diff --git a/common/json_stream.c b/common/json_stream.c
index 740defa7c..f55603352 100644
--- a/common/json_stream.c
+++ b/common/json_stream.c
@@ -128,15 +128,6 @@ void json_stream_flush(struct json_stream *js)
 	io_wake(js);
 }
 
-char *json_member_direct(struct json_stream *js,
-			 const char *fieldname, size_t extra)
-{
-	char *dest;
-
-	dest = json_out_member_direct(js->jout, fieldname, extra);
-	return dest;
-}
-
 void json_array_start(struct json_stream *js, const char *fieldname)
 {
 	json_out_start(js->jout, fieldname, '[');
@@ -157,18 +148,55 @@ void json_object_end(struct json_stream *js)
 	json_out_end(js->jout, '}');
 }
 
-void json_add_member(struct json_stream *js,
-		     const char *fieldname,
-		     bool quote,
-		     const char *fmt, ...)
+void json_add_primitive_fmt(struct json_stream *js,
+			    const char *fieldname,
+			    const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
 
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	json_out_addv(js->jout, fieldname, quote, fmt, ap);
+	json_out_addv(js->jout, fieldname, false, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 }
 
+void json_add_str_fmt(struct json_stream *js,
+		      const char *fieldname,
+		      const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	json_out_addv(js->jout, fieldname, true, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+void json_add_primitive(struct json_stream *js,
+			const char *fieldname,
+			const char *val TAKES)
+{
+	json_add_primitive_fmt(js, fieldname, "%s", val);
+	if (taken(val))
+		tal_free(val);
+}
+
+void json_add_string(struct json_stream *js,
+		     const char *fieldname,
+		     const char *str TAKES)
+{
+	json_out_addstr(js->jout, fieldname, str);
+	if (taken(str))
+		tal_free(str);
+}
+
+static char *json_member_direct(struct json_stream *js,
+				const char *fieldname, size_t extra)
+{
+	char *dest;
+
+	dest = json_out_member_direct(js->jout, fieldname, extra);
+	return dest;
+}
+
 void json_add_jsonstr(struct json_stream *js,
 		      const char *fieldname,
 		      const char *jsonstr)
@@ -225,76 +253,62 @@ struct io_plan *json_stream_output_(struct json_stream *js,
 
 void json_add_num(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname, unsigned int value)
 {
-	json_add_member(result, fieldname, false, "%u", value);
+	json_add_primitive_fmt(result, fieldname, "%u", value);
 }
 
 void json_add_u64(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
 		  uint64_t value)
 {
-	json_add_member(result, fieldname, false, "%"PRIu64, value);
+	json_add_primitive_fmt(result, fieldname, "%"PRIu64, value);
 }
 
 void json_add_s64(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
 		  int64_t value)
 {
-	json_add_member(result, fieldname, false, "%"PRIi64, value);
+	json_add_primitive_fmt(result, fieldname, "%"PRIi64, value);
 }
 
 void json_add_u32(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
 		  uint32_t value)
 {
-	json_add_member(result, fieldname, false, "%u", value);
+	json_add_primitive_fmt(result, fieldname, "%u", value);
 }
 
 void json_add_s32(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
 		  int32_t value)
 {
-	json_add_member(result, fieldname, false, "%d", value);
-}
-
-void json_add_literal(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
-		      const char *literal, int len)
-{
-	/* Literal may contain quotes, so bypass normal checks */
-	char *dest = json_member_direct(result, fieldname, len);
-	memcpy(dest, literal, len);
+	json_add_primitive_fmt(result, fieldname, "%d", value);
 }
 
 void json_add_stringn(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
 		      const char *value TAKES, size_t value_len)
 {
-	json_add_member(result, fieldname, true, "%.*s", (int)value_len, value);
+	json_add_str_fmt(result, fieldname, "%.*s", (int)value_len, value);
 	if (taken(value))
 		tal_free(value);
 }
 
-void json_add_string(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname, const char *value TAKES)
-{
-	json_add_stringn(result, fieldname, value, strlen(value));
-}
-
 void json_add_bool(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname, bool value)
 {
-	json_add_member(result, fieldname, false, value ? "true" : "false");
+	json_add_primitive(result, fieldname, value ? "true" : "false");
 }
 
 void json_add_null(struct json_stream *stream, const char *fieldname)
 {
-	json_add_member(stream, fieldname, false, "null");
+	json_add_primitive(stream, fieldname, "null");
 }
 
 void json_add_hex(struct json_stream *js, const char *fieldname,
 		  const void *data, size_t len)
 {
 	/* Size without NUL term */
-	size_t hexlen = hex_str_size(len) - 1;
-	char *dest;
+	size_t hexlen = hex_str_size(len);
+	char str[hexlen];
 
-	dest = json_member_direct(js, fieldname, 1 + hexlen + 1);
-	dest[0] = '"';
-	if (!hex_encode(data, len, dest + 1, hexlen + 1))
+	if (!hex_encode(data, len, str, hexlen))
 		abort();
-	dest[1+hexlen] = '"';
+
+	json_add_string(js, fieldname, str);
 }
 
 void json_add_hex_talarr(struct json_stream *result,
@@ -321,8 +335,9 @@ void json_add_escaped_string(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
 void json_add_timeabs(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
 		      struct timeabs t)
 {
-	json_add_member(result, fieldname, false, "%" PRIu64 ".%03" PRIu64,
-			(u64)t.ts.tv_sec, (u64)t.ts.tv_nsec / 1000000);
+	json_add_primitive_fmt(result, fieldname,
+			       "%" PRIu64 ".%03" PRIu64,
+			       (u64)t.ts.tv_sec, (u64)t.ts.tv_nsec / 1000000);
 }
 
 void json_add_time(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
@@ -365,7 +380,7 @@ void json_add_tok(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
 void json_add_errcode(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
 		      errcode_t code)
 {
-	json_add_member(result, fieldname, false, "%"PRIerrcode, code);
+	json_add_primitive_fmt(result, fieldname, "%" PRIerrcode, code);
 }
 
 void json_add_invstring(struct json_stream *result, const char *invstring)
@@ -431,17 +446,17 @@ void json_add_outpoint(struct json_stream *result, const char *fieldname,
 {
 	char hex[hex_str_size(sizeof(out->txid))];
 	bitcoin_txid_to_hex(&out->txid, hex, sizeof(hex));
-	json_add_member(result, fieldname, true, "%s:%d", hex, out->n);
+	json_add_str_fmt(result, fieldname, "%s:%d", hex, out->n);
 }
 
 void json_add_short_channel_id(struct json_stream *response,
 			       const char *fieldname,
 			       const struct short_channel_id *scid)
 {
-	json_add_member(response, fieldname, true, "%dx%dx%d",
-			short_channel_id_blocknum(scid),
-			short_channel_id_txnum(scid),
-			short_channel_id_outnum(scid));
+	json_add_str_fmt(response, fieldname, "%dx%dx%d",
+			 short_channel_id_blocknum(scid),
+			 short_channel_id_txnum(scid),
+			 short_channel_id_outnum(scid));
 }
 
 void json_add_address(struct json_stream *response, const char *fieldname,
diff --git a/common/json_stream.h b/common/json_stream.h
index 71bf82814..7743a29a8 100644
--- a/common/json_stream.h
+++ b/common/json_stream.h
@@ -107,19 +107,50 @@ void json_object_end(struct json_stream *js);
 void json_stream_append(struct json_stream *js, const char *str, size_t len);
 
 /**
- * json_add_member - add a generic member.
+ * json_add_primitive_fmt - add an unquoted literal member.
  * @js: the json_stream.
  * @fieldname: fieldname (if in object), otherwise must be NULL.
- * @quote: true if should be escaped and wrapped in "".
  * @fmt...: the printf-style format
- *
- * The resulting string from @fmt is escaped if quote is true:
- * see json_member_direct to avoid quoting.
  */
-void json_add_member(struct json_stream *js,
+void json_add_primitive_fmt(struct json_stream *js,
+			    const char *fieldname,
+			    const char *fmt, ...) PRINTF_FMT(3,4);
+
+/**
+ * json_add_primitive - add an unquoted literal member.
+ * @js: the json_stream.
+ * @fieldname: fieldname (if in object), otherwise must be NULL.
+ * @val: the primitive
+ */
+void json_add_primitive(struct json_stream *js,
+			const char *fieldname,
+			const char *val TAKES);
+
+/**
+ * json_add_str_fmt - add a string member (printf-style).
+ * @js: the json_stream.
+ * @fieldname: fieldname (if in object), otherwise must be NULL.
+ * @fmt...: the printf-style format
+ */
+void json_add_str_fmt(struct json_stream *js,
+		      const char *fieldname,
+		      const char *fmt, ...) PRINTF_FMT(3,4);
+
+/**
+ * json_add_string - add a string member.
+ * @js: the json_stream.
+ * @fieldname: fieldname (if in object), otherwise must be NULL.
+ * @str: the string
+ */
+void json_add_string(struct json_stream *js,
 		     const char *fieldname,
-		     bool quote,
-		     const char *fmt, ...) PRINTF_FMT(4,5);
+		     const char *str TAKES);
+
+/* '"fieldname" : "value"' or '"value"' if fieldname is NULL.  String must
+ * already be JSON escaped as necessary. */
+void json_add_escaped_string(struct json_stream *result,
+			     const char *fieldname,
+			     const struct json_escape *esc TAKES);
 
 /**
  * json_add_jsonstr - add a JSON entity in a string that is already
@@ -133,17 +164,6 @@ void json_add_jsonstr(struct json_stream *js,
 		      const char *fieldname,
 		      const char *jsonstr);
 
-/**
- * json_member_direct - start a generic member.
- * @js: the json_stream.
- * @fieldname: fieldname (if in object), otherwise must be NULL.
- * @extra: the space to reserve.
- *
- * Returns a ptr to @extra bytes.
- */
-char *json_member_direct(struct json_stream *js,
-			 const char *fieldname, size_t extra);
-
 /**
  * json_stream_output - start writing out a json_stream to this conn.
  * @js: the json_stream
diff --git a/lightningd/jsonrpc.c b/lightningd/jsonrpc.c
index f9ece1ce4..317346ca1 100644
--- a/lightningd/jsonrpc.c
+++ b/lightningd/jsonrpc.c
@@ -506,9 +506,9 @@ static void json_command_malformed(struct json_connection *jcon,
 
 	json_object_start(js, NULL);
 	json_add_string(js, "jsonrpc", "2.0");
-	json_add_literal(js, "id", id, strlen(id));
+	json_add_primitive(js, "id", id);
 	json_object_start(js, "error");
-	json_add_member(js, "code", false, "%" PRIerrcode, JSONRPC2_INVALID_REQUEST);
+	json_add_errcode(js, "code", JSONRPC2_INVALID_REQUEST);
 	json_add_string(js, "message", error);
 	json_object_end(js);
 	json_object_end(js);
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ static struct json_stream *json_start(struct command *cmd)
 
 	json_object_start(js, NULL);
 	json_add_string(js, "jsonrpc", "2.0");
-	json_add_literal(js, "id", cmd->id, strlen(cmd->id));
+	json_add_jsonstr(js, "id", cmd->id);
 	return js;
 }
 
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ struct json_stream *json_stream_fail_nodata(struct command *cmd,
 	assert(code);
 
 	json_object_start(js, "error");
-	json_add_member(js, "code", false, "%" PRIerrcode, code);
+	json_add_errcode(js, "code", code);
 	json_add_string(js, "message", errmsg);
 
 	return js;
diff --git a/lightningd/log.c b/lightningd/log.c
index 11a66a092..dd44636b1 100644
--- a/lightningd/log.c
+++ b/lightningd/log.c
@@ -606,8 +606,8 @@ void json_add_opt_log_levels(struct json_stream *response, struct log *log)
 	struct print_filter *i;
 
 	list_for_each(&log->lr->print_filters, i, list) {
-		json_add_member(response, "log-level", true, "%s:%s",
-				log_level_name(i->level), i->prefix);
+		json_add_str_fmt(response, "log-level", "%s:%s",
+				 log_level_name(i->level), i->prefix);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/lightningd/notification.c b/lightningd/notification.c
index 8f1528a67..a11602c72 100644
--- a/lightningd/notification.c
+++ b/lightningd/notification.c
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ static void sendpay_failure_notification_serialize(struct json_stream *stream,
 
 	/* In line with the format of json error returned
 	 * by sendpay_fail(). */
-	json_add_member(stream, "code", false, "%" PRIerrcode, pay_errcode);
+	json_add_errcode(stream, "code", pay_errcode);
 	json_add_string(stream, "message", errmsg);
 
 	json_object_start(stream, "data");
diff --git a/lightningd/options.c b/lightningd/options.c
index 590f17e19..fc3263a21 100644
--- a/lightningd/options.c
+++ b/lightningd/options.c
@@ -1563,8 +1563,7 @@ static void add_config(struct lightningd *ld,
 			    || (!streq(buf, "") && strspn(buf, "0123456789.") == strlen(buf))) {
 				/* Let pure numbers and true/false through as
 				 * literals. */
-				json_add_literal(response, name0,
-						 buf, strlen(buf));
+				json_add_primitive(response, name0, buf);
 				return;
 			}
 
diff --git a/lightningd/test/run-log-pruning.c b/lightningd/test/run-log-pruning.c
index 9449cbc82..390368835 100644
--- a/lightningd/test/run-log-pruning.c
+++ b/lightningd/test/run-log-pruning.c
@@ -32,12 +32,6 @@ void json_add_hex_talarr(struct json_stream *result UNNEEDED,
 			 const char *fieldname UNNEEDED,
 			 const tal_t *data UNNEEDED)
 { fprintf(stderr, "json_add_hex_talarr called!\n"); abort(); }
-/* Generated stub for json_add_member */
-void json_add_member(struct json_stream *js UNNEEDED,
-		     const char *fieldname UNNEEDED,
-		     bool quote UNNEEDED,
-		     const char *fmt UNNEEDED, ...)
-{ fprintf(stderr, "json_add_member called!\n"); abort(); }
 /* Generated stub for json_add_node_id */
 void json_add_node_id(struct json_stream *response UNNEEDED,
 				const char *fieldname UNNEEDED,
@@ -47,6 +41,11 @@ void json_add_node_id(struct json_stream *response UNNEEDED,
 void json_add_num(struct json_stream *result UNNEEDED, const char *fieldname UNNEEDED,
 		  unsigned int value UNNEEDED)
 { fprintf(stderr, "json_add_num called!\n"); abort(); }
+/* Generated stub for json_add_str_fmt */
+void json_add_str_fmt(struct json_stream *js UNNEEDED,
+		      const char *fieldname UNNEEDED,
+		      const char *fmt UNNEEDED, ...)
+{ fprintf(stderr, "json_add_str_fmt called!\n"); abort(); }
 /* Generated stub for json_add_string */
 void json_add_string(struct json_stream *result UNNEEDED, const char *fieldname UNNEEDED, const char *value TAKES UNNEEDED)
 { fprintf(stderr, "json_add_string called!\n"); abort(); }
diff --git a/plugins/libplugin.c b/plugins/libplugin.c
index c684a658a..74311b81c 100644
--- a/plugins/libplugin.c
+++ b/plugins/libplugin.c
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ struct json_stream *jsonrpc_stream_fail(struct command *cmd,
 	struct json_stream *js = jsonrpc_stream_start(cmd);
 
 	json_object_start(js, "error");
-	json_add_member(js, "code", false, "%d", code);
+	json_add_primitive_fmt(js, "code", "%d", code);
 	json_add_string(js, "message", err);
 
 	return js;
diff --git a/plugins/offers_invreq_hook.c b/plugins/offers_invreq_hook.c
index 3a991ad49..a75817bba 100644
--- a/plugins/offers_invreq_hook.c
+++ b/plugins/offers_invreq_hook.c
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ static struct command_result *convert_currency(struct command *cmd,
 	json_add_stringn(req->js, "currency",
 			 (const char *)ir->offer->currency,
 			 tal_bytelen(ir->offer->currency));
-	json_add_member(req->js, "amount", false, "%f", double_amount);
+	json_add_primitive_fmt(req->js, "amount", "%f", double_amount);
 	return send_outreq(cmd->plugin, req);
 }