored
   coatings, embedded optical fibers, and other measures to
   thwart analysis. Popularly called "tamper-proof boxes." Uses
   include: smart cards, nuclear weapon initiators,
   cryptographic key holders, ATMs, etc.
19.4.89. tampering, or active wiretapping -- intefering with messages
   and possibly modifying them. This may compromise data
   security, help to break ciphers, etc.  See also spoofing.
19.4.90. Tessera
19.4.91. token -- some representation, such as ID cards, subway
   tokens, money, etc., that indicates possession of some
   property or value.
19.4.92. traffic analysis -- determining who is sending or receiving
   messages by analyzing packets, frequency of packets, etc. A
   part of steganography. Usually handled with traffic padding.
19.4.93. traffic analysis -- identifying characteristics of a message
   (such as sender, or destination) by watching traffic.
   Remailers and encryption help to foil traffic analysys.
19.4.94. transmission rules -- the protocols for determining who can
   send messages in a DC protocol, and when. These rules are
   needed to prevent collision and deliberate jamming of the
   channels.
19.4.95. trap messages -- dummy messages in DC Nets which are used to
   catch jammers and disrupters. The messages contain no private
   information and are published in a blob beforehand so that
   the trap message can later be opened to reveal the disrupter.
   (There are many strategies to explore here.)
19.4.96. trap-door -- In cryptography, a piece of secret information
   that allows the holder of a private key to invert a normally
   hard to invert function.
19.4.97. trap-door one way functions -- functions which are easy to
   compute in both the forward and reverse direction but for
   which the disclosure of an algorithm to compute the function
   in the forward direction does not provide information on how
   to compute the function in the reverse direction. More simply
   put, trap-door one way functions are one way for all but the
   holder of the secret information. The RSA algorithm is the
   best-known example of such a function.
19.4.98. unconditional security -- same as information-theoretic
   security, that is, unbreakable except by loss or theft of the
   key.
19.4.99. unconditionally  secure -- where no amount of intercepted
   ciphertext is enough to allow the cipher to be broken, as
   with the use of a one-time pad cipher. Contrast with
   computationally secure.
19.4.100. URLs
19.4.101. voting, cryptographic -- Various schemes have been devised
   for anonymous, untraceable voting. Voting schemes should have
   several properties: privacy of the vote, security of the vote
   (no multiple votes), robustness against disruption by jammers
   or disrupters, verifiability (voter has confidence in the
   results), and efficiency.
19.4.102. Whistleblowers
19.4.103. zero knowledge proofs -- proofs in which no knowledge of the
   actual proof is conveyed. Peggy the Prover demonstrates to
   Sid the Skeptic that she is indeed in possession of some
   piece of knowledge without actually revealing any of that
   knowledge. This is useful for access to computers, because
   eavesdroppers or dishonest sysops cannot steal the knowledge
   given. Also called minimum disclosure proofs. Useful for
   proving possession of some property, or credential, such as
   age or voting status, without revealing personal information.

19.5. Appendix -- Summary of Crypto Versions
19.5.1. DOS and Windows
  - SecureDevice
  + SecureDrive
    - "Secdrv13d is the latest version.  There was an unupdated
       .exe file in the package that had to be fixed.  From the
       readme file: If you found this file inside FPART13D.ZIP,
       this is an update and bug fix for the FPART utility of
       SecureDrive Release 1.3d,
    - Edgar Swank involved?
  + SecureDevice
    - Major Versions:
    - Functions:
    - Principal Authors:
    - Major Platforms:
    + Where to Find:
      - ftp://ftp.csn.org/mpj/I_will_not_export/crypto_???????/
         secdrv/secdev.arj
         See ftp://ftp.csn.org/mpj/README.MPJ for the ???????
    - Strengths:
    - Weaknesses:
    + Notes:
      - By the way, I'm not the only one who gets SecureDrive
         and SecureDevice confused. Watch out for this.
  + SFS
    - "A MS-DOS-based package for hard disk encryption. It is
       implemented as a device driver and encrypts a whole
       partition (i.e., not a file or a directory). It uses the
       MDC/SHA cipher. ... It is available from Grabo
       (garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/crypt/sfs110.zip, I think), and also
       from our ftp site: ftp.informatik.uni-
       hamburg.de:/pub/virus/crypt/disk/sfs110.zip    I would
       recommend the Garbo site, because ours is a bit slow."
       [Vesselin Bontchev, alt.security.pgp, 1994-09-05]
    - Compared to SecureDrive, users report it to be faster,
       better-featured, has a Windows interface, is a device
       driver, and is robust. The disadvantages are that it
       currently does not ship with source code and uses a more
       obscure cipher.
    - "SFS (Secure FileSystem) is a set of programs which
       create and manage a number of encrypted disk volumes, and
       runs under both DOS and Windows.  Each volume appears as
       a normal DOS drive, but all data stored on it is encryped
       at the individual-sector level....SFS 1.1 is a
       maintenance release which fixes a few minor problems in
       1.0, and adds a number of features suggested by users.
       More details on changes are given in in the README file."
       [Peter Gutmann, sci.crypt, 1994-08-25]
    - "from garbo.uwasa.fi and all its mirror sites worldwide
       as  /pc/crypt/sfs110.zip."
  + WinCrypt.
    - "WinCrypt is pretty good IF you keep your encrypted text
       to less than the length of your password, AND IF you
       generate your password randomly, AND IF you only use each
       password ONCE.  :-)" [Michael Paul Johnson,  sci.crypt,
       1994-07-08]
  + Win PGP
    + there seem to be two identically-named programs:
      - WinPGP, by Christopher w. Geib
      + WinPGP, by Timothy M. Janke and Geoffrey C. Grabow
        - ftp WinPGP 1.0 from
           oak.oakland.edu//pub/msdos/windows3/WinPGP10.ZIP
      - Until this is clarified...
  + PGPShell
    - "PGPShell v3.2 has been released and is available at
       these sites: (U.S.)
       oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/security/pgpshe32.zip
          (Euro)
       ftp.demon.co.uk:/simtel20/msdos/security/pgpshe32.zip
       [still@rintintin.Colorado.EDU (Johannes Kepler), 1994-07-
       07]
  + PGS
    - ftp.informatik.uni-
       hamburg.de:/pub/virus/crypt/pgp/shells/pgs099b.zip
    - "I just uploaded the bug fix of PGS (v0.99b) on some FTP-
       sites:
       wuarchive.wustl.edu:/pub/msdos_uploads/pgs/pgs099b.zip
       rzsun2.informatik.uni-hamburg.de:/pub/virus/crypt/pgp/...
          (Just uploaded it, should be on in a few days)
        oak.oakland.edu:/SimTel/msdos/security/pgs099b.zip (Just
       uploaded it, should be on in a few days)

       [Eelco Cramer <crame001@hio.tem.nhl.nl>, 1994-06-27]
  + DOS disk encryption utilities
    + Several free or nearly free utilities are available:
      - ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de:/pub/virus/crypt/disk/
         [Vesselin Vladimirov Bontchev, as of 1994-08]
    + Norton's "Diskreet" is weak and essentially useless
      - uses DES in weak (ECB) mode...is probably the "snake
         oil" that Zimmermann writes about in his docs. SFS docs
         say it is even worse than that.
  + PGS
    - "PGS v0.99c is out there!

       This new version of PGS supports 8 bytes keyid's.
       This version will be able to run in a OS/2 DOS box.

       PGS v0.99c is available on the following site:
       wuarchive.wustl.edu:/pub/msdos_uploads/pgs/pgs099c.zip"
       [ER CRAMER <crame001@hio.tem.nhl.nl>, 1994-07-08]

  + Program:
    - Major Versions:
    - Functions:
    - Principal Authors:
    - Major Platforms:
    - Where to Find:
    - Strengths:
    - Weaknesses:
    - Notes:
19.5.2. OS/2
19.5.3. Amiga
  + Program: PGPAmiga, Amiga PGP
    + Major Versions:  2.3a.4, PGP 2.6
      - "The Amiga equivalent of PGP 2.6ui is called PGP
         2.3a.3" [unknown commenter]
    - Functions:
    - Principal Authors:
    - Major Platforms:
    - Where to Find:
    - Strengths:
    - Weaknesses:
    - Notes: Situation is confusing. 2.3a.3 is not equivalent
       to PGP 2.6ui.
19.5.4. Unix
  - NeXTStep
  - Sun 4.3
  - Solaris
  - HP
  - SGI
  + swIPe
    - Metzger: It was John Ioannidis' swIPe package, and it was
       not merely announced
       but released. Phil has done a similar package for KA9Q
       and was one of
19.5.5. SFS ?
  - "A MS-DOS-based package for hard disk encryption. It is
     implemented as a device driver and encrypts a whole
     partition (i.e., not a file or a directory). It uses the
     MDC/SHA cipher. ... It is available from Grabo
     (garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/crypt/sfs110.zip, I think), and also
     from our ftp site: ftp.informatik.uni-
     hamburg.de:/pub/virus/crypt/disk/sfs110.zip    I would
     recommend the Garbo site, because ours is a bit slow."
     [Vesselin Bontchev, alt.security.pgp, 1994-09-05]
19.5.6. Macintosh
  + more on MacPGP
    - From: phinely@uhunix.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu (Peter Hinely)
       Subject: Re: MacPGP 2.6ui doesn't actually work
       Message-ID: <CsI3wr.I3B@news.Hawaii.Edu>
       Sender: news@news.Hawaii.Edu
       Organization: University of Hawaii
       References: <m0qJqLD-001JKsC@sunforest.mantis.co.uk>
       Date: Wed, 6 Jul 1994 04:17:15 GMT
       Lines: 9

       In article <m0qJqLD-001JKsC@sunforest.mantis.co.uk>
       mathew@stallman.mantis.co.uk (mathew at home) writes:
       >Well, I downloaded the rumoured MacPGP 2.6ui, but sadly
       it bombs out
       >immediately with an address error when I try to run it.

       MacPGP 2.6ui works on my Quadra 605.
       The MacBinary process cannot handle pathnames >63
       characters, but as long
       an you encrypt files on the desktop, it's not too much of
       a problem.
    - From: warlord@MIT.EDU (Derek Atkins)
       Newsgroups: alt.security.pgp
       Subject: Re: When will there be a bug fix for MacPGP?
       Followup-To: alt.security.pgp
       Date: 6 Jul 1994 10:19:13 GMT
       Organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
       Lines: 19
       Message-ID: <WARLORD.94Jul6061917@toxicwaste.mit.edu>
       References: <AWILSON-020794082446@ts7-57.upenn.edu>
       NNTP-Posting-Host: toxicwaste.media.mit.edu
       In-reply-to: AWILSON@DRUNIVAC.DREW.EDU's message of 2 Jul
       1994 12:25:14 GMT

       In article <AWILSON-020794082446@ts7-57.upenn.edu>
       AWILSON@DRUNIVAC.DREW.EDU (AL WILSON) writes:

          When will there be a bug fix for MacPGP (1.1.1)?  I am
       not complaining, I
          know that the software is free.  I just want to start
       utilizing it for
          communications at the earliest possible time.

       There are still a number of outstanding bugs that need to
       be
       fixed, but the hope is to make a bugfix release in the
       near
       future.  I don't know when that is going to be, but
       hopefully
       it will be Real Soon Now (TM).
    - Date: Wed, 6 Jul 1994 10:42:08 -0700
       From: tcmay (Timothy C. May)
       To: tcmay
       Subject: (fwd) Re: What is the difference between 2.6 &
       2.6ui?
       Newsgroups: alt.security.pgp
       Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408
       261-4700 guest)
       Status: O

       Xref: netcom.com alt.security.pgp:16979
       Path: netcom.com!netcomsv!decwrl!lll-
       winken.llnl.gov!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!howland.reston.ans.n
       et!pipex!lyra.csx.cam.ac.uk!iwj10
       From: iwj10@cus.cam.ac.uk (Ian Jackson)
       Newsgroups: alt.security.pgp
       Subject: Re: What is the difference between 2.6 & 2.6ui?
       Date: Wed, 6 Jul 1994 10:14:24 GMT
       Organization: Linux Unlimited
       Lines: 55
       Message-ID:
       <1994Jul6.101424.9203.chiark.ijackson@nyx.cs.du.edu>
       References: <CsE3CC.Gqz@crash.cts.com>
       <RATINOX.94Jul3221136@delphi.ccs.neu.edu>
       NNTP-Posting-Host: bootes.cus.cam.ac.uk
       Summary: Use 2.6ui :-).
       Originator: iwj10@bootes.cus.cam.ac.uk

       -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----

       In article <RATINOX.94Jul3221136@delphi.ccs.neu.edu>,
       Stainless Steel Rat <ratinox@ccs.neu.edu> wrote:
       >Ed Dantes <edantes@crash.cts.com> writes [quoting
       normalised - iwj]:
       >> subject line says it all.
       >
       >PGP 2.6 is distributed from MIT and is legally available
       to US and Canadian
       >residents. It uses the RSAREF library. It has code that
       will prevent
       >interoperation with earlier versions of PGP.
       >
       >PGP 2.6ui is a modified version of PGP 2.3a which
       functions almost
       >identically to MIT PGP 2.6, without the "cripple code"
       of MIT PGP 2.6. It
       >is legally available outside the US and Canada only.

       This is false.  PGP 2.6ui is available to US and Canadian
       residents.
       It is definitely legal for such people to download PGP
       2.6ui and study
       it.

       However, RSADSI claim that *using* PGP 2.6ui in the US
       and Canada
       violates their patents on the RSA algorithm and on public
       key
       cryptography in general.  Other people (like myself)
       believe that
       these patents wouldn't stand up if tested in court, and
       that in any
       case the damages recoverable would be zero.

       You might also like to know that the output formats
       generated by 2.6ui
       and MIT-2.6 are identical, so that if you choose to use
       2.6ui in North
       America noone will be able to tell the difference anyway.

       Unfortunately these patent problems have caused many
       North American
       FTP sites to stop carrying 2.3a and 2.6ui, for fear of
       committing
       contributory infringement.

       If you would like to examine PGP 2.3a or 2.6ui, they are
       available on
       many FTP sites.  Try
        black.ox.ac.uk:/src/security
        ftp.demon.co.uk:/pub/pgp
        ftp.dsi.unimi.it:/pub/security/crypt/PGP
        ftp.funet.fi:/pub/crypt
       for starters.  Look out for the regular postings here in
       alt.security.pgp for other sites.

       -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
       Version: 2.6

       iQCVAgUBLhqD48MWjroj9a3bAQH9VgQAqOvCVXqJLhnFvsKfr82M5808h
       6GKY5RW
       SZ1/YLmshlDEMgeab4pSLSz+lDvsox2KFxQkP7O3oWYnswXcdr4FdLBu/
       TXU+IQw
       E4r/jY/IXSupP97Lxj9BB73TkJIHVmrqgoPQG2Nszj60cbE/LsiGs5uMn
       CSESypH
       c0Y8FnR64gc=
       =Pejo
       -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
       --
       Ian Jackson, at home  <ijackson@nyx.cs.du.edu> or
       <iwj10@cus.cam.ac.uk>
       +44 223 575512    Escoerea on IRC.
       http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/iwj10/
       2 Lexington Close, Cambridge, CB4 3LS, England.   Urgent:
       <iwj@cam-orl.co.uk>

       --
       .........................................................
       .................
       Timothy C. May         | Crypto Anarchy: encryption,
       digital money,
       tcmay@netcom.com       | anonymous networks, digital
       pseudonyms, zero
       408-688-5409           | knowledge, reputations,
       information markets,
       W.A.S.T.E.: Aptos, CA  | black markets, collapse of
       governments.
       Higher Power: 2^859433 | Public Key: PGP and MailSafe
       available.
       "National borders are just speed bumps on the information
       superhighway."

  + CurveEncrypt, for Mac
    - "Curve Encrypt 1.1, IDEA encryption for the Macintosh is
       now available.....Curve Encrypt is a freeware drag-and-
       drop encryption application for the Macintosh. It uses
       IDEA cipher-feedback mode with a 255 character pass
       phrase, encrypts both the data and resource forks of
       files, and will encrypt the contents of a folder or
       volume in a single operation. Source code is provided,
       natch. CE is System 7 only....(Note that this program has
       nothing whatsoever to do with elliptic curve
       encryption methods, just so nobody gets confused...)" [
       "W. Kinney" <kinney@bogart.Colorado.EDU>, 1994-07-08]
    - "Ftp Sites:

       ripem.msu.edu:pub/crypt/other/curve-encrypt-idea-for-mac/
       This is an export controlled ftp site: read
       pub/crypt/GETTING_ACCESS for
       information.

       ftp.csn.org:/mpj/I_will_not_export/crypto_???????/curve_e
       ncrypt/
       csn.org is also export-controlled: read /mpj/README for
       the characters
       to replace ???????."  [ "W. Kinney"
       <kinney@bogart.Colorado.EDU>, 1994-07-08]
  + RIPEM on Macintosh
    - Carl Ellison says "I've only used RIPEM on AOL -- but it
       should be the same....I run on a Mac, generating the
       armored file, and then use AOL's "paste from file" option
       in the File menu to include the encrypted file in the
       body of my message.....In the other direction, I have to
       use Select All and Copy to get it out of AOL mail, Paste
       to get it into an editor.  From there I can file it and
       give that file to PGP or RIPEM.....BBEDIT on the Mac has
       good support for RIPEM.  I wish I knew how to write
       BBEDIT extensions for Mac PGP as well." [C.E., 1994-07-
       06]
  + URL for Stego (Macintosh)
    - http://www.nitv.net/~mech/Romana/stego.html
19.5.7. Newton
19.5.8. Atari
19.5.9. VMS
19.5.10. IBM VM/etc.
19.5.11. Miscellaneous
19.5.12. File-splitting utilities
  + Several exist.
    - XSPLIT
    - cryptosplit, Ray Cromwell
    - shade

19.6. Appendix -- References
19.6.1. the importance of libraries
  - "Use a library.  That's a place with lots of paper
     periodicals and paper books.  Library materials not online,
     mostly, but it is still where most of the world's encoded
     knowledge is stored.  If you don't   like paper, tough.
     That's the way the world is right now." [Eric Hughes, 1994-
     04-07]
19.6.2. Books
  - Bamford, James, "The Puzzle Palace," 1982. The seminal
     reference on the NSA.
  - N. Koblitz, "A course in number theory and cryptography",
     QA3.G7NO.114. Very technical, with an emphasis on elliptic
     functions.
  + D. Welsh, "Codes and Cryptography", Oxford Science
     Publications, 1988,         Eric Hughes especially
     recommends this.
    - Z103.W461988
  - D.E. Denning, "Cryptography and Data Security", 1982,
     Addison-Wesley, 1982,   QA76.9.A25D46. A classic, if a bit
     dated, introduction by the woman who later became the chief
     supporter of Clipper.
  + G. Brassard, "Modern Cryptology: a tutorial", Lecture Notes
     in Computer
    - Science 325, Springer 1988, QA76.L4V.325 A slim little
       book that's a gem. Sections by David Chaum.
  - Vinge, V., "True Names," 1981. A novel about digital
     pseudonyms and cyberspace.
  - Card, Orson Scott, "Ender's Game," 1985-6. Novel about kids
     who adopt digital pseudonyms for political debate.
  - G.J. Simmons,"Contemporary Cryptology", IEEE Press, 1992,
     QA76.9.A25C6678. A collection of articles by well-known
     experts. Surprisingly, no discussion of digital money. Gus
     Simmons designed "Permissive Action Links" for nukes, at
     Sandia.
19.6.3. sci.crypt
  - archived at ripem.msu.edu and rpub.cl.msu.edu
  -
  + The cryptography anon ftp archive at
     wimsey.bc.ca:/pub/crypto
    - has been moved to ftp.wimsey.bc.ca
19.6.4. cryptography-faq
  - in about 10 parts, put out by Crypt Cabal (several
     Cypherpunks on it)
  - rtfm.mit.edu, in /pub/usenet/news.answers/cryptography-
     faq/part[xx]
  + posted every 21 days to sci.crypt, talk.politics.crypto,
    - sci.answers, news.answers
19.6.5. RSA FAQ
  - Paul Fahn, RSA Laboratories
  - anonymous FTP to rsa.com:/pub/faq
  - rtfm.mit.edu, /pub/usenet/news.answers/cryptography-faq/rsa
19.6.6. Computers, Freedom and Privacy Conference
  - next Computers, Freedom and Privacy Conference will be
     March 1995, San Francisco
19.6.7. Various computer security papers, publications, and programs
   can be found at cert.org.
  - anonymous ftp to it and look in /pub. /pub/info even has
     the NSA "Orange Book." (Not a secret, obviously. Anyone can
     get on the NSA/NCSC's mailing list and get a huge pile of
     documents sent to them, with new ones arriving every
     several weeks.)
  - or try ftp.win.tue.nl   /pub/security
19.6.8. Clipper information by Internet
  - ftp.cpsr.org
  - ftp.eff.org

19.7. Glossary Items
19.7.1. message pools --
19.7.2. pools -- see "message pools."
19.7.3. cover traffic --
19.7.4. padding -- see "message padding."
19.7.5. message padding --
19.7.6. latency --
19.7.7. BlackNet -- an experiment in information markets, using
   anonymous message pools for exchange of instructions and
   items. Tim May's experiment in guerilla ontology.
19.7.8. ILF -- Information Liberation Front. Distributes copyrighted
   material via remailers, anonymously. Another experiment in
   guerilla ontology.
19.7.9. digital mix --
19.7.10. FinCEN -- Financial Crimes Enforcement Network.
19.7.11. true name -- one's actual, physical name. Taken from Vernor
   Vinge's novel of the same name.
19.7.12. mix --
19.7.13. TEMPEST --
19.7.14. OTP --
19.7.15. Vernam cipher --
19.7.16. detweiler -- verb, to rant and rave about tentacles that are
   destroying one's sanity through crypto anarchist thought
   control. Named after L. Detweiler. "He's just detweilering."
19.7.17. remailer --
19.7.18. Stego --
19.7.19. incipits -- message indicators or tags (relates to stego)
19.7.20. duress code -- a second key which can decrypt a message to
   something harmless. Could be useful for bank cards, as well
   as for avoiding incrimination. A form of security through
   obscurity, and not widely used.

19.8. A comment on software versions, ftp sites, instructions, etc.
19.8.1. I regret that I can't be complete in all versions, platforms
   supported, sites for obtaining, instructions,
   incompatibilities, etc. Frankly, I'm drowning in reports of
   new versions, questions about use, etc. Most of these
   versions I have no direct knowledge of, have no experience
   with, and no appreciation of subtle incompatibilites
   involved.
19.8.2. There are others who have concentrated on providing up-to-
   date reports on what is available. Some of them are"
  - site
19.8.3. Reading sci.crypt, alt.security.pgp, and related groups for a
   few weeks and looking for programs of interest to one's own
   situation should give the most recent and current results.
   Things are moving quickly, so if one is interested in
   "AmigaPGP," for example, then the right place to look for the
   latest versions is in the groups just mentioned, or in groups
   and ftp sites specific to the Amiga. (Be careful that
   sabotaged or spoofed versions are not used, as in all crypto.
   "Joe's AmigaPGP" might need a closer look.)

20. README

20.1. copyright
   THE  CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
   1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
   See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
   use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
   name on my words.

20.2. README--BRIEF VERSION
20.2.1. Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved. For what it's
   worth.
20.2.2. Apologies in advance for the mix of styles (outline, bullet,
   text, essays), for fragments and incomplete sections. This
   FAQ is already much too long and detailed, and writing
   suitable connective material, introductions, summaries, etc.
   is not in the cards anytime soon. Go with the flow, use your
   text searching tools, and deal with it.
20.2.3. Substantive corrections welcome, quibbles less welcome, and
   ideological debate even less welcome. Corrections to outdated
   information, especially on pointers to information, will be
   most appreciated.

20.3. Copyright Comments
20.3.1. It may seem illogical for a Cypherpunk to assert some kind of
   copyright. Perhaps. But my main concern is the ease with
   which people can relabel documents as their own, sometimes
   after only adding a few words here and there.
20.3.2. Yes, I used the words of others in places, to make points
   better than I felt my own words would, to save time, and to
   give readers a different voice speaking on issues. I have
   credited quotes with a "[Joe Foobar, place, date]
   attribution, usually at the end of the quote. If a place is
   not listed, it is the Cypherpunks list itself. The author and
   date should be sufficient to (someday) retrieve the source
   text. By the way, I used quotes as they seemed appropriate,
   and make no claims that the quoted points are necessarily
   original to the author--who may have remembered them from
   somewhere else--or that the date listed is the origination
   date for the point. I have something like 80 megabytes of
   Cypherpunks posts, so I couldn't do an archaeological dig for
   the earliest mention of an idea.
20.3.3. People can quote this FAQ under the "fair use" provisions,
   e.g., a paragraph or two, with credits. Anything more than a
   few paragraphs constitutes copyright infringement, as I
   understand it.
20.3.4. Should I give up the maintaining of this FAQ and/or should
   others get involved, then the normal co-authorship and
   inheritance arrangements will be possible.
20.3.5. The Web. WWW and Mosaic offer amazing new opportunities for
   on-line documents. It is in fact likely that this FAQ will be
   available as a Web document. My concern, however, is that the
   integrity and authorship be maintained. Thus, splitting the
   document in a hundred or more little pieces, with no
   authorship attached, would not be cool. Also, I intend to
   maintain this document with my powerful outlining tools
   (Symantec's "MORE," on a Macintosh) and thus anyone who
   "freezes" the document and uses it as a base for links,
   pointers, etc., will be left behind as mods are made.

20.4. A Few Words on the Style
20.4.1. Some sections are in outline form
  - like this
  - with fragments of ideas and points
  - with incomplete sentences
  - and with lists of points that are obviously only starting
     points for more complete analyses
20.4.2. Other sections are written in more complete essay form, as
   reasonably self-contained analyses of some point or topic.
   Like this. Some of these essays were taken directly out of
   posts I did for the list, or for sci.crypt, and no
   attribution H (since I wrote the stuff...quotes from others
   are credited).
20.4.3. The styles may clash, but I just don't have the hundreds of
   hours to go through and "regularize" everything to a
   consistent style. The outline style allows additional points,
   wrinkles, rebuttals, and elaborations to be grafted on easily
   (if not always elegantly). I hope most readers can understand
   this and learn to deal with it.
20.4.4. Of  course, there are places where the points made are just
   too fragmentary, too outlinish, for people to make sense of.
   I've tried to clean these up as much as I can, but there will
   always be some places where an idea seemed clear to me at the
   time (maybe not) but which is not presented clearly to
   others. I'll keep trying to iron these kinks out in future
   versions.
20.4.5. Comment on style
  - In many cases I merged two or more chunks of ideas into one
     section, resulting in many cases in mismatching writing
     styles, tenses, etc. I apologize, but I just don't have the
     many dozens of hours it might take to go through and
     "regularize" things, to write more graceful transition
     paragraphs, etc. I felt it was more important to get the
     ideas and idea fragments out than to polish the writing.
     (Essays written from scratch, and in order, are generally
     more graceful than are concatenations of ideas, facts,
     pointers, and the like.)
  - Readers should also not assume that a "fleshed-out"
     section, made up of relatively complete paragraphs, is any
     more important than a section that is still mostly made up
     of short one-liners.
  - References to Crypto Journals, Books. Nearly every section
     in this document _could have_ one or more references to
     articles and papers in the Crypto Proceedings, in
     Schneier's book, or whatever. Sorry, but I can't do this.
     Maybe someday--when true hypertext arrives and is readily
     usable (don't send me e-mail about HTML, or Xanadu, etc.)
     this kind of cross-referencing will be done. Footnotes
     would work today, but are distracting in on-line documents.
     And too much work, given that this is not meant to be a
     scholarly thesis.
  - I also have resisted the impulse to included quotes or
     sections from other FAQs, notably the sci.crypt and rsadsi
     FAQs. No point in copying their stuff, even with
     appropriate credit. Readers should already have these docs,
     of course.
20.4.6. quibbling
  - Any time you say something to 500-700 people, expect to
     have a bunch of quibbles. People will take issue with
     phrasings, with choices of definitions, with facts, etc.
     Correctness is important, but sometimes the quibbling sets
     off a chain reaction of corrections, countercorrections,
     rebuttals, and "I would have put it differently"s. It's all
     a bit overwhelming at times. My hope for this FAQ is that
     serious errors are (of course) corrected, but that the List
     not get bogged down in endless quibbling about such minor
     issues as style and phrasing.

20.5. How to Find Information
20.5.1. This FAQ is very long, which makes finding specific questions
   problematic. Such is life--shorter FAQ are of course easier
   to navigate, but may not address important issues.
20.5.2. A full version of this FAQ is available, as well as chapter-
   by-chapter versions (to reduce the downloading efforts for
   some people). Search tools within text editors are one way to
   find topics. Future versions of this FAQ may be paginated and
   then indexed (but maybe not).
20.5.3. I advise using search tools in editors and word processors to
   find sections of interest. This is likely faster anyway than
   consulting an index generated by me (which I haven't
   generated, and probably never will).

20.6. My Views
20.6.1. This FAQ, or whatever one calls it, is more than just a
   simple listing of frequently asked questions and the lowest-
   common-denominator answers. This should be clear just by the
   size alone. I make no apologies for writing the document I
   wanted to write. Others are free to write the FAQ they would
   prefer to read. You're getting what you paid for.
20.6.2. My views are rather strong in some areas. I've tried to
   present some dissenting arguments in cases where I think
   Cypherpunks are really somewhat divided, such as in remailer
   strategies and the like. In cases where I think there's no
   credible dissent, such as in the wisdom of Clipper, I've made
   no attempt to be fair. My libertarian, even anarchist, views
   surely come through. Either deal with it, or don't read the
   document. I have to be honest about this.

20.7. More detailed disclaimer
20.7.1. This detailed disclaimer is probably not good in most courts
   in the U.S., contracts having been thrown out if favor of
   nominalism, but here it is anyway. At least nobody can claim
   they were misled into thinking I was giving them warranteed,
   guaranteed advice.
20.7.2. Timothy C. May hereby disclaims all warranties relating to
   this document, whether express or implied, including without
   limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or
   fitness for a particular purpose. Tim May will not be liable
   for any special, incidental, consequential, indirect or
   similar damages due to loss of business, indictment for any
   crime, imprisonment, torture, or any other reason, even if
   Tim May or an agent of his has been advised of the
   possibility of such damages.  In no event shall Tim May be
   liable for any damages, regardless of the form of the claim.
   The person reading or using the document bears all risk as to
   the quality and suitability of the document. Legality of
   reading or possessing this document in a jurisdiction is not
   the responsibility of Tim May.
20.7.3. The points expressed may or may not represent the views of
   Tim May, and certainly may not represent the views of other
   Cypherpunks. Certain ideas are explored which, if
   implemented, would be illegal to various extents in most
   countries in the world. Think of these explorations of ideas
   as just that.

20.8. I've decided to release this before the RSA patents run out...