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layout: static-informational
permalink: /sources/technical-sources
title: Technical Sources
order: 3
---

Many of these I collated via [nakamotoinstitute.org](https://nakamotoinstitute.org/literature/).

* [List of Important Publications in Cryptography on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_cryptography)
* Jul 1948 The Bell System Technical Journal - [A Mathematical Theory of Communication](http://math.harvard.edu/~ctm/home/text/others/shannon/entropy/entropy.pdf) By Claude Shannon
* Oct 1949 The Bell System Technical Journal - [Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems](http://www.mast.queensu.ca/~math474/shannon-secrecy49.pdf) by Claude Shannon
* 1957 Internet Archive - [An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Vol. I](https://ia600304.us.archive.org/2/items/AnIntroductionToProbabilityTheoryAndItsApplicationsVolume1/Feller-AnIntroductionToProbabilityTheoryAndItsApplicationsVolume1.pdf).pdf) by William Feller
* Nov 1976 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, VOL. IT-22, NO. 6 - [New Directions in Cryptography](https://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/publications/24.pdf) by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman - _this paper describes Diffie-Hellman key exchange_
* Feb 1978 people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/ - [A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-key Cryptosystems](http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Rsapaper.pdf) by Ronald L. Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard M. Adleman
* Apr 1978 merkle.com - [Protocols for Public Key Cryptosystems](http://www.merkle.com/papers/Protocols.pdf) by [Ralph C. Merkle](/people/ralph-c-merkle)
* Apr 1978 merkle.com - [Secure Communications over Insecure Channels](http://www.merkle.com/1974/Puzzles1975.12.07.pdf) by [Ralph C. Merkle](/people/ralph-c-merkle)
* 1981 Research Paper - [Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/untraceable-electronic-mail.pdf) by [David Chaum](/people/david-chaum)
* 1982 Research Paper - [Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments](http://sceweb.sce.uhcl.edu/yang/teaching/csci5234WebSecurityFall2011/Chaum-blind-signatures.PDF) by [David Chaum](/people/david-chaum)
* Jul 1982 lamport.azurewebsites.net/pubs - [The Byzantine Generals Problem](http://lamport.azurewebsites.net/pubs/byz.pdf) by Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease
* Aug 1984 Communication of the ACM, Vol. 27, No. 8 - [Reflections on Trusting Trust](http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/hh/thompson/trust.html) by Ken Thompson (co-creator of Unix)
* 1988 Research Paper - [The Dining Cryptographers Problem: Unconditional Sender and Recipient Untraceability](https://www.cise.ufl.edu/~nemo/anonymity/papers/chaum-dc.pdf) by [David Chaum](/people/david-chaum)
* 1998-2000 iang.org - [Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers](http://iang.org/papers/fc7.html) by [Ian Grigg](/people/ian-grigg)
* 1989 Research Paper - [Online Cash Checks](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/online-cash-checks/) by [David Chaum](/people/david-chaum)
* Dec 1990 NakamotoInstitute.org - [Implementing Fault-Tolerant Services Using the State Machine Approach: A Tutorial](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/implementing-fault-tolerant-services.pdf) by Fred B. Schneider
* 1991 anf.es - [How to Time-Stamp a Digital Document](https://www.anf.es/pdf/Haber_Stornetta.pdf) by Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta
* Jul 1991 people.csail.mit.edu/silvio/ - [Proofs that Yield Nothing But Their Validity or All Languages in NP Have Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems](http://people.csail.mit.edu/silvio/Selected%20Scientific%20Papers/Zero%20Knowledge/Proofs_That_Yield_Nothing_But_Their_Validity_or_All_Languages_in_NP_Have_Zero-Knowledge_Proof_Systems.pdf) by Oded Goldreich, Silvio Micali, and Avi Wigderson
* 1992 Scientific American - [Achieving Electronic Privacy](http://www.chaum.com/publications/ScientificAmerican-AEP.pdf) by [David Chaum](/people/david-chaum)
* Mar 1999 math.columbia.edu - [Improving the Efficiency and Reliability of Digital Time-Stamping](http://www.math.columbia.edu/~bayer/papers/Timestamp_BHS93.pdf) by Stuart Haber, W. Scott Stornetta, and Dave Bayer
* 22-Nov-1992 Cypherpunk Mailing List - [Crypto Glossary](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/crypto-glossary.txt) by [Eric Hughes](/people/eric_hughes) and [Timothy C. May](/people/timothy-c-may)
* 1993 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Multinational Small Business](http://web.archive.org/web/20160620183937/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/multi_small.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 19-Aug-1993 Cypherpunk Mailing List (I think) - [Digital Cash & Privacy](http://fennetic.net/irc/finney.org/~hal/dig_cash_priv.html) by [Hal Finney](/people/hal-finney)
* 15-Oct-1993 (Rev. 13-Mar-1996) www.finney.org/~hal/ (Web Archive) - [Detecting Double Spending](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/literature/detecting-double-spending/) by [Hal Finney](/people/hal-finney)
* 30-Mar-1994 Cypherpunk Mailing List (I think) - [PGP Web of Trust Misconceptions](http://fennetic.net/irc/finney.org/~hal/web_of_trust.html) by [Hal Finney](/people/hal-finney)
* 1996 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Negative Reputation](http://web.archive.org/web/20160704085927/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/negative_rep.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 1997 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks](http://web.archive.org/web/20160920045707/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/formalize.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* Apr 1997 NakamotoInstitute.org - [Secure Names for Bit-Strings](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/secure-names-bit-strings.pdf) by Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta
* 1998/1999 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Secure Property Titles with Owner Authority](https://web.archive.org/web/20020202165211/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/securetitle.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* Apr 1998-Dec 1999 NakamotoInstitute.org - [The Geodesic Market](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/the-geodesic-market/) by Robert Hettinga - _[pdf link](http://www.ibuc.com/pdfs/Geoecon.pdf)_
* May 1999 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Micropayments and Mental Transaction Costs](http://web.archive.org/web/20160620183941/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/berlinmentalmicro.pdf) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 1999 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Intrapolynomial Cryptography](https://web.archive.org/web/20011217091748/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/intrapoly.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 1999 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Contracts with Bearer](http://web.archive.org/web/20160620184022/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/bearer_contracts.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 1999 www.theiia.org (Web Archive) - [The God Protocols](http://web.archive.org/web/20061230075325/http://www.theiia.org/ITAudit/index.cfm?act=itaudit.archive&fid=216) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* May 1999 Proceedings of IEEE - [Design of a Secure Timestamping Service with Minimal Trust Requirements](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/secure-timestamping-service.pdf) by Henri Massias, Xavier Serret-Avila, and Jean-Jacques Quisquater
* 2000 erights.org - [Capability-based Financial Instruments](http://www.erights.org/elib/capability/ode/ode.pdf) by Mark S. Miller, Chip Morningstar, and Bill Frantz - _[HTML version](http://www.erights.org/elib/capability/ode/index.html)_
* 2002 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Trusted Third Parties are Security Holes](http://web.archive.org/web/20160705000502/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/ttps.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 2002 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [A Formal Language for Analyzing Contracts](http://web.archive.org/web/20160810220820/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/contractlanguage.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 2002 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Shelling Out: The Origins of Money](http://web.archive.org/web/20160921140955/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/shell.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 2002 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [The Playdough Protocols](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/literature/the-playdough-protocols/) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 2002 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Measuring Value](http://web.archive.org/web/20160919162114/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/measuringvalue.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 2002 pages.upf.pf/Alban.Gabillon/ - [Improving Time Stamping Schemes: A Distributed Point of View](http://pages.upf.pf/Alban.Gabillon/articles/AnnalTelecom.pdf) by Alexis Bonnecaze, Pierre Liardet, Alban Gabillon, and Kaouther Blibech
* 2002 microsoft.com/en-us/research/ - [The Sybil Attack](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2002/01/IPTPS2002.pdf) by John R. Douceur
* 01-Aug-2002 - [Hashcash - Denial of Service Counter-Measure](http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf) by [Adam Back](/people/adam-back)
* 2003 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Advances in Distributed Security](http://web.archive.org/web/20160715035054/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/distributed.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 2004 szabo.best.vwh.net (Web Archive) - [Scarce Objects](http://web.archive.org/web/20160620184010/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/scarce.html) by [Nick Szabo](/people/nick-szabo)
* 06-Jul-2004 iang.org - [The Ricardian Contract](http://iang.org/papers/ricardian_contract.html) by [Ian Grigg](/people/ian-grigg)
* 18-May-2004 svn.torproject.org - [Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router](https://svn.torproject.org/svn/projects/design-paper/tor-design.pdf) by Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson, Paul Syverson
* 15-Aug-2004 Cypherpunk Mailing List - [RPOW - Reusable Proofs of Work](https://cryptome.org/rpow.htm) by [Hal Finney](/people/hal-finney) - _[link to archive of RPOW website](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/finney/rpow/index.html)_, _[link to archive of RPOW codebase](https://github.com/NakamotoInstitute/RPOW)_
* 2005 epointsystem.org/~nagydani/ - [On Digital Cash-Like Payment Systems](http://www.epointsystem.org/~nagydani/ICETE2005.pdf) by Daniel A. Nagy
* Dec 2005 Unenumerated (Nick Szabo's Blog) - [Bit gold](http://unenumerated.blogspot.co.uk/2005/12/bit-gold.html)
* 25-Dec-2005 iang.org - [Triple Entry Accounting](http://iang.org/papers/triple_entry.html) by [Ian Grigg](/people/ian-grigg)
* 2008 NakamotoInstitute.org - [Truledger in Plain English](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/truledger/) by Bill St. Clair - _[link to original](http://truledger.com/doc/plain-english.html)_
* 30-Oct-2008 NakamotoInstitute.org - [Lucre: Anonymous Electronic Tokens v1.8](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/lucre.pdf) by Ben Laurie
* 31-Oct-2008 Cryptography Mailing List - [The Bitcoin Whitepaper](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf) by [Satoshi Nakamoto](/people/satoshi_nakamoto) - _[link to original announcement](http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09959.html)_
* 24-Jul-2014 IPFS.io - [IPFS - Content Addressed, Versioned, P2P File System (DRAFT 3)](https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmR7GSQM93Cx5eAg6a6yRzNde1FQv7uL6X1o4k7zrJa3LX/ipfs.draft3.pdf) by Juan Benet
* Dec 2014 O'Reilly Books - [Mastering Bitcoin (free to read on GitHub)](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook) by [Andreas Antonopoulos](/people/andreas-antonopoulos)
* 05-Sep-2015 Garret Fogerlie - [How Tor Users Got Caught - Defcon 22](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7G1LjQSYM5Q)
* 07-Dec-2015 bitcoin-dev Mailing List - [Capacity increases for the Bitcoin system - (Core's Roadmap)](https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-December/011865.html)
* 87-Apr-2016 Università di Trento - [Distributed Algorithms for Peer-to-Peer Systems](http://disi.unitn.it/~montreso/ds/handouts/10-p2p.pdf)
* 28-Oct-2016 Bitcoincore.org - [Segregated Witness Costs and Risks](https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/)
* 13-Apr-2017 The Merkle - [What is a BIP](https://themerkle.com/what-is-a-bip/)
* 10-Jul-2017 HackerNoon.com - [Ethereum: Turing-Completeness and Rich Statefulness Explained](https://hackernoon.com/ethereum-turing-completeness-and-rich-statefulness-explained-e650db7fc1fb) by Kyle Wang
* 14-Aug-2017 Filecoin.io - [Filecoin: A Decentralized Storage Network](https://filecoin.io/filecoin.pdf) by Protocol Labs